Marilyn E. Noz, Ph.D.

Validation of a 3D CT method for measurement of linear wear of acetabular cups
Jedenmalm, Anneli; Nilsson, Fritjof; Noz, Marilyn E; Green, Douglas D; Gedde, Ulf W; Clarke, Ian C; Stark, Andreas; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Zeleznik, Michael P; Olivecrona, Henrik
2011 Feb;82(1):35-41, Acta orthopaedica
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the accuracy and repeatability of a 3D method for polyethylene acetabular cup wear measurements using computed tomography (CT). We propose that the method be used for clinical in vivo assessment of wear in acetabular cups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene cups with a titanium mesh molded on the outside were subjected to wear using a hip simulator. Before and after wear, they were (1) imaged with a CT scanner using a phantom model device, (2) measured using a coordinate measurement machine (CMM), and (3) weighed. CMM was used as the reference method for measurement of femoral head penetration into the cup and for comparison with CT, and gravimetric measurements were used as a reference for both CT and CMM. Femoral head penetration and wear vector angle were studied. The head diameters were also measured with both CMM and CT. The repeatability of the method proposed was evaluated with two repeated measurements using different positions of the phantom in the CT scanner. RESULTS: The accuracy of the 3D CT method for evaluation of linear wear was 0.51 mm and the repeatability was 0.39 mm. Repeatability for wear vector angle was 17 degrees . INTERPRETATION: This study of metal-meshed hip-simulated acetabular cups shows that CT has the capacity for reliable measurement of linear wear of acetabular cups at a clinically relevant level of accuracy
— id: 133188, year: 2011, vol: 82, page: 35, stat: Journal Article,

Radioactivity of blood samples taken from thyroidectomized thyroid carcinoma patients after therapy with (131)i
Larkin, Ann; Millan, Evelyn; Noz, Marilyn; Wagner, Steve; Friedman, Kent; Blum, Manfred
2011 Sep;21(9):1009-1012, Thyroid
Background: Occasionally, blood samples may be required from thyroid cancer patients after they have been given the therapy dose of (131)I, as part of necessary medical management of comorbidities. Thus, in the days after (131)I administration, medical health professionals may be involved in the withdrawal, handling, and manipulation of radioactive blood samples. The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of radioactivity in blood samples taken from thyroidectomized thyroid carcinoma patients after the administration of therapeutic activities of (131)I. Methods: For dosimetry purposes, serial blood sampling is performed on thyroidectomized thyroid carcinoma patients prior to therapy with (131)I. The quantities of radioactive material present in these blood samples were expressed as a percentage of the administered activity and then extrapolated to the high levels of (131)I used in therapy for 377 patients in this study. The corresponding radiation exposure rate from the blood samples was then calculated to determine what radiation protection methods were required for staff handling these samples. Results: The average amount of radioactivity in a 1 mL blood sample at 1 hour postadministration of 5.5 GBq (150 mCi) of (131)I was 0.2 +/- 0.15 MBq (5.4 +/- 4.0 muCi). This corresponds to an exposure rate of 1.23 muSv/h (0.123 mrem/h) at 10 cm from the sample. For samples obtained beyond 24 hours after a therapeutic administration of 5.55 GBq (150 mCi), the exposure levels are approximately equal to background radiation. Conclusion: The data in this study indicate that the radiation exposure from blood samples withdrawn from thyroidectomized thyroid cancer patients is low. However, to ensure that staff members are exposed to minimal levels of radiation, it is imperative that staff members who are involved in withdrawing, handling, or manipulating radioactive blood samples adhere to the recommended radiation safety practices
— id: 137003, year: 2011, vol: 21, page: 1009, stat: Journal Article,

Computed tomography analysis of radiostereometric data to determine flexion axes after total joint replacement: application to the elbow joint
Ericson, A; Olivecrona, H; Stark, A; Noz, M E; Maguire, G Q; Zeleznik, M P; Arndt, A
2010 Jul 20;43(10):1947-1952, Journal of biomechanics
Kinematic analysis for in vivo assessment of elbow endoprostheses requires knowledge of the exact positions of motion axes relative to bony landmarks or the prosthesis. A prosthesis-based reference system is required for comparison between individuals and studies. The primary aim of this study was to further develop an earlier described algorithm for fusion of radiostereometric analysis (RSA) data and data obtained in 3D computed tomography (CT) for application to the elbow after total joint replacement. The secondary aim was to propose a method for marking of prostheses in 3D CT, enabling definition of a prosthesis-based reference system. Six patients with elbow endoprostheses were investigated. The fusion of data made it possible to visualize the motion axes in relation to the prostheses in the 3D CT volume. The differences between two repeated positioning repetitions of the longitudinal prosthesis axis were less than 0.6 degrees in the frontal and sagittal planes. Corresponding values for the transverse axis were less than 0.6 degrees in the frontal and less than 1.4 degrees (in four out of six less than 0.6 degrees ) in the horizontal plane. This study shows that by fusion of CT and RSA data it is possible to determine the accurate position of the flexion axes of the elbow joint after total joint replacement in vivo. The proposed method for implant marking and registration of reference axes enables comparison of prosthesis function between patients and studies
— id: 133761, year: 2010, vol: 43, page: 1947, stat: Journal Article,

Role of fusion of prone FDG-PET and magnetic resonance imaging of the breasts in the evaluation of breast cancer
Moy, Linda; Noz, Marilyn E; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Melsaether, Amy; Deans, Abby E; Murphy-Walcott, Antoinette D; Ponzo, Fabio
2010 Jul;16(4):369-376, Breast journal
The purpose of this study is to report further about the statistically significant results from a prospective study, which suggests that fusion of prone F-18 Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) breast scans increases the positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity for patients in whom the MR outcome alone would be nonspecific. Thirty-six women (mean age, 43 years; range, 24-65 years) with 90 lesions detected on MR consented to undergo a FDG-PET scan. Two blinded readers evaluated the MR and the computer tomography (CT) attenuation-corrected prone FDG-PET scans side-by-side, then after the volumes were superimposed (fused). A semiautomatic, landmark-based program was used to perform nonrigid fusion. Pathology and radiologic follow-up were used as the reference standard. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy (with 95% confidence intervals) for MR alone, FDG-PET alone, and fused MR and FDG-PET were calculated. The median lesion size measured from the MR was 2.5 cm (range, 0.5-10 cm). Histologically, 56 lesions were malignant, and 15 were benign. Nineteen lesions were benign after 20-47 months of clinical and radiologic surveillance. The sensitivity of MR alone was 95%, FDG-PET alone was 57%, and fusion was 83%. The increase in PPV from 77% in MR alone to 98% when fused and the increase in specificity from 53% to 97% were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The false-negative rate on FDG-PET alone was 26.7%, and after fusion this number was reduced to 9%. FDG-PET and MR fusions were helpful in selecting which lesion to biopsy, especially in women with multiple suspicious MR breast lesions
— id: 111347, year: 2010, vol: 16, page: 369, stat: Journal Article,

Prone Breast Dual-Time-Point PET/CT Compared With MRI for Determining Breast Cancer
Maguire, GQ; Noz, ME; Ponzo, F
2009 JUL ;193(1):W77-W77, American journal of roentgenology
— id: 100644, year: 2009, vol: 193, page: W77, stat: Journal Article,

A potential means of improving the evaluation of deformity corrections with Taylor Spatial Frames over time by using volumetric imaging: Preliminary results
Starr, Vanessa; Olivecrona, H; Noz, M E; Maguire, G Q Jr; Zeleznik, M P; Jannsson, Karl-ake
2009 ;14(4-6):100-108, Computer aided surgery
Objective: In this study we explore the possibility of accurately and cost-effectively monitoring tibial deformation induced by Taylor Spatial Frames (TSFs), using time-separated computed tomography (CT) scans and a volume fusion technique to determine tibial rotation and translation. Materials and Methods: Serial CT examinations (designated CT-A and CT-B, separated by a time interval of several months) of two patients were investigated using a previously described and validated volume fusion technique, in which user-defined landmarks drive the 3D registration of the two CT volumes. Both patients had undergone dual osteotomies to correct for tibial length and rotational deformity. For each registration, 10 or more landmarks were selected, and the quality of the fused volume was assessed both quantitatively and via 2D and 3D visualization tools. First, the proximal frame segment and tibia in CT-A and CT-B were brought into alignment (registered) by selecting landmarks on the frame and/or tibia. In the resulting 'fused' volume, the proximal frame segment and tibia from CT-A and CT-B were aligned, while the distal frame segment and tibia from CT-A and CT-B were likely not aligned as a result of tibial deformation or frame adjustment having occurred between the CT scans. Using the proximal fused volume, the distal frame segment and tibia were then registered by selecting landmarks on the frame and/or tibia. The difference between the centroids of the final distal landmarks was used to evaluate the lengthening of the tibia, and the Euler angles from the registration were used to evaluate the rotation. Results: Both the frame and bone could be effectively registered (based on visual interpretation). Movement between the proximal frame and proximal bone could be visualized in both cases. The spatial effect on the tibia could be both visually assessed and measured: 34 mm, 10 degrees in one case; 5 mm, 1 degrees in the other. Conclusion: This retrospective analysis of spatial correction of the tibia using Taylor Spatial Frames shows that CT offers an interesting potential means of quantitatively monitoring the patient's treatment. Compared with traditional techniques, modern CT scans in conjunction with image processing provide a high-resolution, spatially correct, and three-dimensional measurement system which can be used to quickly and easily assess the patient's treatment at low cost to the patient and hospital
— id: 106511, year: 2009, vol: 14, page: 100, stat: Journal Article,

Will haptic feedback speed up medical imaging? An application to radiation treatment planning
Anderlind, E; Noz, ME; Sallnas, EL; Lind, BK; Maguire, GQ
2008 DEC ;47(1):32-37, Acta oncologica
Haptic technology enables us to incorporate the sense of touch into computer applications, providing an additional input/output channel. The purpose of this study was to examine if haptic feedback can help physicians and other practitioners to interact with medical imaging and treatment planning systems. A haptic application for outlining target areas (a key task in radiation therapy treatment planning) was implemented and then evaluated via a controlled experiment with ten subjects. Even though the sample size was small, and the application only a prototype, results showed that haptic feedback can significantly increase (p0.05) the speed of outlining target volumes and organs at risk. No significant differences were found regarding precision or perceived usability. This promising result warrants further development of a full haptic application for this task. Improvements to the usability of the application as well as to the forces generated have been implemented and an experiment with more subjects is planned
— id: 98158, year: 2008, vol: 47, page: 32, stat: Journal Article,

A new approach for assessment of wear in metal-backed acetabular cups using computed tomography - A phantom study with retrievals
Jedenmalm, A; Noz, ME; Olivecrona, H; Olivecrona, L; Stark, A
2008 JUN ;79(2):218-224, Acta orthopaedica
Background and purpose Polyethylene wear is an important cause of aseptic loosening in hip arthroplasty. Detection of significant wear usually happens late on, since available diagnostic techniques are either not sensitive enough or too complicated and expensive for routine use. This study evaluates a new approach for measurement of linear wear of metal-backed acetabular cups using CT as the intended clinically feasible method. Material and methods 8 retrieved uncemented metal-backed acetabular cups were scanned twice ex vivo using CT. The linear penetration depth of the femoral head into the cup was measured in the CT volumes using dedicated software. Landmark points were placed on the CT images of cup and head, and also on a reference plane in order to calculate the wear vector magnitude and angle to one of the axes. A coordinate-measuring machine was used to test the accuracy of the proposed CT method. For this purpose, the head diameters were also measured by both methods. Results Accuracy of the CT method for linear wear measurements was 0.6 nm and wear vector angle was 27 degrees. No systematic difference was found between CT scans. Interpretation This study on explanted acetabular cups shows that CT is capable of reliable measurement of linear wear in acetabular cups at a clinically relevant level of accuracy. It was also possible to use the method for assessment of direction of wear
— id: 86963, year: 2008, vol: 79, page: 218, stat: Journal Article,

A new technique for diagnosis of acetabular cup loosening using computed tomography - Preliminary experience in 10 patients
Olivecrona, H; Olivecrona, L; Weidenhielm, L; Noz, ME; Kardos, J; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Aspelin, P
2008 JUL ;79(3):346-353, Acta orthopaedica
Background and purpose Considerable migration of the acetabular cup is required for diagnosis of loosening by conventional radiography. We have developed a new clinically applicable method for assessment of cup loosening using computed tomography (CT). Patients and methods 10 patients scheduled for revision hip replacement due to suspected wear or loosening were scanned twice with CT under torsion loading of the prosthesis. Two independent examiners assessed each patient with respect to motion of the acetabular cup relative to the pelvis using CT volume registration. The CT measurements were compared to findings at revision surgery. Results The method was applicable in 8 of the 10 patients. 1 patient had a severe tremor. In 1 patient, surgery revealed that the hip was ankylotic due to massive ectopic bone formation. This left 8 patients that could be evaluated. 4 cups were loose at surgery, and 3 of these cups could be seen to be mobile by CT. 4 cups that were stable on revision were accurately diagnosed as not being mobile by CT. Movements of less than 1 millimeter between bone and prosthesis could not be distinguished from errors in CT acquisition and volume registration. There was good agreement between the two observers. Interpretation Movement of loose acetabular cups during torsion loading could be detected using CT volume registration. It was sensitive to cup movement in 3 out of 4 cases of loose cups. The method was specific and yielded no false positive results
— id: 86853, year: 2008, vol: 79, page: 346, stat: Journal Article,

