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Biosketch / Results /
Margaret E. Rice, Ph.D.
Professor;Departments of Neurosurgery (Neurosurgery) and Physiology and Neuroscience (Phys/Neuro)
Contact Info
Address
455 First Avenue
Floor 8 Room 869
Public Health Lab
New York,
NY
10016
212-263-5438
Margaret.Rice@nyumc.org
Education
— University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, Graduate Education— New York University School of Medicine, PostDoctoral Training
Research Summary
Research in Dr. Rice?s laboratory is focused on regulation of dopamine, a key transmitter in motor and reward pathways in the brain. The Rice group uses carbon-fiber microelectrodes with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to provide real-time monitoring of axonal dopamine release in dorsal and ventral striatum and somatodendritic release in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, primarily in brain slices. Complementary techniques include whole-cell recording of basal ganglia neurons, fluorescence imaging of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunocytochemistry. Current research is centered on a novel finding from the Rice group that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), produced by mitochondrial respiration, is an endogenous regulator of synaptic and somatodendritic dopamine release, as well as dopamine neuron activity in the substantia nigra. Both dopamine release and dopamine neuron activity are suppressed by H2O2 via the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. Importantly, modulation by H2O2 is greater in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, which degenerates in Parkinson's disease (PD), than in the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway that is relatively spared in PD. Given that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage have been linked causally to PD, these findings suggest that modulation by H2O2 is a double-edged sword. This diffusible messenger can rapidly link metabolism to neuron excitability; however, if generation or metabolism of H2O2 were disrupted, this could lead to oxidative damage. On-going studies are examining how H2O2 activates KATP channels, the time course of dopamine release regulation by H2O2, and how other neurons in the basal ganglia are affected by endogenous H2O2. In addition to these core project, the Rice group also studies regulation of axonal dopamine release by glutamate, GABA, calcium, cannabinoids and caffeine, the mechanism and regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release, and dopamine dysfunction in transgenic mouse models of dystonia and PD.Research Interests
Neurochemistry and neurophysiology of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathwayResearch Keywords
dopamine, substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease, antioxidants, ascorbate, glutathione, hydrogen peroxideResearch Documents
All data from NYU Health Sciences Library Faculty Bibliography — -
Contact:
http://hsl.med.nyu.edu/faculty-bibliography-search#about
Differential calcium dependence of axonal versus somatodendritic dopamine release, with characteristics of both in the ventral tegmental area
Chen, Billy T; Patel, Jyoti C; Moran, Kimberly A; Rice, Margaret E
2011 ;5:39-39, Frontiers in systems neuroscience
—
id: 134739,
year: 2011,
vol: 5,
page: 39,
stat: Journal Article,
Regulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata GABAergic Neuron Activity by H(2)O(2) via Flufenamic Acid-Sensitive Channels and K(ATP) Channels
Lee, Christian R; Witkovsky, Paul; Rice, Margaret E
2011 ;5:14-14, Frontiers in systems neuroscience
—
id: 131804,
year: 2011,
vol: 5,
page: 14,
stat: Journal Article,
A food restriction protocol that increases drug reward decreases tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the ventral tegmental area, with no effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor or tropomyosin receptor kinase B protein levels in dopaminergic forebrain regions
Pan, Y; Chau, L; Liu, S; Avshalumov, M V; Rice, M E; Carr, K D
2011 Dec 1;197:330-338, Neuroscience
—
id: 141070,
year: 2011,
vol: 197,
page: 330,
stat: Journal Article,
Subsecond regulation of striatal dopamine release by pre-synaptic K(ATP) channels
Patel, Jyoti C; Witkovsky, Paul; Coetzee, William A; Rice, Margaret E
2011 Sep;118(5):721-736, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 136636,
year: 2011,
vol: 118,
page: 721,
stat: Journal Article,