Model studies on segmental movement in lumbar spine using a semi-automated program for volume fusion
Svedmark, P; Weidenhielm, L; Nemeth, G; Tullberg, T; Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Olivecrona, H
2008 JAN ;13(1):14-22, Computer aided surgery
Objective: To validate a new non-invasive CT method for measuring segmental translations in lumbar spine in a phantom using plastic vertebrae with tantalum markers and human vertebrae. Material and Methods: One hundred and four CT volumes were acquired of a phantom incorporating three lumbar vertebrae. Lumbar segmental translation was simulated by altering the position of one vertebra in all three cardinal axes between acquisitions. The CT volumes were combined into 64 case pairs, simulating lumbar segmental movement of up to 3 mm between acquisitions. The relative movement between the vertebrae was evaluated visually and numerically using a volume fusion image post-processing tool. Results were correlated to direct measurements of the phantom. Results: On visual inspection, translation of at least 1 mm or more could be safely detected and correlated with separation between the vertebrae in three dimensions. There were no significant differences between plastic and human vertebrae. Numerically, the accuracy limit for all the CT measurements of the 3D segmental translations was 0.56 mm (median: 0.12; range: -0.76 to +0.49 mm). The accuracy for the sagittal axis was 0.45 mm (median: 0.10; range: -0.46 to +0.62 mm); the accuracy for the coronal axis was 0.46 min (median: 0.09; range: -0.66 to +0.69 mm); and the accuracy for the axial axis was 0.45 mm (median: 0.05; range: -0.72 to +0.62 mm). The repeatability, calculated over 10 cases, was 0.35 mm (median: 0.16; range: -0.26 to +0.30 mm). Conclusion: The accuracy of this non-invasive method is better than that of current routine methods for detecting segmental movements. The method allows both visual and numerical evaluation of such movements. Further studies are needed to validate this method in patients
— id: 86975, year: 2008, vol: 13, page: 14, stat: Journal Article,

Fusion of radio stereometric analysis data into computed tomography space: Application to the elbow joint
Ericson, A; Arndt, A; Stark, A; Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Olivecrona, H
2007 FEB 15 ;40(2):296-304, Journal of biomechanics
Improvement of joint prostheses is dependent upon information concerning the biomechanical properties of the joint. Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) and electromagnetic techniques have been applied in previous cadaver and in vivo studies on the elbow joint to provide valuable information concerning joint motion axes. However, such information is limited to mathematically calculated positions of the axes according to an orthogonal coordinate system and is difficult to relate to individual skeletal anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo application of a new fusion method to provide three-dimensional (31)) visualization of flexion axes according to bony landmarks. In vivo RSA data of the elbow joint's flexion axes was combined with data obtained by 3D computed tomography (CT). Results were obtained from five healthy subjects after one was excluded due to an instable RSA marker. The median error between imported and transformed RSA marker coordinates and those obtained in the CT volume was 0.22mm. Median maximal rotation error after transformation of the rigid RSA body to the CT volume was 0.003 degrees. Points of interception with a plane calculated in the RSA orthogonal coordinate system were imported into the CT volume, facilitating the 3D visualization of the flexion axes. This study demonstrates a successful fusion of RSA and CT data, without significant loss of RSA accuracy. The method could be used for relating individual motion axes to a 3D representation of relevant joint anatomy, thus providing important information for clinical applications such as the development of joint prostheses. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
— id: 70622, year: 2007, vol: 40, page: 296, stat: Journal Article,

Prone mammoPET acquisition improves the ability to fuse MRI and PET breast scans
Moy, Linda; Noz, Marilyn E; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Ponzo, Fabio; Deans, Abby E; Murphy-Walcott, Antoinette D; Kramer, Elissa L
2007 Mar;32(3):194-198, Clinical nuclear medicine
PURPOSE: This study compared prone acquisition of PET scans with traditional supine acquisition to improve fusion of PET scans with MRI scans and improve evaluation of enhancing breast lesions detected on MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRI breast scans are acquired in the prone position using a breast coil to allow the breasts to hang pendant. An apparatus was fabricated to allow prone acquisition of PET scans. Fused scans from 2 patients acquired both prone and supine were contrasted with those from 3 patients acquired supine only. All 5 MRI scans were acquired on standard scanners. The PET scans were acquired with a PET/CT unit using a low-dose CT scan for attenuation correction. The PET and MRI volumes were matched twice (using a semiautomated registration method) by different operators. The additional value of fusion was judged using reports from the original (nonfused) MRI and PET, joint rereading of the volumes side by side, and examination of fused images. RESULTS: Of 12 enhancing lesions on breast MRI, 7 demonstrated uptake on PET/CT. In the 3 supine-only cases, the fused images were not interpretable because of the marked distortion of the breasts. In the 2 prone cases, the fused images increased our confidence in characterizing a lesion as benign or malignant. Interpretations were confirmed by clinical follow up in 2 or histologic results in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: PET MRI fusion is feasible and may assist in localizing lesions detected on either study. A more extensive study is underway to confirm the value of this fusion technique
— id: 73838, year: 2007, vol: 32, page: 194, stat: Journal Article,

Improving specificity of breast MRI using prone PET and fused MRI and PET 3D volume datasets
Moy, Linda; Ponzo, Fabio; Noz, Marilyn E; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Murphy-Walcott, Antoinette D; Deans, Abby E; Kitazono, Mary T; Travascio, Laura; Kramer, Elissa L
2007 Apr;48(4):528-537, Journal of nuclear medicine
MRI is a sensitive method for detecting invasive breast cancer, but it lacks specificity. To examine the effect of combining PET with MRI on breast lesion characterization, a prototype positioning device was fabricated to allow PET scans to be acquired in the same position as MRI scans--that is, prone. METHODS: To test the hypothesis that fusion of (18)F-FDG PET and MRI scans improves detection of breast cancer, 23 patients with suspected recurrent or new breast cancer underwent a routine whole-body PET scan, a prone PET scan of the chest, and a routine breast MRI scan. The attenuation-corrected prone PET and MRI datasets were registered twice by different operators. The fusion results were judged for quality by visual inspection and statistical analysis. A joint reading of the MRI and PET scans side by side and integrated images was performed by a nuclear medicine physician and a radiologist. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI and combined MRI and PET scans were calculated on the basis of pathology reports or at least 1 y of clinical and radiologic follow-up. RESULTS: All fusions were verified to be well matched using specific anatomic criteria. A total of 45 lesions was assessed. Lesion size range was 0.6 to 10.0 cm. Of the 44 breasts examined, 29 were suspicious for cancer, of which 15 were found to be positive on surgical excision. In lesion-by-lesion analysis, sensitivity and specificity of MRI alone were 92% and 52%, respectively; after MRI and PET fusion, they were 63% and 95%, respectively. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value for MRI alone were 69% and 85%, respectively; after MRI and PET fusion, they were 94% and 69%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Acquisition of prone PET scans using the new positioning device permitted acquisition of prone scans suitable for fusion with breast MRI scans. Fused PET and MRI scans increased the specificity of MRI but decreased the sensitivity in this small group of patients. Additional data are needed to confirm the statistical significance of these preliminary findings
— id: 95529, year: 2007, vol: 48, page: 528, stat: Journal Article,

A new computed tomography-based radiographic method to detect early loosening of total wrist implants
Olivecrona, H; Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Sollerman, C; Olivecrona, L
2007 NOV 15 ;48(9):997-1003, Acta radiologica (Stockholm)
Background: Diagnosis of loosening of total wrist implants is usually late using routine radiographs. Switching modality to computed tomography (CT) should aid in early diagnosis. Purpose: To propose and evaluate the accuracy of a new CT method for assessing loosening of the carpal component in total wrist arthroplasty. Material and Methods: A protocol encompassing volume registration of paired CT scans of patients with unexplained pain in a prosthetically replaced wrist (used in clinical routine) is presented. Scans are acquired as a dynamic examination under torsional load. Using volume registration, the carpal component of the prosthesis is brought into spatial alignment. After registration, prosthetic loosening is diagnosed by a shift in position of the bones relative to the prosthesis. This study is a preclinical validation of this method using a human cadaverous arm with a cemented total wrist implant and tantalum markers. Seven CT scans of the arm were acquired. The scans were combined into 21 pairs of CT volumes. The carpal component was registered in each scan pair, and the residual mismatch of the surrounding tantalum markers and bone was analyzed both visually and numerically. Results: The detection limit for prosthetic movement was less than 1 mm. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that CT volume registration holds promise to improve detection of movement of the carpal component at an earlier stage than is obtainable with plain radiography
— id: 75218, year: 2007, vol: 48, page: 997, stat: Journal Article,

Lymphatic atlas-based target volume definition for intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning
Qatarneh, SM; Kiricuta, IC; Brahme, A; Noz, ME; Ferreira, B; Kim, WC; Lind, BK
2007 OCT 1 ;580(2):1134-1139, Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A.
Despite the improvements in current imaging modalities such as CT and MRI, the detection of normal or malignant lymph nodes remains a challenge due to the large variability in lymph node characteristics and the variation in imaging quality and the limited imaging resolution. A computerized lymph node atlas could be the ideal tool for target volume definition based on the distribution of normal lymph nodes surrounding the verified malignant nodes to improve the accuracy of intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning. The standard lymph node topography in the newly constructed 3D lymph node atlas offers a detailed topographical distribution of discrete nodal locations in relation to surrounding organs at risk. In the present paper, the recently developed lymph node atlas is used for selection and delineation of target volumes in the head and neck, thorax and pelvic region. Image registration techniques were implemented to integrate the topography of the lymph node atlas into the patient's data set. By combining the knowledge-based lymph node distribution with the patient's data set, more detailed definitions of the target volumes were obtained to facilitate biologically based treatment plan optimization. The response values of the biologically optimized treatment plans were used to derive the probability of tumor control and the probability of complications in organs at risk. The treatment outcome of the lung reference plan showed a lower probability of recurrence in comparison to planning without the lymph node atlas. The lymph node atlas can improve and standardize the target volume definition by including more accurate anatomical knowledge for target volume definition and biologically optimized radiation therapy planning. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
— id: 98163, year: 2007, vol: 580, page: 1134, stat: Journal Article,

Enhancing the utility of prostascint SPECT scans for patient management
Noz, Marilyn E; Chung, Grace; Lee, Benjamin Y; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; DeWyngaert, J Keith; Doshi, Jay V; Kramer, Elissa L; Murphy-Walcott, Antoinette D; Zeleznik, Michael P; Kwak, Noeun G
2006 Apr;30(2):123-132, Journal of medical systems
This project investigated reducing the artifact content of In-ill ProstaScint SPECT scans for use in treatment planning and management. Forty-one patients who had undergone CT or MRI scans and simultaneous Tc-99m RBC/In-111 ProstaScint SPECT scans were included. SPECT volume sets, reconstructed using Ordered Set-Expectation Maximum (OS-EM) were compared against those reconstructed with standard Filtered Back projection (FBP). Bladder activity in Tc-99m scans was suppressed within an ellipsoidal volume. Tc-99m voxel values were subtracted from the corresponding In-111 after scaling based on peak activity within the descending aorta. The SPECT volume data sets were merged with the CT or MRI scans before and after processing. Volume merging, based both on visual assessment and statistical evaluation, was not affected. Thus iterative reconstruction together with bladder suppression and blood pool subtraction may improve the interpretation and utility of ProstaScint SPECT scans for patient management
— id: 68773, year: 2006, vol: 30, page: 123, stat: Journal Article,

Clinical application of a semiautomatic 3D fusion tool where automatic fusion techniques are difflicult to use
Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Olivecrona, L; Olivecrona, H; Axel, L; Srichai, MB; Moy, L; Murphy-Walcott, A
2006 ;4057:195-205, Lecture notes in computer science
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the clinical advantages of using semiautomatic volume registration where automatic registration is problematic due to large deformations, small bone anatomy, or extraneous structures. Examples are drawn from clinical cases of MRI/PET breast studies, CT angiography/SPECT cardiac studies, and total wrist arthroplasty. These types of studies should be contrasted with those involving the head, thorax, and pelvis where there is much less deformation and the existence of (some) large bones facilitates automatic matching
— id: 69353, year: 2006, vol: 4057, page: 195, stat: Journal Article,

Appendicitis in children: low-dose CT with a phantom-based simulation technique--initial observations
Fefferman, Nancy R; Bomsztyk, Elan; Yim, Angela M; Rivera, Rafael; Amodio, John B; Pinkney, Lynne P; Strubel, Naomi A; Noz, Marilyn E; Rusinek, Henry
2005 Nov;237(2):641-646, Radiology
PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine the accuracy of low-dose (20-mAs) computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children by using a technique that enables the simulation of human CT scans acquired at a lower tube current given the image acquired at a standard dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, informed consent was not required, and the study was HIPAA compliant. The authors reviewed 100 standard-dose pediatric abdominal-pelvic CT scans (50 positive and 50 negative scans) obtained in 100 patients and corresponding simulated low-dose (20-mAs) scans. The standard-dose scans were obtained for evaluation in patients suspected of having appendicitis. Scans were reviewed in randomized order by four experienced pediatric radiologists. The patients with positive findings included 21 girls (mean age, 9.2 years) and 29 boys (mean age, 8.4 years). The patients with negative findings included 28 girls (mean age, 9.2 years) and 22 boys (mean age, 8.4 years). Simulation was achieved by adding noise patterns from repeated 20-mAs scans of a pediatric pelvis phantom to the original scans obtained with a standard tube current. Observers recorded their confidence in the diagnosis of appendicitis by using a six-point scale. Dose-related changes were analyzed with generalized estimating equations and the nonparametric sign test. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant (P < .001, sign test) decrease in both sensitivity and accuracy with a lower tube current, from 91.5% with the original tube current to 77% with the lower tube current. A low dose was the only statistically significant (P < .001) risk factor for a false-negative result. The specificity was unchanged at 94% for both the images obtained with the original tube current and the simulated low-dose images. The overall accuracy decreased from 92% with the original dose to 86% with the low dose. CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings indicate that it is feasible to optimize the CT dose used to evaluate appendicitis in children by using phantom-based computer simulations
— id: 62345, year: 2005, vol: 237, page: 641, stat: Journal Article,

Coupled oscillators, entangled oscillators, and Lorentz-covariant harmonic oscillators
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
2005 DEC ;7(12):S458-S467, Journal of optics: journal of the European Optical Society. B, Quantum & semiclassical optics
Other than scattering problems where perturbation theory is applicable, there are basically two ways to solve problems in physics. One is to reduce the problem to harmonic oscillators, and the other is to formulate the problem in terms of two-by-two matrices. If two oscillators are coupled, the problem combines both two-by-two matrices and harmonic oscillators. This method then becomes a powerful research tool which can be used in many different branches of physics. Indeed, the concept and methodology in one branch of physics can be translated into another through the common mathematical formalism. Coupled oscillators provide clear illustrative examples for some of the current issues in physics, including entanglement and Feynman's rest of the universe. In addition, it is noted that the present form of quantum mechanics is largely a physics of harmonic oscillators. Special relativity is the physics of the Lorentz group which can be represented by the group of two-by-two matrices commonly called SL(2, c). Thus the coupled harmonic oscillator can play the role of combining quantum mechanics with special relativity. It is therefore possible to relate the current issues of physics to the Lorentz-covariant formulation of quantum mechanics
— id: 98084, year: 2005, vol: 7, page: S458, stat: Journal Article,

Standing waves in the Lorentz-covariant world
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
2005 JUL ;35(7):1289-1305, Foundations of physics
When Einstein formulated his special relativity, he developed his dynamics for point particles. Of course, many valiant efforts have been made to extend his relativity to rigid bodies, but this subject is forgotten in history. This is largely because of the emergence of quantum mechanics with wave-particle duality. Instead of Lorentz-boosting rigid bodies, we now boost waves and have to deal with Lorentz transformations of waves. We now have some nderstanding of plane waves or running waves in the covariant picture, but we do not yet have a clear picture of standing waves. In this report, we show that there is one set of standing waves which can be Lorentz-transformed while being consistent with all physical principle of quantum mechanics and relativity. It is possible to construct a representation of the Poincare group using harmonic oscillator wave functions satisfying space-time boundary conditions. This set of wave functions is capable of explaining the quantum bound state for both slow and fast hadrons. In particular it can explain the quark model for hadrons at rest, and Feynman's parton model hadrons moving with a speed close to that of light
— id: 98088, year: 2005, vol: 35, page: 1289, stat: Journal Article,

Standard orientation of the pelvis: Validation on a model and ten patients
Olivecrona, L; Aspelin, P; Weidenhielm, L; Stark, A; Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Svensson, L; Olivecrona, H
2005 FEB ;46(1):74-82, Acta radiologica (Stockholm)
Purpose: To validate an image post-processing method for re-orienting the pelvis in CT volumes to a standardized orientation in a model and in 10 patients. Material and Methods: Twenty-four CT volumes of a pelvic model and 10 pairs of postoperative total hip arthroplasty (THA) patient CT scans were rotated to a defined pelvic standard orientation and the rotation was recorded. For precision, a test-retest procedure was used. For accuracy, three exactly represented coordinate points were used. For clinical application, the standard orientation was used for calculating the direction of acetabular cup migration from a previous model study. Results: Precision of pelvic standard orientation, calculated as maximal directional error, was better than 1degrees in the model study and better than 1.5degrees in the patient study. Accuracy, expressed as angle between ideal and measured coordinate axes, was 0.1degrees for x, y, z axes. No measurable systematic errors were found. When applied to acetabular cup migration in the model, standardization of pelvic orientation had no significant effect on the measurements. Conclusion: Reorienting the pelvis during image post-processing was shown to be accurate. It enables measurements relative to the pelvis and minimizes the dependency of patient positioning
— id: 48960, year: 2005, vol: 46, page: 74, stat: Journal Article,

Lorentz group in classical ray optics
Baskal, S; Georgieva, E; Kim, YS; Noz, ME
2004 JUN ;6(6):S455-S472, Journal of optics: journal of the European Optical Society. B, Quantum & semiclassical optics
It has been almost 100 years since Einstein formulated his special theory of relativity in 1905. He showed that the basic space-time symmetry is dictated by the Lorentz group. It is shown that this group of Lorentz transformations is not only applicable to special relativity, but also constitutes the scientific language for optical sciences. It is noted that coherent and squeezed states of light are representations of the Lorentz group. The Lorentz group is also the basic underlying language for classical ray optics, including polarization optics, interferometers, the Poincare sphere, one-lens optics, multi-lens optics, laser cavities, as well multilayer optics
— id: 98205, year: 2004, vol: 6, page: S455, stat: Journal Article,

Procedure for unmasking localization information from ProstaScint scans for prostate radiation therapy treatment planning
DeWyngaert, J Keith; Noz, Marilyn E; Ellerin, Bruce; Kramer, Elissa L; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Zeleznik, Michael P
2004 Nov 1;60(2):654-662, International journal of radiation oncology biology physics
PURPOSE: To demonstrate a method to extract the meaningful biologic information from (111)In-radiolabeled capromab pendetide (ProstaScint) SPECT scans for use in radiation therapy treatment planning by removing that component of the (111)In SPECT images associated with normal structures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We examined 20 of more than 80 patients who underwent simultaneous (99m)Tc/(111)In SPECT scans, which were subsequently registered to the corresponding CT/MRI scans.A thresholding algorithm was used to identify (99m)Tc uptake associated with blood vessels and CT electron density associated with bone marrow. Corresponding voxels were removed from the (111)In image set. RESULTS: No single threshold value was found to be associated with the (99m)Tc uptake that corresponded to the blood vessels. Intensity values were normalized to a global maximum and, as such, were dependent upon the quantity of (99m)Tc pooled in the bladder. The reduced ProstaScint volume sets were segmented by use of a thresholding feature of the planning system and superimposed on the CT/MRI scans. CONCLUSIONS: ProstaScint images are now closer to becoming a biologically and therapeutically useful and accurate image set. After known sources of normal intensity are stripped away, the remaining areas that demonstrate uptake may be segmented and superimposed on the treatment-planning CT/MRI volume
— id: 46085, year: 2004, vol: 60, page: 654, stat: Journal Article,

Is it possible to construct the proton structure function by Lorentz-boosting the static quark-model wave function?
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
2004 DEC 20 ;19(31):5435-5442, International journal of modern physics. A, Particles & fields, gravitation, cosmology
The energy-momentum relations for massive and massless particles are E = p(2)/2m and E = pc respectively. According to Einstein, these two different expressions come from the same formula E = root(cp)(2) + m(2)c(4). Quarks and partons are believed to be the same particles, but they have quite different properties. Are they two different manifestations of the same covariant entity as in the case of Einstein's energy-momentum relation? The answer to this question is YES. It is possible to construct harmonic oscillator wave functions which can be Lorentz-boosted. They describe quarks bound together inside hadrons. When they are boasted to an infinite-momentum frame, these wave functions exhibit all the peculiar properties of Feynman's parton picture. This formalism leads to a parton distribution corresponding to the valence quarks, with a good agreement with the experimentally observed distribution
— id: 98188, year: 2004, vol: 19, page: 5435, stat: Journal Article,

A new CT method for measuring cup orientation after total hip arthroplasty: a study of 10 patients
Olivecrona, Henrik; Weidenhielm, Lars; Olivecrona, Lotta; Beckman, Mats O; Stark, Andre; Noz, Marilyn E; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Zeleznik, Michael P; Svensson, Lars; Jonson, Torbjorn
2004 Jun;75(3):252-260, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica
BACKGROUND: It is difficult to assess the orientation of the acetabular component on routine radiographs. We present a method for determining the spatial orientation of the acetabular component after total hip arthroplasty (THA) using computed tomography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two CT-scans, 10 min apart, were obtained from each of 10 patients after THA. Using locally developed software, two independent examiners measured the orientation of the acetabular component in relation to the pelvis. The measurements were repeated after one week. To be independent of the patient position during scanning, the method involved two steps. Firstly, a 3D volumetric image of the pelvis was brought into a standard pelvic orientation, then the orientation of the acetabular component was measured. The orientation of the acetabular component was expressed as operative anteversion and inclination relative to an internal pelvic reference coordinate system. To evaluate precision, we compared measurements across pairs of CT volumes between observers and trials. RESULTS: Mean absolute interobserver angle error was 2.3 degrees for anteversion (range 0-6.6 degrees), and 1.1 degrees for inclination (range 0-4.6 degrees). For interobserver measurements, the precision, defined as one standard deviation, was 2.9 degrees for anteversion, and 1.5 degrees for inclination. A Student's t-test showed that the overall differences between the examiners, trials, and cases were not significant. Data were normally distributed and were not dependent on examiner or trial. INTERPRETATION: We conclude that the implant angles of the acetabular component in relation to the pelvis could be detected repeatedly using CT, independently of patient positioning
— id: 43817, year: 2004, vol: 75, page: 252, stat: Journal Article,

Impact of fusion of indium-111 capromab pendetide volume data sets with those from MRI or CT in patients with recurrent prostate cancer
Schettino, Chris J; Kramer, Elissa L; Noz, Marilyn E; Taneja, Samir; Padmanabhan, Priya; Lepor, Herbert
2004 Aug;183(2):519-524, American journal of roentgenology
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the impact of image fusion on the interpretation of indium-111 Prosta-Scint SPECT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven consecutive patients referred for rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after initial therapy for primary prostate cancer underwent SPECT 96 hr after infusion of (111)In Prosta-Scint, with simultaneous technetium-99m blood pool imaging. Volume data sets from the SPECT scans were then fused with those from CT and MR images of the pelvis using a 3D landmark-based warping program. The SPECT scans were initially interpreted without benefit of MRI or CT fusion. The fused Prosta-Scint MRI-CT volumes were reevaluated by a nuclear radiologist and an MRI radiologist. Independent reviews before and after fusion were available in these patients. Validation of results after fusion was performed through correlation with PSA changes after radiation therapy. RESULTS: Six patients with sites that could not be evaluated and three without their original Prosta-Scint scanning reports were excluded; thus, 58 patients were studied clinically. Seventy-four of 161 prefusion-positive sites were found to be negative after fusion. These 74 sites subsequently were identified primarily as showing bowel, vessel, or marrow uptake after fusion. In two patients, nodal disease was identified although the review before perfusion indicated none. Twenty-five patients previously thought to have nodal disease appeared to have only local disease after fusion. After local radiation therapy, PSA levels decreased in 12 of 25 patients, increased in five, and were unavailable in eight. CONCLUSION: Although Prosta-Scint SPECT alone can help in the proper management of recurrent prostate cancer, fusion with MRI-CT of the pelvis can improve the specificity of the examination
— id: 43816, year: 2004, vol: 183, page: 519, stat: Journal Article,

Evaluation of a semiautomatic 3D fusion technique applied to molecular imaging and MRI brain/frame volume data sets
Gorniak, R J T; Kramer, E L; Maguire, G Q Jr; Noz, M E; Schettino, C J; Zeleznik, M P
2003 Apr;27(2):141-156, Journal of medical systems
A generally applicable 3D fusion method was evaluated using molecular imaging and MRI volumetric data sets from 15 brain tumor patients with stereotactic frames attached to their skull. Point pairs, placed on the frame only, were chosen, polynomial warping coefficients were generated to map voxels from one coordinate space to the other. The MRI frame was considered the reference structure and the standard for 'correct' registration. An ANOVA test (p > 0.05) confirmed the point pair choice to be consistent. The 95% confidence interval for the t-test showed the measured distance difference between the registered volumes was within one MRI voxel. A further experiment was conducted to independently evaluate the brain registration based on testing for consistency of randomly selected interior/exterior points. A t-test result (p < 0.05) showed that the consistency (i.e., both interior or both exterior) before and after volume registration were significantly different. This fusion method may be a viable alternative when other methods fail
— id: 39278, year: 2003, vol: 27, page: 141, stat: Journal Article,

Feynman's decoherence
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
2003 MAY ;94(5):733-740, Optics & spectroscopy
Gell-Mann's quarks are coherent particles confined within a hadron at rest, but Feynman's partons are incoherent particles which constitute a hadron moving with a velocity close to that of light. It is widely believed that the quark model and the parton model are two different manifestations of the same covariant entity. If this is the case, the question arises whether the Lorentz boost destroys coherence. It is pointed out that this is not the case, and it is possible to resolve this puzzle without inventing new physics. It is shown that this decoherence is due to the measurement processes which are less than complete. (C) 2003 MAIK 'Nauka/Interperiodica'
— id: 98234, year: 2003, vol: 94, page: 733, stat: Journal Article,

Stratifying Differences on Ictal/Interictal Subtraction SPECT Images
Koo, Chi Wan; Devinsky, Orrin; Hari, Kim; Balasny, Jennifer; Noz, Marilyn E; Kramer, Elissa L
2003 Mar;44(3):379-386, Epilepsia
PURPOSE: Subtraction of interictal from ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yields numerous foci that encompass a range of pixel values scattered in the brain. This preliminary study evaluated the significance of this range of values. METHODS: Subtraction images were obtained by registering, normalizing, and subtracting interictal from ictal SPECT for 13 patients. Pixel values of the resulting foci were divided into two groups: group I with 75-100% and group II with 50-75% of the maximal pixel value. Locations of these foci were determined, and concordance with surgical outcomes and scalp and invasive EEG findings was evaluated. RESULTS: In 10 of 13 cases, group I foci showed good concordance with ictal scalp EEG. In addition, group I foci corresponded well to invasive EEG findings in nine of 10 cases. Group I foci had bilateral distributions in seven of 13 cases. In 10 of 13 cases, group I foci corresponded well to regions of surgical resection. Of these 10 patients, nine showed good concordance with scalp EEG, eight showed good invasive EEG concordance, and eight were seizure free after resection. Conversely, group II foci had good concordance with ictal scalp EEG in only five of 13 cases, and invasive EEG findings, in only five of 10 cases. Group II foci had bilateral distributions in 10 of 13 cases. All 10 cases underwent unilateral surgical resections, and all had good surgical outcomes. In six of 13 cases, group II foci showed concordance with surgical sites. Of these six foci, four had poor concordance with scalp EEG, one had poor concordance with invasive EEG, and five had good surgical outcomes. Sensitivity and specificity for seizure localization of Group I foci were 40% and 88% respectively while sensitivity and specificity of Group II foci were 20% and 79% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that foci with 75-100% of maximal pixel values show good concordance with seizure foci, whereas foci of 50-75% may not. Therefore stratifying ictal/interictal differences may improve the specificity and localizing value of subtraction SPECT
— id: 34390, year: 2003, vol: 44, page: 379, stat: Journal Article,