Dopamine release in the basal ganglia
Rice, M E; Patel, J C; Cragg, S J
2011 Dec 15;198:112-137, Neuroscience
—
id: 141696,
year: 2011,
vol: 198,
page: 112,
stat: Journal Article,
H2O2: A Dynamic Neuromodulator
Rice, Margaret E
2011 Aug;17(4):389-406, Neuroscientist
—
id: 135259,
year: 2011,
vol: 17,
page: 389,
stat: Journal Article,
SKF-83566, a D(1) -dopamine receptor antagonist, inhibits the dopamine transporter
Stouffer, Melissa A; Ali, Solav; Reith, Maarten E A; Patel, Jyoti C; Sarti, Federica; Carr, Kenneth D; Rice, Margaret E
2011 Sep;118(5):714-720, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 136635,
year: 2011,
vol: 118,
page: 714,
stat: Journal Article,
Dysregulation of striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of dystonia
Bao, Li; Patel, Jyoti C; Walker, Ruth H; Shashidharan, Pullanipally; Rice, Margaret E
2010 Sep;114(6):1781-91, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 113651,
year: 2010,
vol: 114,
page: 1781,
stat: Journal Article,
Enhanced Striatal Dopamine Transmission and Motor Performance with LRRK2 Overexpression in Mice Is Eliminated by Familial Parkinson's Disease Mutation G2019S
Li, Xianting; Patel, Jyoti C; Wang, Jing; Avshalumov, Marat V; Nicholson, Charles; Buxbaum, Joseph D; Elder, Gregory A; Rice, Margaret E; Yue, Zhenyu
2010 Feb 3;30(5):1788-1797, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 106517,
year: 2010,
vol: 30,
page: 1788,
stat: Journal Article,
Cell-autonomous alteration of dopaminergic transmission by wild type and mutant (DeltaE) TorsinA in transgenic mice
Page, Michelle E; Bao, Li; Andre, Pierrette; Pelta-Heller, Joshua; Sluzas, Emily; Gonzalez-Alegre, Pedro; Bogush, Alexey; Khan, Loren E; Iacovitti, Lorraine; Rice, Margaret E; Ehrlich, Michelle E
2010 Sep;39(3):318-326, Neurobiology of disease
—
id: 133766,
year: 2010,
vol: 39,
page: 318,
stat: Journal Article,
Glutamatergic signaling by mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens
Tecuapetla, Fatuel; Patel, Jyoti C; Xenias, Harry; English, Daniel; Tadros, Ibrahim; Shah, Fulva; Berlin, Joshua; Deisseroth, Karl; Rice, Margaret E; Tepper, James M; Koos, Tibor
2010 May 19;30(20):7105-7110, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 134353,
year: 2010,
vol: 30,
page: 7105,
stat: Journal Article,
Mitochondria are the source of hydrogen peroxide for dynamic brain-cell signaling
Bao, Li; Avshalumov, Marat V; Patel, Jyoti C; Lee, Christian R; Miller, Evan W; Chang, Christopher J; Rice, Margaret E
2009 Jul 15;29(28):9002-9010, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 100678,
year: 2009,
vol: 29,
page: 9002,
stat: Journal Article,
Mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores facilitates somatodendritic dopamine release
Patel, Jyoti C; Witkovsky, Paul; Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2009 May 20;29(20):6568-6579, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 99027,
year: 2009,
vol: 29,
page: 6568,
stat: Journal Article,
Immunocytochemical identification of proteins involved in dopamine release from the somatodendritic compartment of nigral dopaminergic neurons
Witkovsky, P; Patel, J C; Lee, C R; Rice, M E
2009 Dec 1;164(2):488-496, Neuroscience
—
id: 101614,
year: 2009,
vol: 164,
page: 488,
stat: Journal Article,
Diffusible hydrogen peroxide generated by synaptic activity inhibits axonal dopamine release in striatum
Avshalumov, Marat V; Patel, Jyoti C; Bao, Li; MacGregor, Duncan G; Sidlo, Zsuzsanna; Rice, Margaret E
Beyond the synapse: Cell-cell signaling in synaptic plasticity New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2008,
—
id: 5015,
year: 2008,
vol: ,
page: 181,
stat: Chapter,
AMPA receptor-dependent H2O2 generation in striatal medium spiny neurons but not dopamine axons: one source of a retrograde signal that can inhibit dopamine release
Avshalumov, Marat V; Patel, Jyoti C; Rice, Margaret E
2008 Sep;100(3):1590-1601, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 93338,
year: 2008,
vol: 100,
page: 1590,
stat: Journal Article,
Dopamine spillover after quantal release: rethinking dopamine transmission in the nigrostriatal pathway
Rice, Margaret E; Cragg, Stephanie J
2008 Aug;58(2):303-313, Brain research. Brain research reviews
—
id: 91429,
year: 2008,
vol: 58,
page: 303,
stat: Journal Article,
Inhibition of striatal dopamine release by CB1 receptor activation requires nonsynaptic communication involving GABA, H2O2, and KATP channels
Sidlo, Zsuzsanna; Reggio, Patricia H; Rice, Margaret E