Dynamic three-dimensional MR renography for the measurement of single kidney function: initial experience
Lee, Vivian S; Rusinek, Henry; Noz, Marilyn E; Lee, Peter; Raghavan, Meera; Kramer, Elissa L
2003 Apr;227(1):289-294, Radiology
A three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) renographic method to measure single kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and split renal function was developed that is based on renal signal intensity measurements during 2-3 minutes after intravenous injection of a low dose (2 mL or 0.01 mmol/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine. In nine subjects, single kidney MR GFR indices correlated well with technetium 99m (99mTc) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) clearance (r = 0.7-0.8) for GFR values of 7-48 mL/min. MR right kidney split renal function values (range, 32%-59%) also correlated well with 99mTc-DTPA radionuclide measurements (r = 0.76); differences between the two methods averaged 0.8% +/- 8. MR renography was performed along with contrast material-enhanced MR imaging of the kidneys and renal arteries and added 8 minutes or less to the total examination time
— id: 43821, year: 2003, vol: 227, page: 289, stat: Journal Article,

Clinical applications from head to toe using a semiautomatic 3D inter/intramodality fusion technique
Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Zeleznik, MP; Kramer, EL; Olivecrona, L; Olivecrona, H; Crafoord, J; Dewyngaert, JK
2003 JAN 15 ;2717(2):387-397, Lecture notes in computer science
Automated image registration techniques, particularly between modalities which clearly display anatomy and especially within the head, have become commonplace. Meanwhile advances in molecular imaging and the need to perform registration in other areas of body has driven the development of non-rigid and semiautomatic 3D volume fusion methods. This paper will focus on this latter class of 3D volume registration methods for a variety of clinical applications
— id: 42537, year: 2003, vol: 2717, page: 387, stat: Journal Article,

Stability of acetabular axis after total hip arthroplasty, repeatability using CT and a semiautomated program for volume fusion
Olivecrona, H; Olivecrona, L; Weidenhielm, L; Noz, M E; Maguire, G Q; Zeleznik, M P; Svensson, L; Jonson, T
2003 Nov;44(6):653-661, Acta radiologica (Stockholm)
PURPOSE: To validate a CT method for detecting changes in acetabular cup orientation after THA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 26 CT examinations were obtained from a pelvic model with an uncemented acetabular cup. The model position was altered between acquisitions, but the cup axis angle vis-a-vis the pelvis was maintained. Data sets were combined into 37 pairs, each containing a unique positioning error. The pelvi in different examinations were fused, creating transformed volumes. Landmarks corresponding to the cup before and after fusion were placed interactively by two independent examiners. The orientation of the acetabular axis was calculated for each volume and compared across volumes. RESULTS: Before fusion the mean angle error between the acetabular axes was 4.17 degrees (SD +/- 1.95 degrees ). After fusion the mean angle error was 0.36 degrees (SD +/- 0.17). The 95% repeatability limits were below 0.7 degrees. There was no significant interobserver difference. Analysis of the cup landmarking pattern by condition numbers and individual landmark errors showed stability. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive fusion of CT volumes and a stable landmarking pattern for the acetabular cup outperforms routine plain radiography in detecting changes in the orientation of the acetabular axis over time. The method delivers both visual and numerical output and could be used in clinical practice
— id: 43818, year: 2003, vol: 44, page: 653, stat: Journal Article,

Spatial component position in total hip arthroplasty. Accuracy and repeatability with a new CT method
Olivecrona, H; Weidenhielm, L; Olivecrona, L; Noz, M E; Maguire, G Q Jr; Zeleznik, M P; Svensson, L; Jonson, T
2003 Jan;44(1):84-91, Acta radiologica (Stockholm)
PURPOSE: 3D detection of centerpoints of prosthetic cup and head after total hip arthroplasty (THA) using CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two CT examinations, 10 min apart, were obtained from each of 10 patients after THA. Two independent examiners placed landmarks in images of the prosthetic cup and head. All landmarking was repeated after 1 week. Centerpoints were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Within volumes, all measurements of centerpoints of cup and head fell, with a 95% confidence, within one CT-voxel of any other measurement of the same object. Across two volumes, the mean error of distance between center of cup and prosthetic head was 1.4 mm (SD 0.73). Intra- and interobserver 95% accuracy limit was below 2 mm within and below 3 mm across volumes. No difference between intra- and interobserver measurements occurred. A formula for converting finite sets of point landmarks in the radiolucent tread of the cup to a centerpoint was stable. The percent difference of the landmark distances from a calculated spherical surface was within one CT-voxel. This data was normally distributed and not dependent on observer or trial. CONCLUSION: The true 3D position of the centers of cup and prosthetic head can be detected using CT. Spatial relationship between the components can be analyzed visually and numerically
— id: 43820, year: 2003, vol: 44, page: 84, stat: Journal Article,

Model studies on acetabular component migration in total hip arthroplasty using CT and a semiautomated program for volume merging
Olivecrona, L; Olivecrona, H; Weidenhielm, L; Noz, M E; Maguire, G Q Jr; Zeleznik, M P
2003 Jul;44(4):419-429, Acta radiologica (Stockholm)
PURPOSE: Validation of a non-invasive CT method for detection of acetabular cup migration after total hip arthroplasty in a phantom study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 26 CT examinations were obtained of a pelvic model while altering the position of the acetabular cup. Using a previously described program for volume merging, the pelvi in different examinations were fused and the 3D alterations of the position of the acetabular cup were evaluated visually and numerically and correlated to direct measurements on the model. RESULTS: Visually, two independent examiners differentiated between 0, 1 and 2 to 3 mm migration with 100% specificity and sensitivity. Numerically, the mean error over all cases between model and CT measurements was 0.04 mm (SD +/- 0.33). The mean absolute error between model and CT data was 0.26 mm (SD +/- 0.19). Intra- and interobserver 95% accuracy and repeatability limits were below 0.5/0.7 mm, respectively. No significant interobserver difference occurred. The data were normally distributed and not dependent on observer. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of this non-invasive method out-performs routine plain radiography. The method gives both visual and numerical correlates to migration and can be used in clinical practice
— id: 43819, year: 2003, vol: 44, page: 419, stat: Journal Article,

Evaluation of a segmentation procedure to delineate organs for use in construction of a radiation therapy planning atlas
Qatarneh, Sharif M; Noz, Marilyn E; Hyodynmaa, Simo; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Kramer, Elissa L; Crafoord, Joakim
2003 Jan;69(1):39-55, International journal of medical informatics
OBJECTIVES: This paper evaluates a semi-automatic segmentation procedure to enhance utilizing atlas based treatment plans. For this application, it is crucial to provide a collection of 'reference' organs, restorable from the atlas so that they closely match those of the current patient. To enable assembling representative organs, we developed a semi-automatic procedure using an active contour method. METHOD: The 3D organ volume was identified by defining contours on individual slices. The initial organ contours were matched to patient volume data sets and then superimposed on them. These starting contours were then adjusted and refined to rapidly find the organ outline of the given patient. Performance was evaluated by contouring organs of different size, shape complexity, and proximity to surrounding structures. We used representative organs defined on CT volumes obtained from 12 patients and compared the resulting outlines to those drawn by a radiologist. RESULTS: A strong correlation was found between the area measures of the delineated liver (r=0.992), lung (r=0.996) and spinal cord (r=0.81), obtained by both segmentation techniques. A paired Student's t-test showed no statistical difference between the two techniques regarding the liver and spinal cord (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This method could be used to form 'standard' organs, which would form part of a whole body atlas (WBA) database for radiation treatment plans as well as to match atlas organs to new patient data
— id: 33311, year: 2003, vol: 69, page: 39, stat: Journal Article,

Tumor localization and image registration of F-18 FDG coincidence detection scans with computed tomographic scans
Aitken, Candice L; Mahmoud, Faaiza; McGuinness, Georgeann; Kramer, Elissa L; Maguire, Gerald Q Jr; Noz, Marilyn E
2002 Apr;27(4):275-282, Clinical nuclear medicine
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of registering routine clinical F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) coincidence detection (CD) scans with computed tomographic (CT) scans for radiation treatment planning and case management. METHODS: F-18 FDG CD and chest CT scans, performed in 10 randomly selected patients with confirmed or possible adenocarcinoma of the lung, were evaluated. The quality of the matches was verified by comparisons of the center-to-center distance between a region of interest (ROI) manually drawn on the CT slice and warped onto the CD slice with an ROI drawn manually directly on the CD slice. In addition, the overlap between the two ROIs was calculated. RESULTS: All 10 F-18 FDG CD and CT scans were registered with good superimposition of soft tissue density on increased radionuclide activity. The center-to-center distance between the ROIs ranged from 0.29 mm to 8.08 mm, with an average center-to-center distance of 3.89 mm +/- 2.42 mm (0.69 pixels +/- 0.34 pixels). The ROI overlap ranged from 77% to 99%, with an average of 90% +/- 5.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the use of F-18 FDG CD shows great promise for the identification of tumors, it shares the same drawbacks as those associated with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody SPECT and ligand-based positron emission tomographic scans in that anatomic markers are limited. This study shows that image registration is feasible and may improve the clinical relevance of CD images
— id: 33314, year: 2002, vol: 27, page: 275, stat: Journal Article,

Acetabular component migration in total hip arthroplasty using CT and a semiautomated program for volume merging
Olivecrona, L; Crafoord, J; Olivecrona, H; Noz, M E; Maguire, G Q; Zeleznik, M P; Svensson, L; Weidenhielm, L
2002 Sep;43(5):517-527, Acta radiologica (Stockholm)
PURPOSE: To develop a non-invasive method for detection of acetabular cup migration after total hip arthroplasty (THA) with a higher degree of accuracy than routine plain radiography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two CT examinations, 10 min apart, were obtained from each of 10 patients that had undergone THA. Using an in-house developed semiautomated program for volume merging, the pelves in the two examinations were fused and the acetabular cup was visually and numerically evaluated to test the method's accuracy in detecting migration. RESULTS: In the visual evaluation of the best match a 1-mm translation of the cup was detectable. The numerical evaluation, comparing landmarks placed in the images of the acetabular cup and the head of the femur component in the two examinations, showed the mean difference in orientation of acetabular axes to be 2.5 degrees, the mean distance between centre of cup face to be 2.5 mm and the mean distance between centre of the head of the prosthetic femoral component to be 1 mm. CONCLUSION: This method has a significantly higher accuracy than routine plain radiography in detecting acetabular cup migration and could be used in clinical practice. It gives both a visual and a numerical correlate to migration
— id: 33312, year: 2002, vol: 43, page: 517, stat: Journal Article,

Pinhole vs. parallel hole collimator SPECT of the thyroid. Phantom acquisitions
Smith, KF; Matthew, KJ; Davis, JM; Landsman, DZ; Noz, ME; Blum, M; Kramer, EL
2002 May;43(5):1294-, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 28191, year: 2002, vol: 43, page: 1294, stat: Journal Article,

The significance of submaximal differences on ictal/interictal SPECT images
Koo, CW; Hari, K; Belasmy, J; Devinsky, O; Noz, ME; Kramer, E
2001 MAY abstract #235;42(5):63P-63P, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 33362, year: 2001, vol: 42, page: 63P, stat: Journal Article,

A versatile functional-anatomic image fusion method for volume data sets
Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr; Zeleznik MP; Kramer EL; Mahmoud F; Crafoord J
2001 Oct;25(5):297-307, Journal of medical systems
We describe and validate a volumetric three-dimensional registration method, and compare it to our previously validated two-dimensional/three-dimensional method. CT/MRI and SPECT data from 14 patients were interactively fused using a polynomial warping technique. Registration accuracy was confirmed visually and by a nonsignificant F value from multivariate analysis of the transformed landmarks, a significant difference of the squared sum of intensity differences between the transformed/untransformed and the reference volume both at the 0.05 (p > 0.05) confidence level and an average 31% improvement of the correlation coefficient and cross correlation. For the two-dimensional/three-dimensional method, ROI center-to-center distance ranged from 1.42 to 11.32 mm (for liver) with an average of 6.13 mm +/- 3.09 mm. The average ROI overlap was 92.51% with a 95% confidence interval of 90.20-96.88%. The new method is superior because it operates on the true three-dimensional volume. Both methods give good registration results, take 10 to 30 min, and require anatomic knowledge
— id: 25615, year: 2001, vol: 25, page: 297, stat: Journal Article,

A whole body atlas for segmentation and delineation of organs for radiation therapy planning
Qatarneh, SM; Crafoord, J; Kramer, EL; Maguire, GQ; Brahme, A; Noz, ME; Hyodynmaa, S
2001 SEP 21 ;471(1-2):160-164, Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A.
A semi-automatic procedure for delineation of organs, to be used as the basis of a whole body atlas database for radiation therapy planning was developed. The Visible Human Male Computed Tomography (CT)-data set was used as a 'standard man' reference. The organ of interest was outlined manually and then transformed by a polynomial warping algorithm onto a clinical patient CT. This provided an initial contour, which was then adjusted and refined by the semi-automatic active contour model to find the final organ outline. The liver was used as a test organ for evaluating the performance of the procedure. Liver outlines obtained by the segmentation algorithm on six patients were compared to those manually drawn by, a radiologist. The combination of warping and semi-automatic active contour model generally provided satisfactory segmentation results, but the procedure has to be extended to three dimensions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
— id: 33361, year: 2001, vol: 471, page: 160, stat: Journal Article,

Impact of image fusion of In-111 Capromab Pendetide with MR or CT in patients with recurrent prostate CA
Schettino, CJ; Noz, ME; Kramer, E; Taneja, S; Lepor, H
2001 MAY abstract #1224;42(5):294-294, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 33363, year: 2001, vol: 42, page: 294, stat: Journal Article,

Comparison of two landmark based image registration methods for use with a body atlas
Crafoord, J; Mahmoud, F; Kramer, EL; Maguire, GQ; Noz, ME; Zeleznik, MP
2000 APR-JUN ;16(2):75-82, Physica medica
We describe preliminary work registering abdominal MRI images from three healthy male volunteers. Anatomically selected 3D homologous point pairs (landmarks), from which eigenvalues were generated to form the basis for a 3D non-affine polynomial transformation, were placed on axial slices alone and on axial, coronal and sagittal slices. Registration accuracy was judged visually by comparing superimposed 3D isosurfaces from the reference, untransformed, and transformed volume data and by comparing merged 2D slices projected fi om the transformed and reference volume data superimposed with 2D isolines. The squared sum of intensity differences between the transformed/untransformed and the reference volume was significant at the 0.05 (p >0.05) confidence level. The correlation coefficient improved by an average of 38% and the cross correlation between pixel values improved by an average of 22%. In each trial, the standard deviation of the landmarks after transformation was within one voxel and the standard error of the mean was not significantly different from zero at the 0.05 confidence level. Abdominal isosurface volume differences (between individuals) changed from an average of 14.5% before registration to 2.9% after registration. This experiment shows that it is possible to choose landmarks such that abdominal data from different subject volumes can be mapped to a common 'reference', and thus that it is possible to use this combined volume both to form an atlas and to warp abdominal data from an atlas to a patient volume
— id: 33364, year: 2000, vol: 16, page: 75, stat: Journal Article,

Interferometers and decoherence matrices
Han D; Kim YS; Noz ME
2000 May;61(5B):5907-5913, Physical review. E. Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, & related interdiscipliary topics
It is shown that the Lorentz group is the natural language for two-beam interferometers if there are no decoherence effects. This aspect of the interferometer can be translated into six-parameter representations of the Lorentz group, as in the case of polarization optics where there are two orthogonal components of one light beam. It is shown that there are groups of transformations which leave the coherency or density matrix invariant, and this symmetry property is formulated within the framework of Wigner's little groups. An additional mathematical apparatus is needed for the transition from a pure state to an impure state. Decoherence matrices are constructed for this process, and their properties are studied in detail. Experimental tests of this symmetry property are possible
— id: 25616, year: 2000, vol: 61, page: 5907, stat: Journal Article,

Tumor localization and image registration of 18-FDG SPECT scans with CT scans
Aitken, CL; McGuinness, G; Siddiqui, F; Ton, A; Kramer, EL; Maguire, GQ; Noz, ME
1999 MAY abstract #1281;40(5):290P-290P, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 33365, year: 1999, vol: 40, page: 290P, stat: Journal Article,

Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics
Han D; Kim YS; Noz ME
1999 Jul;60(1):1036-1041, Physical review. E. Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, & related interdiscipliary topics
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories
— id: 33313, year: 1999, vol: 60, page: 1036, stat: Journal Article,

Illustrative example of Feynman's rest of the universe
Han, D; Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1999 JAN ;67(1):61-66, American journal of physics
Coupled harmonic oscillators occupy an important place in physics teaching. It is shown that they can be used for illustrating an increase in entropy caused by limitations in measurement. In the system of coupled oscillators, it is possible to make the measurement on one oscillator while averaging over the degrees of freedom of the other oscillator without measuring them. It is shown that such a calculation would yield an increased entropy in the observable oscillator. This example provides a clarification of Feynman's rest of the universe. (C) 1999 American Association of Physics Teachers
— id: 33366, year: 1999, vol: 67, page: 61, stat: Journal Article,

Evaluation of polynomial image deformation using anatomical landmarks for matching of 3D-abdominal MR-images and for atlas construction
Kimiaei, S; Noz, M; Jonsson, E; Crafoord, J; Maguire, GQ
1999 AUG ;46(4):1110-1113, IEEE transactions on nuclear science
While a variety of different deformation algorithms have been implemented for matching of skull, few attempts in matching areas in abdomen have been reported. In this study we evaluate the usability of first and second order polynomial 3D-warping for this purpose. We match abdominal MR-images from different individuals using manually picked anatomical landmarks. Generation of transformation coefficients was done through a linear regression technique that employs a least square fit using the reference landmarks. The landmarks were picked in a predefined order, well spread over the entire data set, by a radiologist. The image resampling was done using linear interpolation and the evaluation was performed visually as well as by calculating the cross correlation and the normalized least squared error between the original image and the transformed image. Our preliminary results reveal that the second order polynomial transformation using landmarks is a robust and efficient method. It is also superior to the second order one, for image deformation in the abdominal region and it may be used in atlas generation as well as in multimodality image coregistration and fusion
— id: 98318, year: 1999, vol: 46, page: 1110, stat: Journal Article,

Initial clinical evaluation of radiolabeled MX-DTPA humanized BrE-3 antibody in patients with advanced breast cancer
Kramer EL; Liebes L; Wasserheit C; Noz ME; Blank EW; Zabalegui A; Melamed J; Furmanski P; Peterson JA; Ceriani RL
1998 Jul;4(7):1679-1688, Clinical cancer research
To evaluate radiometal-labeled humanized BrE-3 (huBrE-3) monoclonal antibody as a radioimmunolocalization and therapeutic agent in breast cancer patients, tumor localization, pharmacokinetics, radiation dosimetry, and immunogenicity of (111)In-labeled combined 1-p-isothiocyanatobenzyl 3-methyl- and 1-p-isothiocyanatobenzyl 4-methyldiethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) huBrE-3 were studied. Seven women with BrE-3 antigen-positive, metastatic breast carcinoma underwent (111)In huBrE-3 infusion (5 mCi; 50 mg), followed by serial gamma camera imaging and plasma sampling. Region of interest analysis of images was used to make radiation absorbed dose estimates for (111)In huBrE-3. Data were extrapolated to 90Y huBrE-3. Human anti-human antibody (HAHA) response was measured in serum samples obtained up to 3 months after infusion. Patients tolerated infusions well. Seventy-six percent of 105 known sites of disease were identified on planar and single-photon emission computed tomography scans. For six of seven patients, a biexponential model fit the plasma time-activity curve best with an average T1/2alpha=10.6+/-8.5 (SD) h and average T1/2beta=114.2+/-39.2 h. Radiation absorbed dose estimates for (111)In huBrE-3 for whole body averaged 0.53+/-.08 rads/mCi. Dose estimates for 90Y huBrE-3 for marrow averaged 8.4+/-11.9 rads/mCi, and for tumors, 70+/-31.5 rads/mCi. Liver radioactivity uptake averaged 19.7+/-8.8% injected dose at 24 h after infusion, translating into an average radiation absorbed dose 21.1+/-12 rads/90Y mCi administered. Only one of seven patients demonstrated a low level of HAHA response. Although the plasma half-lives are longer and marrow dose higher for radiolabeled huBrE-3 compared with the murine construct, the excellent tumor localization, good tumor dosimetry, and low immunogenicity support the use of 90Y-huBrE-3 antibody for radioimmunotherapy of breast cancer
— id: 7634, year: 1998, vol: 4, page: 1679, stat: Journal Article,

Radioimmunotherapy for breast cancer using indium-111/yttrium-90 BrE-3: results of a phase I clinical trial
DeNardo SJ; Kramer EL; O'Donnell RT; Richman CM; Salako QA; Shen S; Noz M; Glenn SD; Ceriani RL; DeNardo GL
1997 Aug;38(8):1180-1185, Journal of nuclear medicine
BrE-3 is a murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to 97% of human ductal breast cancer specimens. A previous study documented the ability of 111In-labeled 1,4-methyl-benzyl isothiocyanate diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (111In-MX-DTPA) BrE-3 to specifically target breast cancer tissue in patients, and the dosimetry derived from the pharmacokinetics suggested that a useful therapeutic index could be obtained with 90Y-MX-DTPA BrE-3. A Phase I maximum tolerated dose study was, therefore, initiated. METHODS: Six patients received 111In/90Y-MX-DTPA BrE-3, three of them receiving 6.25 and the other three receiving 9.25 mCi/m2 of 90Y. Pharmacokinetics, dosimetry, human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA), toxicity and clinical responses were evaluated. RESULTS: Three of six patients demonstrated a minor and transient, but objective tumor response, and none of the patients had significant toxicity. Tumor dosimetry ranged from 39 to 167 rad/mCi of 90Y (442-1887 rad/ dose). HAMA response occurred in five of six patients. CONCLUSION: Minimal toxicity, dosimetric calculations and clinical assessment indicate that a useful therapeutic index can be achieved with this therapy. Indium-111/yttrium-90-MX-DTPA BrE-3 can be safely administered to patients with metastatic breast cancer, and therapy doses yielded pharmacokinetics similar to those of tracer doses. Clinical responses, albeit transient, were achieved with single-dose therapy. Rapid onset of the HAMA response will hinder multicycle therapy, unless it is prevented with immunosuppressive drugs or the use of a 'humanized' antibody. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal use of BrE-3 for radioimmunotherapy
— id: 25911, year: 1997, vol: 38, page: 1180, stat: Journal Article,

Graphical 3D medical image registration and quantification
Farrell EJ; Gorniak RJ; Kramer EL; Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr; Reddy DP
1997 Jun;21(3):155-172, Journal of medical systems
We present a graphical three-dimensional method that facilitates image registration and fusion, and provides quantitative geometric and volume information. In particular it enhances the use of functional (radiopharmaceutical) imaging (SPECT, PET) which, though a powerful clinical tool, has the disadvantage of low spatial resolution and ill-defined boundaries. Registration between functional images and structural images (MRI, CT) can augment the anatomical context of these functional images
— id: 25910, year: 1997, vol: 21, page: 155, stat: Journal Article,

Warping CT scans from nontreatment to treatment position
Galvin JM; Han K; Noz ME; Vaccaro T; Cooper J; Reddy DP; Maguire GQ Jr
1997 ;5(4):206-212, Radiation oncology investigations
This paper describes a cost-effective technique that optimally utilizes all available diagnostic studies for three-dimensional treatment planning. A simulator unit modified to produce cross-sectional images (simulator-CT unit) is used to create a reference data set with the patient in the treatment position. Registration software (qsh) brings other diagnostic studies into agreement with this reference data set. Two cases are presented as examples of the use of this technique. Registration of abdominal scans from the same patient demonstrates the warping of a nontreatment position study to the treatment position. The second case is based on paired data sets through the head, in which the diagnostic study was obtained by using a gantry tilt to follow the base of the skull and to avoid sections passing through the teeth. The registration software provides a method for combining diagnostic studies into a single 'master' data set. The success of the transformation depends on the operator's ability to identify corresponding anatomic landmarks for different data sets and on the magnitude of the variation in the patient's position from one procedure to the next. Limitations in image quality and the number of cross-sections obtainable from a simulator-CT unit can be partially overcome by using the described technique. Thus, the information contained in nontreatment position diagnostic tests can be used accurately for treatment planning at limited cost
— id: 33315, year: 1997, vol: 5, page: 206, stat: Journal Article,

Jones-matrix formalism as a representation of the Lorentz group
Han, D; Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1997 SEP ;14(9):2290-2298, Journal of the Optical Society of America. Pt. A. Optics & image science
It is shown that the two-by-two Jones-matrix formalism for polarization optics is a six-parameter two-by-two representation of the Lorentz group. The attenuation and phase- shift filters are represented, respectively, by the three- parameter rotation subgroup and the three-parameter Lorentz group for two spatial dimensions and one time dimension. The Lorentz group has another three-parameter subgroup, which is like the two-dimensional Euclidean group. Optical filters that may have this Euclidean symmetry are discussed in detail. It is shown that the Jones-matrix formalism can be extended to some of the nonorthogonal polarization coordinate systems within the framework of the Lorentz-group representation. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America
— id: 33368, year: 1997, vol: 14, page: 2290, stat: Journal Article,

Stokes parameters as a Minkowskian four-vector
Han, D; Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1997 NOV ;56(5):6065-6076, Physical review. E. Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, & related interdiscipliary topics
It is noted that the Jones-matrix formalism for polarization optics is a six-parameter two-by-two representation of the Lorentz group. It is shown that the four independent Stokes parameters form a Minkowskian four-vector, just like the energy-momentum four-vector in special relativity. The optical filters are represented by four-by-four Lorentz-transformation matrices. This four-by-four formalism can deal with partial coherence described by the Stokes parameters. A four-by-four matrix formulation is given for decoherence effects on the Stokes parameters, and a possible experiment is proposed. It is shown also that this Lorentz-group formalism leads to optical filters with a symmetry property corresponding to-that of two- dimensional Euclidean transformations
— id: 33367, year: 1997, vol: 56, page: 6065, stat: Journal Article,

Comparison and evaluation of retrospective intermodality brain image registration techniques
West, J; Fitzpatrick, JM; Wang, MY; Dawant, BM; Maurer, CR; Kessler, RM; Maciunas, RJ; Barillot, C; Lemoine, D; Collignon, A; Maes, F; Suetens, P; Vandermeulen, D; vandenElsen, PA; Napel, S; Sumanaweera, TS; Harkness, B; Hemler, PF; Hill, DLG; Hawkes, DJ; Studholme, C; Maintz, JBA; Viergever, MA; Malandain, G; Pennec, X; Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ; Pollack, M; Pelizzari, CA; Robb, RA; Hanson, D; Woods, RP
1997 JUL-AUG ;21(4):554-566, Journal of computer assisted tomography
Purpose: The primary objective of this study is to perform a blinded evaluation of a group of retrospective image registration techniques using as a gold standard a prospective, marker-based registration method. To ensure blindedness, all retrospective registrations were performed by participants who had no knowledge of the gold standard results until after their results had been submitted. A secondary goal of the project is to evaluate the importance of correcting geometrical distortion in MR images by comparing the retrospective registration error in the rectified images, i.e., those that have had the distortion correction applied, with that of the same images before rectification. Method: Image volumes of three modalities (CT, MR, and PET) were obtained from patients undergoing neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center on whom bone-implanted fiducial markers were mounted. These volumes had all traces of the markers removed and were provided via the Internet to project collaborators outside Vanderbilt, who then performed retrospective registrations on the volumes, calculating transformations from CT to MR and/or from PET to MR. These investigators communicated their transformations again via the Internet to Vanderbilt, where the accuracy bf each registration was evaluated. In this evaluation, the accuracy is measured at multiple volumes of interest (VOIs), i.e., areas in the brain that would commonly be areas of neurological interest. A VOI is defined in the MR image and its centroid c is determined. Then, the prospective registration is used to obtain the corresponding point c' in CT or PET. To this point, the retrospective registration is then applied, producing c '' in MR. Statistics are gathered on the target registration error (TRE), which is the distance between the original point c and its corresponding point c ''. Results: This article presents statistics on the TRE calculated for each registration technique in this study and provides a brief description of each technique and an estimate of both preparation and execution time needed to perform the registration. Conclusion: Our results indicate that retrospective techniques have the potential to produce satisfactory results much of the time, but that visual inspection is necessary to guard against large errors
— id: 33369, year: 1997, vol: 21, page: 554, stat: Journal Article,