2008 Jan;52(1-2):80-88, Neurochemistry international
—
id: 78685,
year: 2008,
vol: 52,
page: 80,
stat: Journal Article,
H2O2 signaling in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway via ATP-sensitive potassium channels: issues and answers
Avshalumov, Marat V; Bao, Li; Patel, Jyoti C; Rice, Margaret E
2007 Feb;9(2):219-231, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
—
id: 159225,
year: 2007,
vol: 9,
page: 219,
stat: Journal Article,
Regulation of postsynaptic Ca2+ influx in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons via extracellular carbonic anhydrase
Fedirko, Nataliya; Avshalumov, Marat; Rice, Margaret E; Chesler, Mitchell
2007 Jan 31;27(5):1167-1175, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 71148,
year: 2007,
vol: 27,
page: 1167,
stat: Journal Article,
Dopaminergic modulation of tracer coupling in a ganglion-amacrine cell network
Mills, Stephen L; Xia, Xiao-Bo; Hoshi, Hideo; Firth, Sally I; Rice, Margaret E; Frishman, Laura J; Marshak, David W
2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):593-608, Visual neuroscience
—
id: 94439,
year: 2007,
vol: 24,
page: 593,
stat: Journal Article,
Hydrogen peroxide as a diffusible messenger : evidence from voltammetric studies of dopamine release in brain slices
Rice, Margaret E; Avshalumov, Marat V; Patel, Jyoti C
Electrochemical methods for neuroscience Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2007,
—
id: 5839,
year: 2007,
vol: ,
page: ?,
stat: Chapter,
Limited regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release by voltage-sensitive Ca channels contrasted with strong regulation of axonal dopamine release
Chen, Billy T; Moran, Kimberly A; Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2006 Feb;96(3):645-655, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 63071,
year: 2006,
vol: 96,
page: 645,
stat: Journal Article,
Endogenous hydrogen peroxide regulates the excitability of midbrain dopamine neurons via ATP-sensitive potassium channels
Avshalumov, Marat V; Chen, Billy T; Koos, Tibor; Tepper, James M; Rice, Margaret E
2005 Apr 27;25(17):4222-4231, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 56143,
year: 2005,
vol: 25,
page: 4222,
stat: Journal Article,
Partial mitochondrial inhibition causes striatal dopamine release suppression and medium spiny neuron depolarization via H2O2 elevation, not ATP depletion
Bao, Li; Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2005 Oct 26;25(43):10029-10040, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 59526,
year: 2005,
vol: 25,
page: 10029,
stat: Journal Article,
The glial antioxidant network and neuronal ascorbate: protective yet permissive for H2O2 signaling
Avshalumov, Marat V; MacGregor, Duncan G; Sehgal, Lilly M; Rice, Margaret E
2004 Nov;1(4):365-376, Neuron glia biology
—
id: 93965,
year: 2004,
vol: 1,
page: 365,
stat: Journal Article,
DAncing past the DAT at a DA synapse
Cragg, Stephanie J; Rice, Margaret E
2004 May;27(5):270-277, Trends in neurosciences
—
id: 45310,
year: 2004,
vol: 27,
page: 270,
stat: Journal Article,
Nicotine amplifies reward-related dopamine signals in striatum
Rice, Margaret E; Cragg, Stephanie J
2004 Jun;7(6):583-584, Nature neuroscience
—
id: 45309,
year: 2004,
vol: 7,
page: 583,
stat: Journal Article,
Glutamate-dependent inhibition of dopamine release in striatum is mediated by a new diffusible messenger, H2O2
Avshalumov, Marat V; Chen, Billy T; Marshall, Sarah P; Pena, Dianna M; Rice, Margaret E
2003 Apr 1;23(7):2744-2750, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 39252,
year: 2003,
vol: 23,
page: 2744,
stat: Journal Article,
Activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels by H2O2 underlies glutamate-dependent inhibition of striatal dopamine release
Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2003 Sep 30;100(20):11729-11734, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
—
id: 39064,
year: 2003,
vol: 100,
page: 11729,
stat: Journal Article,
Brain edema induced by in vitro ischemia: causal factors and neuroprotection
MacGregor, Duncan G; Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2003 Jun;85(6):1402-1411, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 39209,
year: 2003,
vol: 85,
page: 1402,
stat: Journal Article,
NMDA receptor activation mediates hydrogen peroxide-induced pathophysiology in rat hippocampal slices
Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2002 Jun;87(6):2896-2903, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 32481,
year: 2002,
vol: 87,