A classification of plagiocephaly utilizing a three-dimensional computer analysis of cranial base landmarks
Glat PM; Freund RM; Spector JA; Levine J; Noz M; Bookstein FL; McCarthy JG; Cutting CB
1996 May;36(5):469-474, Annals of plastic surgery
Plagiocephaly is a term commonly used to describe congenital forehead asymmetry. Previous classification systems based on the various etiologies of dysmorphic crania have been used in an effort to categorize the patients into groups and to assist in treatment planning. The system most commonly used today was described by Bruneteau and Mulliken in 1992. The authors separated frontal plagiocephaly into three types: synostotic, compensational, and deformational. The present study was undertaken in order to define a simple system for classifying plagiocephaly based on Bruneteau and Mulliken's system using the patients' preoperative craniofacial computed tomography scans. The involvement of the entire coronal ring in synostotic plagiocephaly led to the choice of 20 skull base landmarks as the basis of the analysis. Nine lateral landmarks (the superior orbital fissure, the optic foramen, the zygomatic arch, the greater palatine foramen, the foramen ovale, the mastoid tip, the hypoglossal canal, the external auditory canal, and the internal auditory canal) and two midline landmarks (the crista galli and the internal occipital protuberance) were used. The changes that occurred in these landmarks were analyzed in 30 patients. The results demonstrated that Bruneteau and Mulliken's classification system underestimated the number of different subtypes of plagiocephaly. As a result, three major types of frontal plagiocephaly and several different subtypes based on the different etiologies were described. Type I plagiocephaly includes plagiocephaly resulting from cranial suture synostosis. Type II includes those with a nonsynostotic etiology. Type III describes patients with craniofacial microsomia-associated plagiocephaly. Statistical analysis was unavailable because of the small number of patients in each subtype. With a larger number of patients, we hope to refine this system for use by the surgeon in preoperative diagnosis and surgical planning. The analysis is unique in its ability to quantitate changes from normal on the x-, y-, and z-coordinates, and therefore allows for identification of both horizontal (frontal bone deviation) and vertical (ear shear) growth disturbances
— id: 12608, year: 1996, vol: 36, page: 469, stat: Journal Article,

Polarization optics and bilinear representation of the Lorentz group
Han, D; Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1996 AUG 12 ;219(1-2):26-32, Physics letters. A
It is shown that the bilinear representation of the Lorentz group is the natural language for the polarization of light. The combined effect of attenuation and phase-shift filters leads to a two-by-two representation of the Lorentz group, which can then be translated into the bilinear representation. The coherency matrix is a representation of the six-parameter Lorentz group
— id: 33370, year: 1996, vol: 219, page: 26, stat: Journal Article,

Localization of In-111 MX-DTPA humanized BRE-3 mab in patients with advanced breast cancer
Kramer, EL; Liebes, L; Wasserheit, C; Blank, E; Noz, M; Dosik, D; Mizrachi, H; Kim, T; Fry, D; Zabalegui, A; Sanger, J; Ceriani, R; Peterson, J; Furmanski, P
1996 MAY ;37(5):739-739, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 52891, year: 1996, vol: 37, page: 739, stat: Journal Article,

O(3,3)-LIKE SYMMETRIES OF COUPLED HARMONIC-OSCILLATORS
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1995 AUG ;36(8):3940-3954, Journal of mathematical physics
In classical mechanics, the system of two coupled harmonic oscillators is shown to possess the symmetry of the Lorentz group O(3,3) or SL(4,r) in the four-dimensional phase space. In quantum mechanics, the symmetry is reduced to that of O(3,2) or Sp(4), which is a subgroup of O(3,3) or SL(4,r), respectively. It is shown that among the six Sp(4)-like subgroups, only one possesses the symmetry which can be translated into the group of unitary transformations in quantum mechanics. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics
— id: 98414, year: 1995, vol: 36, page: 3940, stat: Journal Article,

WAVELETS, WINDOWS, AND PHOTONS
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1995 OCT 16 ;206(5-6):299-304, Physics letters. A
Within the wavelet framework, it is shown that it is possible to construct a Lorentz-covariant superposition of light waves. The concept of window allows the definition of a ''finite difference'' between wavelets and photons. It is pointed out that a windowed function is as accurate as any continuous function which may be constructed from a discrete set of experimental data
— id: 33371, year: 1995, vol: 206, page: 299, stat: Journal Article,

Fusion of immunoscintigraphy single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with CT of the chest in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
Katyal S; Kramer EL; Noz ME; McCauley D; Chachoua A; Steinfeld A
1995 Dec 1;55(23 Suppl):5759s-5763s, Cancer research
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accurate staging is critical in deciding between potentially curative surgery and palliative treatment. Image registration, or fusion, combines the unique functional information provided by SPECT imaging with the excellent anatomic detail offered by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging to better characterize the information provided by each separate modality. In this study, we explored the role of fusion of immunoscintigraphy SPECT with CT in the staging of NSCLC. We fused chest CT with 99mTc-labeled IMMU-4 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen Fab\' antibody fragment SPECT in 14 patients with NSCLC using a landmark-based algorithm. The algorithm\'s accuracy was a measure from the center-to-center distance and the percentage overlap of two regions of interest: one drawn on CT and warped onto SPECT, the other drawn directly on the SPECT. We found that the average center-to-center distance was 1.3 +/- 0.8 pixels. Average overlap was 46 +/- 20%. CT-SPECT fusion helped differentiate tumor from normal blood pool, necrotic areas within viable tumor, tumor recurrence from scar, and malignant lymphadenopathy from hyperplasia. We conclude that fusion of CT and SPECT augments the information provided by each separate modality. Future clinical applications of fusion in NSCLC staging using immunoscintigraphy appear promising
— id: 12710, year: 1995, vol: 55, page: 5759s, stat: Journal Article,

HUMAN SPECT STUDIES OF AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED CHANGE IN DOPAMINE ACTIVITY
SIMKOWITZ, P; BRODIE, JD; SMITH, GS; LANDSMAN, D; KRAMER, EL; SANGER, J; NOZ, M; BARTLETT, E; DEWEY, S; FRIEDHOFF, AJ
1995 MAY 1 ;37(9):598-598, Biological psychiatry
— id: 87282, year: 1995, vol: 37, page: 598, stat: Journal Article,

Radioimmunolocalization of breast cancer using BrE-3 monoclonal antibody
Kramer EL; DeNardo SJ; Liebes L; Noz ME; Kroger L; Glenn SD; Furmanski P; Ceriani R
1994 ;353:181-192, Advances in experimental medicine & biology
— id: 6665, year: 1994, vol: 353, page: 181, stat: Journal Article,

Radioimmunodetection of non-small cell lung cancer using technetium-99m-anticarcinoembryonic antigen IMMU-4 Fab' fragment. Preliminary results
Kramer EL; Noz ME; Liebes L; Murthy S; Tiu S; Goldenberg DM
1994 Feb 1;73(3 Suppl):890-895, Cancer
BACKGROUND. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have improved the staging and evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mediastinal staging lacks adequate specificity and sensitivity. Radioimmunodetection may augment computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The authors evaluated the ability of the technetium 99m-anticarcinoembryonic antigen IMMU-4 Fab' fragment to localize NSCLC in vivo, measured its pharmacokinetics, and estimated its radiation dose. METHODS. Seventeen patients with carcinoembryonic antigen-positive NSCLC received 16-30 mCi of technetium 99m IMMU-4 Fab'. Planar imaging was performed at 1-7 hours and 20-24 hours. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed within 8 hours after injection. In 10 patients, blood sampling, urine collection, and quantitative imaging were performed to determine blood and urine pharmacokinetics and radiation dose estimates. Human anti-mouse antibody response was measured for as long as 3 months after administration. RESULTS. Planar and/or SPECT imaging detected 72% of 32 known lesions. SPECT was more sensitive than planar imaging. T1/2 alpha averaged 0.18 +/- 0.33 hours; T1/2 beta averaged 8.02 +/- 5.53 hours. The mean concentration versus time value was 1.11 +/- 0.56 mg.h. The average whole body dose estimated for administration of 30 mCi was 0.45 +/- 0.08 rads. No human anti-mouse antibody responses were detected. CONCLUSION. The tumor detection rate was high, but the persistent blood pool at < 8 hours complicated image interpretation. An intermediate imaging time point (12-16 hours) might be preferable. SPECT is an important adjunct to imaging with this radioimmunoconjugate. The acceptable dosimetry estimated for 30 mCi Technetium 99m IMMU-4 Fab' and the lack of human anti-mouse antibody responses suggest this is a promising localizing tool for NSCLC
— id: 6427, year: 1994, vol: 73, page: 890, stat: Journal Article,

An analysis of extradural dead space after fronto-orbital surgery
Spinelli HM; Irizarry D; McCarthy JG; Cutting CB; Noz ME
1994 Jun;93(7):1372-1377, Plastic & reconstructive surgery
This study was undertaken to evaluate several concerns regarding the extradural space resulting from elective fronto-orbital advancement or frontal sinus cranialization techniques. The questions are (1) Do infants undergoing these techniques have the potential to obliterate this space at an accelerated rate, e.g., within 1 or 2 days? (2) Do adults have any potential to obliterate the space? (3) Do children obliterate the space like infants or like adults? (4) What is the specific time sequence for dead-space obliteration? Twenty patients ranging in age from 6 months to 35 years were studied before and after fronto-orbital advancement. The patients were divided into three groups: (1) infants (up to 15 months), (2) children (up to 9 years), and (3) adults (9 years and beyond). Postoperative intracranial dead space was assessed by serial CT scans. Ten patients had CT scans more than 14 days after surgery. These data demonstrate that intracranial dead space in infants is obliterated in a delayed fashion. Children tend to obliterate intracranial dead space in a manner similar to that of infants. Adults are able to obliterate the space over a longer, but finite, period of time as compared with infants and children. Part of the mechanism responsible for obliteration of the postoperative space may be enlargement of the ventricular system
— id: 33294, year: 1994, vol: 93, page: 1372, stat: Journal Article,

The radiologic prediction of Alzheimer disease: the atrophic hippocampal formation
de Leon MJ; Golomb J; George AE; Convit A; Tarshish CY; McRae T; De Santi S; Smith G; Ferris SH; Noz M; et al
1993 Jul-Aug;14(4):897-906, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology
PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that atrophy of the hippocampal formation in nondemented elderly individuals would predict subsequent Alzheimer disease. METHOD: We studied 86 subjects at two time points, 4 years apart. At baseline all study subjects were nondemented and included 54 control subjects and 32 persons who had memory complaints and minimal cognitive impairments. All subjects received a CT scan using a protocol designed to image the perihippocampal cerebrospinal fluid (HCSF) accumulating in the fissures along the axis of the hippocampal formation. Blind to the clinical evaluations, we subjectively assessed the presence of HCSF at the baseline. Retrospectively, we examined the predicted association between baseline HCSF and clinical decline as determined across the two evaluations. RESULTS: At follow-up 25 of the 86 subjects had deteriorated and received the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Of the declining subjects, 23 came from the minimally impaired group, and 2 came from the control group. In the minimally impaired group the baseline HCSF measure had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 89% as a predictor of decline. Both control subjects who deteriorated were also correctly identified at baseline. One of these two subjects died, and an autopsy confirmed the presence of Alzheimer disease. M(r) validation studies demonstrated that HCSF is quantitatively related to dilatation of the transverse fissure of Bichat and the choroidal and hippocampal fissures. CONCLUSION: Our findings strongly suggest that among persons with mild memory impairments, dilatation of the perihippocampal fissures is a useful radiologic marker for identifying the early features of Alzheimer disease
— id: 9456, year: 1993, vol: 14, page: 897, stat: Journal Article,

SYMMETRIES OF 2-MODE SQUEEZED STATES
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; YEH, LW
1993 DEC ;34(12):5493-5508, Journal of mathematical physics
It is known that the symmetry of two-mode squeezed states is governed by the group Sp(4) which is locally isomorphic to the O(3,2) de Sitter group. It is shown that this complicated ten- parameter group can be regarded as a product of two three- parameter Sp(2) groups. It is shown also that two coupled harmonic oscillators serve as a physical basis for the symmetry decomposition. It is shown further that the concept of entropy is needed when one of the two modes is not observed. The entropy is zero when the system is uncoupled. The system reaches thermal equilibrium when the entropy becomes maximal
— id: 33372, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: 5493, stat: Journal Article,

Radioimmunolocalization of metastatic breast carcinoma using indium-111-methyl benzyl DTPA BrE-3 monoclonal antibody: phase I study
Kramer EL; DeNardo SJ; Liebes L; Kroger LA; Noz ME; Mizrachi H; Salako QA; Furmanski P; Glenn SD; DeNardo GL
1993 Jul;34(7):1067-1074, Journal of nuclear medicine
Pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled BrE3 monoclonal antibody (Mab), reactive against a breast mucin epitope, were assessed in 15 patients with advanced breast cancer. Patients received 5 mCi (185 MBq) of 111In-methyl benzyl isothiocyanate DTPA (MX-DTPA) conjugated BrE-3 Mab intravenously with total antibody doses of 10, 50 or 100 mg. Serial quantitative imaging, blood and urine clearance were obtained to measure pharmacokinetics, assess tumor localization and estimate radiation dose. Organ function was followed to determine toxicity. Mild allergic reactions occurred in four patients. Eighty-six percent of 70 known lesions and 5 unsuspected lesions were detected by antibody imaging. Biexponential modeling of radiolabeled antibody in serum showed a T1/2 alpha = 9.5 +/- 2.7 hr and T1/2 beta = 56 +/- 25.4 hr. Total urinary excretion averaged 35.5% +/- 19.3% injected dose (ID) by Day 8. Quantitative imaging showed that 0.02-2.56% ID localized in tumors. Extrapolating dosimetry from 111In-MX-DTPA-BrE-3 to 90Y-MX-DTPA-BrE-3, we estimate therapeutic radiation doses could be delivered to some tumors with tolerable toxicity
— id: 6426, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: 1067, stat: Journal Article,

An integrated approach to biodistribution radiation absorbed dose estimates
Noz ME; Kramer EL; Maguire GQ Jr; McGee SA; Sanger JJ
1993 Feb;20(2):165-169, European journal of nuclear medicine
An integrated approach to existing methods of extracting biodistribution data, pharmacokinetics and radiation absorbed dose estimates from serial scintigraphic images is described. This approach employs a single computer-generated user interface to reformat planar scans into a standard file type, align conjugate (anterior and posterior) images, draw regions of interest (ROIs) over selected organs and lesions and generate count data for anterior and posterior views and calculated geometric means. Using standard correction methods, the fraction injected activity is obtained for all ROIs and total body. This methodology has been applied to the analysis of indium-III-labelled breast-cancer-directed antibodies and technetium-90m-labelled CEA-specific antibody fragments in non-small-cell lung cancer. It is anticipated that this approach will be useful for evaluating the dosimetry of other radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies, as well as other radiopharmaceuticals
— id: 8227, year: 1993, vol: 20, page: 165, stat: Journal Article,

Graphical interface for medical image processing
Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr; Birnbaum BA; Sanger JJ; Kramer EL; Chapnick JV; Kaminer EA
1993 Feb;17(1):1-16, Journal of medical systems
We have developed a graphical interface which allows users of varying levels of computer experience and proficiency to manipulate medical image-processing data with 'point-and-click' ease. The power which had formerly been associated with protocols and shell scripts has been combined with the flexibility and 'user-friendliness' of buttons and dialog boxes
— id: 25912, year: 1993, vol: 17, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ESTIMATING BIODISTRIBUTION AND RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE FROM RADIOLABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES-II
NOZ, ME; KRAMER, EL; MAGUIRE, GQ; SANGER, JJ
1993 MAY ;34(5):P128-P128, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 33373, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: P128, stat: Journal Article,

Hepatocellular tumors: characterization with Mn-DPDP-enhanced MR imaging [see comments]
Rofsky NM; Weinreb JC; Bernardino ME; Young SW; Lee JK; Noz ME
1993 Jul;188(1):53-59, Radiology
Fifty-eight patients suspected of having focal hepatic disease were studied prior to and following the intravenous administration of manganese (II) N,N'-dipyridoxylethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate 5,5'-bis(phosphate) (DPDP), a hepatobiliary magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent. Four doses (3, 5, 8, or 10 mumol/kg) of Mn-DPDP were used to test the hypothesis that Mn-DPDP-enhanced MR imaging would display enhancement in tumors of hepatocellular origin. A total of 203 lesions were evaluated. Histologic proof was available in 32 cases, and in 26 cases lesions were evaluated on the basis of characteristic imaging findings. Statistical calculations for distinction of tumors of hepatocellular origin yielded a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 92.0%, an accuracy of 93.6%, a positive predictive value of 75.9%, and a negative predictive value of 100%. The authors conclude that the presence and patterns of enhancement at Mn-DPDP-enhanced MR imaging permit reliable distinction between hepatocellular and nonhepatocellular tumors
— id: 6498, year: 1993, vol: 188, page: 53, stat: Journal Article,

Principal axes and surface fitting methods for three-dimensional image registration
Rusinek H; Tsui WH; Levy AV; Noz ME; de Leon MJ
1993 Nov;34(11):2019-2024, Journal of nuclear medicine
We evaluated the effect of the image acquisition parameters on the accuracy of the principal axes and surface-fitting techniques for three-dimensional image registration. Using two types of phantom objects, MR brain image and a mathematically defined ellipsoid, we simulated pairs of scans with known acquisition parameters, including longitudinal coverage, magnitude of mis-registration, number of sections and section thickness. Both methods are sensitive to the systematic deformation of contours. The principal axes method is also sensitive to incomplete scan coverage and to the x-axis and y-axis misangulation. Both methods are insensitive to the number of sections, section thickness and the number of points per section. Surface fitting performed well without user supervision. There is no need for routine inclusion of the scaling factors as search parameters. The results confirm the feasibility of three-dimensional multimodality registration of brain scans with accuracy 1-2 mm, with surface fitting being the method of choice
— id: 6504, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: 2019, stat: Journal Article,

TEST-RETEST VARIABILITY OF TC-99M-HMPAO SPECT BRAIN PERFUSION STUDIES IN NORMAL HUMAN-SUBJECTS
SMITH, GS; MARTINO, J; KRAMER, EL; NOZ, M; SANGER, JJ; HEISIGER, E; JAFFAR, J; BRODIE, JD
1993 MAY ;34(5):P63-P64, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 54152, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: P63, stat: Journal Article,

[Promoting work during the sick leave period through cooperation between health insurance physician and the attending physician]
Harmsen-Alkema J; Noz M
1992 Sep 26;136(39):1920-1922, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde
The task of the Dutch social insurance physician is to evaluate claims for disability compensation and to support clients in the process of vocational rehabilitation. Because rehabilitation outcome is associated with length of time out of work, individual rehabilitation plans should be designed at an early stage. Of vital importance in the design of such plans are the client's remaining working capacities. Earlier assessment of functional capacity could be stimulated by more reciprocal consultation and closer collaboration between social insurance and treating physicians. When complete rehabilitation is not yet possible, working shorter hours, if necessary in a different job, could be an initial solution. As a result the client keeps in touch with the working environment and also a clearer picture is provided of what he or she is still capable of doing. Besides, the influx into the disability law system, which automatically follows if the non-working period exceeds 1 year, with its serious financial, social and emotional effects for the client, may be reduced
— id: 43822, year: 1992, vol: 136, page: 1920, stat: Journal Article,

High-attenuation lymphadenopathy in AIDS patients: significance of findings at CT
Herts BR; Megibow AJ; Birnbaum BA; Kanzer GK; Noz ME
1992 Dec;185(3):777-781, Radiology
A retrospective evaluation was performed of the location and attenuation characteristics of abdominal and pelvic lymphadenopathy, identified at dynamic sequential bolus computed tomography (CT) in 69 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Lymph node appearance at CT was characterized as hyperattenuating, isoattenuating, or hypoattenuating relative to the iliopsoas muscle. The significance of finding hyperattenuating adenopathy in the patient population was evaluated. Thirty-three patients had hyperattenuating adenopathy, including 26 with the epidemic form of Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Of 38 patients with epidemic KS, 26 had hyperattenuating, 11 had isoattenuating, and one had hypoattenuating lymphadenopathy. The positive predictive value of hyperattenuating adenopathy for epidemic KS was 79%. These findings were statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval (P < .005). Hyperattenuating lymphadenopathy, identified on dynamic sequential bolus CT scans in AIDS patients, was seen with disseminated KS in approximately 80% of cases
— id: 13357, year: 1992, vol: 185, page: 777, stat: Journal Article,

IN-111 LABELED MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF COLORECTAL-CANCER
KRAMER, EL; NOZ, M; SANGER, JJ
1992 SEP-OCT ;2(5):294-301, Diagnostic oncology
In-111-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against colorectal carcinoma are close to routine clinical use. In-111 offers advantages as a label for radioimmunodetection. The MAbs used most for detecting colorectal cancer are specific for CEA or TAG-7 The sensitivity of In-111-MAbs in clinical studies has ranged from 60 to >90% with highest sensitivity in the pelvis and lowest in the live). The sensitivity for liver lesions is rising as chelate chemistry improves. Radioimmunodetection of colorectal cancer is most useful in the patient with a possible recurrence based on an equivocal CT finding (e.g. scar vs. tumor) or an elevated serum CEA (i.e.. occult disease), or in the patient with a single known recurrence/metastasis and in whom resection is contemplated
— id: 54376, year: 1992, vol: 2, page: 294, stat: Journal Article,

NYUMC (New York University Medical Center) image fusion saves lives
Noz M
1992 Apr;9(4):16, 18-, Healthcare informatics
— id: 43823, year: 1992, vol: 9, page: 16, 18, stat: Journal Article,

Hepatic hemangiomas: diagnosis with fusion of MR, CT, and Tc-99m-labeled red blood cell SPECT images
Birnbaum BA; Noz ME; Chapnick J; Sanger JJ; Megibow AJ; Maguire GQ Jr; Weinreb JC; Kaminer EM; Kramer EL
1991 Nov;181(2):469-474, Radiology
A method of image analysis was developed for correlation of hemangiomas detected at computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with increased blood pool activity evident at single photon emission CT (SPECT) performed after labeling of red blood cells with technetium-99m. Image analysis was performed in 20 patients with 35 known hepatic hemangiomas. After section thickness and pixel sizes of the different studies were matched, intrinsic landmarks were chosen to identify anatomically corresponding locations. Regions of interest (ROIs) drawn on the CT and/or MR images were translated, rotated, and reprojected to match the areas of interest on the corresponding SPECT images by means of a two-dimensional polynomial-based warping algorithm. Analysis of ROIs on 30 SPECT-MR and 20 SPECT-CT pairs of registered images provided absolute confirmation that 34 suspected hemangiomas identified on SPECT images correlated exactly with lesions seen on CT and/or MR images. Accuracy of fusion was within an average of 1.5 pixels +/- 0.8 (+/- 1 standard deviation). The technique enabled diagnostic confirmation of hemangiomas as small as 1.0 cm and proved useful for evaluating lesions located adjacent to intrahepatic vessels
— id: 13849, year: 1991, vol: 181, page: 469, stat: Journal Article,

CT-SPECT fusion for analysis of radiolabeled antibodies: applications in gastrointestinal and lung carcinoma
Kramer EL; Noz ME
1991 ;18(1):27-42, International journal of radiation applications & instrumentation. Pt. B. Nuclear medicine & biology
Fusing or image registration improves the information obtained by correlating images from various imaging modalities. We 'fused' radiolabeled antibody SPECT with CT in patients with colorectal or lung cancer. We identified corresponding landmarks on cross-sectional images and used standard graphics algorithms for untilting to match planes of reconstruction and for two-dimensional warping or transformation of images or regions of interest. Fusing localizes activity on SPECT to specific anatomic structures and decreases SPECT false positives and CT false negatives
— id: 8431, year: 1991, vol: 18, page: 27, stat: Journal Article,

GRAPHICS APPLIED TO MEDICAL IMAGE REGISTRATION
Maguire, GQ; Noz, ME; Rusinek, H; Jaeger, J; Kramer, EL; Sanger, JJ; Smith, G
1991 Mar;11(2):20-27, IEEE computer graphics & applications
— id: 32223, year: 1991, vol: 11, page: 20, stat: Journal Article,

Bowel obstruction: evaluation with CT [see comments]
Megibow AJ; Balthazar EJ; Cho KC; Medwid SW; Birnbaum BA; Noz ME
1991 Aug;180(2):313-318, Radiology
Eighty-four computed tomographic (CT) scans from patients referred for bowel obstruction between January 2, 1988, and December 31, 1989, were retrospectively evaluated. A pair of radiologists without knowledge of patient histories determined the presence or absence of bowel obstruction. Sixty-four patients ultimately proved to have intestinal obstruction, and 20 did not. Diagnosis was established by means of surgery (n = 39), barium studies (n = 17), and clinical course (n = 28). Causes of obstruction included adhesions (n = 37), metastases (n = 6), primary tumor (n = 7), Crohn disease (n = 4), hernia (n = 3), hematoma (n = 2), colonic diverticulitis (n = 2), and other (n = 3). In addition, 83 CT examinations in patients with no history or indication of intestinal obstruction were simultaneously reviewed. The overall sensitivity was 94%, specificity was 96%, and accuracy was 95%. The cause of obstruction was correctly predicted in 47 of 64 cases (73%). Intestinal obstruction was not diagnosed in any of the 83 control patients. CT is most useful in patients with a history of abdominal malignancy and in patients who have not been operated on and who have signs of infection, bowel infarction, or a palpable abdominal mass
— id: 13943, year: 1991, vol: 180, page: 313, stat: Journal Article,

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF VOLUMETRIC AND SURFACE RENDERING TECHNIQUES
RUSINEK, H; NOZ, ME; MAGUIRE, GQ; KALVIN, A; HADDAD, B; DEAN, D; CUTTING, C
1991 APR ;38(2):659-662, IEEE transactions on nuclear science
The fidelity of visualizing craniofacial features using two modern three-dimensional (3D) imaging algorithms - one employing surface and the other volume rendering - are compared. Each rendering technique was evaluated for its ability to display closed cranial sutures, loss of thin bone through partial volume averaging, and the presence of artifacts. Linear measurements of the orbits, foramina, and mounting holes were taken on the 3D renderings and compared with direct measurements. Both techniques visualized the closed cranial sutures, orbits, mandibles, and teeth. The errors in linear measurement averaged less than 1.5 mm (root mean square) and were not statistically different between the two techniques. Errors are attributable to uncertainty in locating edges due to partial transparency (volume rendering) and sub- optimal lighting. Both rendering techniques suffer from step pattern and thin bone artifacts. We conclude that an algorithm for surface construction can provide detailed and accurate representation of the craniofacial anatomy
— id: 33374, year: 1991, vol: 38, page: 659, stat: Journal Article,