page: 2896,
stat: Journal Article,
Modulation of somatodendritic dopamine release by endogenous H(2)O(2): susceptibility in substantia nigra but resistance in VTA
Chen, Billy T; Avshalumov, Marat V; Rice, Margaret E
2002 Feb;87(2):1155-1158, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 27280,
year: 2002,
vol: 87,
page: 1155,
stat: Journal Article,
Synaptic regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release by glutamate and GABA differs between substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
Chen, Billy T; Rice, Margaret E
2002 Apr;81(1):158-169, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 39628,
year: 2002,
vol: 81,
page: 158,
stat: Journal Article,
Role of the antioxidant ascorbate in hibernation and warming from hibernation
Drew, K L; Toien, O; Rivera, P M; Smith, M A; Perry, George; Rice, M E
2002 Dec;133(4):483-492, Comparative biochemistry & physiology. CBP. Toxicology & pharmacology
—
id: 145567,
year: 2002,
vol: 133,
page: 483,
stat: Journal Article,
Brain antioxidant regulation in mammals and anoxia-tolerant reptiles: balanced for neuroprotection and neuromodulation
Rice, M E; Forman, R E; Chen, B T; Avshalumov, M V; Cragg, S J; Drew, K L
2002 Dec;133(4):515-525, Comparative biochemistry & physiology. CBP. Toxicology & pharmacology
—
id: 39362,
year: 2002,
vol: 133,
page: 515,
stat: Journal Article,
H(2)o(2) is a novel, endogenous modulator of synaptic dopamine release
Chen BT; Avshalumov MV; Rice ME
2001 Jun;85(6):2468-2476, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 21190,
year: 2001,
vol: 85,
page: 2468,
stat: Journal Article,
Novel Ca2+ dependence and time course of somatodendritic dopamine release: substantia nigra versus striatum
Chen BT; Rice ME
2001 Oct 1;21(19):7841-7847, Journal of neuroscience
—
id: 26654,
year: 2001,
vol: 21,
page: 7841,
stat: Journal Article,
Dopamine-mediated volume transmission in midbrain is regulated by distinct extracellular geometry and uptake
Cragg SJ; Nicholson C; Kume-Kick J; Tao L; Rice ME
2001 Apr;85(4):1761-1771, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 32227,
year: 2001,
vol: 85,
page: 1761,
stat: Journal Article,
Ascorbate dynamics and oxygen consumption during arousal from hibernation in Arctic ground squirrels
Drew, K L; Chao, M L; Rice, M E
2001 Aug;281(2):R572-R583, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative, & comparative physiology
—
id: 134949,
year: 2001,
vol: 281,
page: R572,
stat: Journal Article,
Neuroprotective adaptations in hibernation: therapeutic implications for ischemia-reperfusion, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases
Drew, K L; Rice, M E; Kuhn, T B; Smith, M A
2001 Sep 1;31(5):563-573, Free radical biology & medicine
—
id: 145568,
year: 2001,
vol: 31,
page: 563,
stat: Journal Article,
HEPES prevents edema in rat brain slices
MacGregor DG; Chesler M; Rice ME
2001 May 11;303(3):141-144, Neuroscience letters
—
id: 20706,
year: 2001,
vol: 303,
page: 141,
stat: Journal Article,
Mice transgenic for exon 1 of the Huntington's disease gene display reduced striatal sensitivity to neurotoxicity induced by dopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine
Petersen, A; Hansson, O; Puschban, Z; Sapp, E; Romero, N; Castilho, R F; Sulzer, D; Rice, M; DiFiglia, M; Przedborski, S; Brundin, P
2001 Nov;14(9):1425-1435, European journal of neuroscience
—
id: 145569,
year: 2001,
vol: 14,
page: 1425,
stat: Journal Article,
Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain
Rice ME
2000 May;23(5):209-216, Trends in neurosciences
—
id: 11737,
year: 2000,
vol: 23,
page: 209,
stat: Journal Article,
Distinct regional differences in dopamine-mediated volume transmission
Rice ME
2000 ;125(4):277-290, Progress in brain research
—
id: 39511,
year: 2000,
vol: 125,
page: 277,
stat: Journal Article,
Dependence of dopamine calibration factors on media Ca2+ and Mg2+ at carbon-fiber microelectrodes used with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
Kume-Kick J; Rice ME
1998 Oct 1;84(1-2):55-62, Journal of neuroscience methods
—
id: 7377,
year: 1998,
vol: 84,
page: 55,
stat: Journal Article,
Differential compartmentalization of brain ascorbate and glutathione between neurons and glia
Rice ME; Russo-Menna I
1998 Feb;82(4):1213-1223, Neuroscience
—
id: 7757,
year: 1998,
vol: 82,
page: 1213,
stat: Journal Article,
Characteristics of electrically evoked somatodendritic dopamine release in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in vitro
Rice ME; Cragg SJ; Greenfield SA
1997 Feb;77(2):853-862, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 8432,
year: 1997,
vol: 77,
page: 853,
stat: Journal Article,
Enhanced oxidative stress in female rat brain after gonadectomy
Kume-Kick J; Ferris DC; Russo-Menna I; Rice ME
1996 Oct 28;738(1):8-14, Brain research
—
id: 8312,
year: 1996,
vol: 738,
page: 8,
stat: Journal Article,
Long distance pathways of diffusion for dextran along fibre bundles in brain. Relevance for volume transmission
Bjelke, B; England, R; Nicholson, C; Rice, M E; Lindberg, J; Zoli, M; Agnati, L F; Fuxe, K
1995 May 9;6(7):1005-1009, Neuroreport
—
id: 145559,
year: 1995,
vol: 6,
page: 1005,
stat: Journal Article,
High levels of ascorbic acid, not glutathione, in the CNS of anoxia-tolerant reptiles contrasted with levels in anoxia-intolerant species
Rice ME; Lee EJ; Choy Y
1995 Apr;64(4):1790-1799, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 6726,
year: 1995,
vol: 64,
page: 1790,
stat: Journal Article,
Origin of the apparent tissue conductivity in the molecular and granular layers of the in vitro turtle cerebellum and the interpretation of current source-density analysis
Okada, Y C; Huang, J C; Rice, M E; Tranchina, D; Nicholson, C
1994 Aug;72(2):742-753, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 145560,
year: 1994,
vol: 72,
page: 742,
stat: Journal Article,
Direct monitoring of dopamine and 5-HT release in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in vitro
Rice ME; Richards CD; Nedergaard S; Hounsgaard J; Nicholson C; Greenfield SA
1994 ;100(3):395-406, Experimental brain research
—
id: 6727,
year: 1994,
vol: 100,
page: 395,
stat: Journal Article,
Transient extracellular volume reduction in neural lobe of rat hypophysis in response to neural stalk stimulation in vitro and its relationship to extracellular potassium
Armstrong, W E; Rice, M E
1993 Apr;69(4):1363-1367, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 145558,
year: 1993,
vol: 69,
page: 1363,
stat: Journal Article,
Anisotropic and heterogeneous diffusion in the turtle cerebellum: implications for volume transmission
Rice ME; Okada YC; Nicholson C
1993 Nov;70(5):2035-2044, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 6495,
year: 1993,
vol: 70,
page: 2035,
stat: Journal Article,
Extracellular dopamine concentration in the retina of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis
Witkovsky P; Nicholson C; Rice ME; Bohmaker K; Meller E
1993 Jun 15;90(12):5667-5671, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
—
id: 13131,
year: 1993,
vol: 90,
page: 5667,
stat: Journal Article,
Diffusion characteristics and extracellular volume fraction during normoxia and hypoxia in slices of rat neostriatum
Rice ME; Nicholson C
1991 Feb;65(2):264-272, Journal of neurophysiology
—
id: 14132,
year: 1991,
vol: 65,
page: 264,
stat: Journal Article,
Glutamate- and aspartate-induced extracellular potassium and calcium shifts and their relation to those of kainate, quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate in the isolated turtle cerebellum
Rice, M E; Nicholson, C
1990 ;38(2):295-310, Neuroscience
—
id: 145561,
year: 1990,
vol: 38,
page: 295,
stat: Journal Article,
Volume and ion regulation in both intracellular and extracellular compartments determined by diffusion, gravimetric and ion analysis
Nicholson, C; Cserr, H F; Rice, M E; DePasquale, M; Patlak, C S
1989 ;582:24-24, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
—
id: 145563,
year: 1989,
vol: 582,
page: 24,
stat: Journal Article,
Measurement of nanomolar dopamine diffusion using low-noise perfluorinated ionomer coated carbon fiber microelectrodes and high-speed cyclic voltammetry
Rice, M E; Nicholson, C
1989 Sep 1;61(17):1805-1810, Analytical chemistry
—
id: 145562,
year: 1989,
vol: 61,
page: 1805,
stat: Journal Article,
Calcium diffusion in the brain cell microenvironment
Nicholson, C; Rice, M E
1987 May;65(5):1086-1091, Canadian journal of physiology & pharmacology
—
id: 145565,
year: 1987,
vol: 65,
page: 1086,
stat: Journal Article,
Interstitial ascorbate in turtle brain is modulated by release and extracellular volume change
Rice, M E; Nicholson, C
1987 Oct;49(4):1096-1104, Journal of neurochemistry
—
id: 145564,
year: 1987,
vol: 49,
page: 1096,
stat: Journal Article,
The migration of substances in the neuronal microenvironment
Nicholson, C; Rice, M E
1986 ;481:55-71, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
—
id: 145566,
year: 1986,
vol: 481,
page: 55,
stat: Journal Article,