Definitive diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas: MR imaging versus Tc-99m-labeled red blood cell SPECT
Birnbaum BA; Weinreb JC; Megibow AJ; Sanger JJ; Lubat E; Kanamuller H; Noz ME; Bosniak MA
1990 Jul;176(1):95-101, Radiology
Thirty-seven patients with 69 suspected hemangiomas found by means of computed tomography (CT) and/or ultrasound were studied with both 0.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and single photon emission CT (SPECT) with technetium-99m-labeled red blood cells. Using a criterion of 'perfusion-blood pool mismatch,' SPECT readers diagnosed 50 of 64 hemangiomas and all five 'nonhemangiomas' (sensitivity, 78% [95% confidence interval, 0.664 - 0.864]; accuracy, 80% [0.69 - 0.877]). Qualitative analysis of lesion signal intensity on T2-weighted spin-echo MR images allowed readers to diagnose 58 of 64 hemangiomas and four of five nonhemangiomas (sensitivity, 91% [0.814 - 0.96]; accuracy, 90% [0.807 - 0.951]). Because of the significantly higher cost of MR imaging and its inability to categorically differentiate hemangiomas from hypervascular metastases, the authors consider SPECT to be the method of choice for diagnosing hepatic hemangiomas. MR imaging should be reserved for the diagnosis of lesions smaller than 2.0 cm and for those 2.5 cm and smaller adjacent to the heart or major hepatic vessels; in such cases MR imaging was found superior to SPECT
— id: 33316, year: 1990, vol: 176, page: 95, stat: Journal Article,

Linear canonical transformations of coherent and squeezed states in the Wigner phase space. III. Two-mode states
Han D; Kim YS; Noz ME
1990 Jun 1;41(11):6233-6244, Physical review. A
— id: 25617, year: 1990, vol: 41, page: 6233, stat: Journal Article,

LORENTZ-SQUEEZED HADRONS AND HADRONIC TEMPERATURE
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1990 FEB 26 ;144(3):111-115, Physics letters. A
— id: 33375, year: 1990, vol: 144, page: 111, stat: Journal Article,

Linear canonical transformations of coherent and squeezed states in the Wigner phase space. II. Quantitative analysis
Han D; Kim YS; Noz ME
1989 Jul 15;40(2):902-912, Physical review. A
— id: 25618, year: 1989, vol: 40, page: 902, stat: Journal Article,

CT-SPECT fusion to correlate radiolabeled monoclonal antibody uptake with abdominal CT findings
Kramer EL; Noz ME; Sanger JJ; Megibow AJ; Maguire GQ
1989 Sep;172(3):861-865, Radiology
To enhance the information provided by computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed with radiolabeled, anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody (MoAb), the authors performed fusion of these types of images from eight subjects with suspected colorectal adenocarcinoma. Section thickness and pixel size of the two studies were matched, coordinates of corresponding points from each study were identified, and CT sections were translated, rotated, and reprojected to match the corresponding SPECT scans. The CT-SPECT fusion enabled identification of anatomic sites of tumor-specific MoAb accumulation in four cases, showed non-specific MoAb accumulation in two, and helped confirm information only suggested by the two studies separately in one
— id: 25913, year: 1989, vol: 172, page: 861, stat: Journal Article,

Image formats: five years after the AAPM standard for digital image interchange
Maguire GQ Jr; Noz ME
1989 Sep-Oct;16(5):818-823, Medical physics
The publication of AAPM Report No. 10 was the first attempt to standardize image formats in the medical imaging community. Since then, three other groups have formed (CART--the Scandinavian collaboration for Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy treatment planning; ACR-NEMA, a collaboration whose purpose is to formulate a standard digital interface to medical imaging equipment; and COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project a European collaboration whose purpose is to define a format for digital image exchange in Nuclear Medicine). The AAPM format uses key-value pairs in plain text to keep track of all information associated with a particular image. The radiation oncology community in the U.S. has been defining key-value pairs for use with CT, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance (MR) images. The COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project has also adopted this format and together with the Australian/New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine Technical Standards Sub-Committee which has also adopted this format, has defined an initial set of key-value pairs for Nuclear Medicine images. Additionally, both ACR-NEMA and CART have been defining fields for use with the same types of images. The CART collaboration has introduced a database which is available electronically, but is maintained by a group of individuals. ACR-NEMA operates through committee meetings. The COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project operates through electronic (and postal where necessary) mail. To insure a consistent set of field names in such a rapidly developing arena requires the use of a server rather than a committee. Via a server a person would inquire if a particular field had been defined. If so, the defined name would be returned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
— id: 33317, year: 1989, vol: 16, page: 818, stat: Journal Article,

PACS (picture archiving and communication system) compatibility. In search of a universal language for digital image exchange
Maquire GQ Jr; Noz ME
1989 Jul;8(7):46-51, Administrative radiology
— id: 33318, year: 1989, vol: 8, page: 46, stat: Journal Article,

LINEAR CANONICAL-TRANSFORMATIONS OF COHERENT AND SQUEEZED STATES IN THE WIGNER PHASE-SPACE
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1988 FEB 1 ;37(3):807-814, Physical review. A
— id: 98526, year: 1988, vol: 37, page: 807, stat: Journal Article,

CT/SPECT FUSION FOR CORRELATION OF MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY (MOAB) SPECT AND ABDOMINAL CT
KRAMER, EL; NOZ, ME; SANGER, JJ; MAGUIRE, GQ; MEGIBOW, A
1988 JUL ;29(7):1313-1313, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 33376, year: 1988, vol: 29, page: 1313, stat: Journal Article,

QSH: a minimal but highly portable image display and handling toolkit
Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr
1988 Nov-Dec;27(3):229-240, Computer methods & programs in biomedicine
We describe a software system developed to handle images obtained from different sources, namely, computer-assisted tomography, positron emission tomography, single photon emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In developing the system, it was necessary to address the following points. (1) The types of values that were encountered in both the header information and the pixel elements, namely, integers, floating point numbers, complex numbers and strings. (2) The use of domain-dependent sets of keys, that is, how to choose keys and how to stabilize the use of keys among the user population. This is, for example, how information such as the patient name, or the activity in becquerel is kept. It is necessary to keep both the key values and the units. (3) The development of a method for providing a database using flat files, i.e. linear text. (4) The maintenance of a history of values and operations. This is necessary in order to address the problem of determining from an image how that image was produced. The connection between an image and how it was derived is analogous to describing how a secondary standard is derived from a primary one
— id: 33319, year: 1988, vol: 27, page: 229, stat: Journal Article,

Multimodality image display: desirable frame buffer characteristics
Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr; Horii SC
1988 Aug;12(4):189-200, Journal of medical systems
The intent of this paper is to understand the characteristics of those frame buffers currently used to display images, versus more ideal frame buffers for medical image display purposes. This study is based on current needs and what characteristics might be desirable. Two case examples are presented: (1) a system developed for high quality computer graphics and (2) a system developed for nuclear medicine and radiation therapy treatment planning. Our study considers: (1) defining a pixel depth sufficient to hold data, (2) the desirability of multiple color look-up tables, (3) how cine loops are managed, and (4) display memory size
— id: 33320, year: 1988, vol: 12, page: 189, stat: Journal Article,

UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS FOR LIGHT WAVES AND THE CONCE
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1987 FEB 15 ;35(4):1682-1691, Physical review. A
— id: 98541, year: 1987, vol: 35, page: 1682, stat: Journal Article,

Use of graphical techniques for error evaluation
Maguire GQ Jr; Jaeger J; Farde L; Noz ME
1987 Aug;11(4):277-286, Journal of medical systems
Anatomic localization in functional (such as PET) imaging often requires a structural (such as CT or NMRI) study of the brain in the same plane. Some neuropsychiatric conditions make it difficult for a patient to hold his/her head immobile even when a rigid head holder is used. We studied the effect of tilt of the anatomic reference image, in this instance CT, relative to the functional image, here PET, on the quantification of receptor ligand concentration in anatomically defined regions of the brain
— id: 33321, year: 1987, vol: 11, page: 277, stat: Journal Article,

Standardizing the raster display for medical images using a fixed set of frame buffer primitives
Maguire GQ Jr; Noz ME
1986 Jun;10(3):209-228, Journal of medical systems
Two major difficulties associated with medical image processing are the diverse image formats that must be dealt with because of the differences in image sources and the number of incompatible display systems available for viewing images both before and after processing. We describe a very small set of primitives that need to be defined to utilize any raster display. When these primitives have been implemented for a particular device, then a standard set of image display programs can be compiled and images and the results of image processing can be displayed. The main purpose of this paper is to describe what a raster display looks like from the point of view of the programmer and to define the specific hardware and software data about the raster display that must be known in order to implement the small set of primitives
— id: 33322, year: 1986, vol: 10, page: 209, stat: Journal Article,

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AND SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR THE ACR-NEMA STANDARD
MAGUIRE, GQ; NOZ, ME
1986 JUL-AUG ;13(4):572-572, Medical physics
— id: 33377, year: 1986, vol: 13, page: 572, stat: Journal Article,

Local area networks in an imaging environment
Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr; Erdman WA
1986 ;1(1):81-133, Critical reviews in medical informatics
There is great interest at present in incorporating image-management systems popularly referred to as picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) into imaging departments. This paper will describe various aspects of local area networks (LANs) for medical images and will give a definition of terms and classification of devices by describing a possible system which links various digital image sources through a high-speed data link and a common image format, allows for viewing and processing of all images produced within the complex, and eliminates the transport of films. The status of standards governing LAN and particularly PACS systems along with a proposed image exchange format will be given. Prototype systems, particularly a system for nuclear medicine images, will be presented, as well as the prospects for the immediate future in terms of installations started and commercial products available. A survey of the many questions that arise in the development of a PACS for medical images and also a survey of the presently suggested/adopted answers will be given
— id: 33323, year: 1986, vol: 1, page: 81, stat: Journal Article,

TIME-ENERGY UNCERTAINTY RELATION AND LORENTZ COVARIANCE
HUSSAR, PE; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1985 JUL-AUG ;53(2):142-147, American journal of physics
— id: 33378, year: 1985, vol: 53, page: 142, stat: Journal Article,

Radiation protection in the radiologic and health sciences
Noz, Marilyn E.; Maguire, Gerald Q
Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger, 1985,
— id: 29, year: 1985, vol: , page: , stat: ,

GROUP CONTRACTIONS AND THE E(2)-LIKE LITTLE GROUP FOR MASSLESS PARTICLES AS AN INFINITE-MOMENTUM ZERO-MASS LIMIT OF THE O(3)- LIKE LITTLE GROUP FOR MASSIVE PARTICLES
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; SON, D
1984 JUL-AUG ;201(11):45-49, Lecture notes in physics
— id: 33380, year: 1984, vol: 201, page: 45, stat: Journal Article,

INTERNAL SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIES OF MASSIVE AND MASSLESS PARTICLES
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; SON, D
1984 JUL-AUG ;52(11):1037-1043, American journal of physics
— id: 33379, year: 1984, vol: 52, page: 1037, stat: Journal Article,

Modus operandi for a picture archiving and communication system
Noz ME; Erdman WA; Maguire GQ Jr; Stahl TJ; Tokarz RJ; Menken KL; Salviani JA
1984 Jul;152(1):221-223, Radiology
The authors describe their 18 month experience operating an all digital nuclear medicine department, which led to the development of a system that allows multiple users to access patient reports and images through terminals located in various parts of the hospital. All user interactions are mediated through protocols that automatically acquire, process, display, and archive data. This approach offers distinct advantages over film and paper methods and is applicable in theory to any digital image format
— id: 33324, year: 1984, vol: 152, page: 221, stat: Journal Article,

Computerized correlation of tomographic images
Noz, M.E.; Maguire, G.Q., Jr.; Lee, F.; Schimpf, J.H.; Horii, S.C.
1984 ;18(7):85-88, Proceedings of the ... International Joint Alpine Symposium
The initial development of a graphical image correlation and processing system for the evaluation of patients with neurological disorders is described. The images used are obtained from computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Essential to all analytical comparison of images is image correlation. This implies the ability to overlay images which show good anatomic resolution, such as CT images and the present generation of NMR images, onto the PET images which show physiological function. It is important to know precisely the location of an organ in the brain in order to ascertain whether it is functioning correctly or not
— id: 98861, year: 1984, vol: 18, page: 85, stat: Journal Article,

DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL NUCLEAR-MEDICINE SYSTEM
ERDMAN, WA; STAHL, TJ; TOKARZ, RJ; MAGUIRE, GQ; NOZ, ME
1983 JUL-AUG ;418(11):100-102, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 33381, year: 1983, vol: 418, page: 100, stat: Journal Article,

C-NUMBER TIME-ENERGY UNCERTAINTY RELATION IN THE QUARK-MODEL
HAN, D; NOZ, ME; KIM, YS; SON, D
1983 JUL-AUG ;27(12):3032-3035, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 33385, year: 1983, vol: 27, page: 3032, stat: Journal Article,

A UNIFIED DIGITAL IMAGE DISTRIBUTION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM
HORII, SC; NOZ, ME; MAGUIRE, GQ; SCHIMPF, JH; ZELEZNIK, MP; HITCHNER, LE; BAXTER, BS
1983 JUL-AUG ;10(1):129-129, Medical physics
— id: 33387, year: 1983, vol: 10, page: 129, stat: Journal Article,

BROAD-BAND CO-AXIAL CABLE IMAGE VIEWING AND PROCESSING FOR RADIOLOGY
HORII, SC; SCHIMPF, JH; MAGUIRE, GQ; ZELEZNIK, MP; NOZ, ME
1983 JUL-AUG ;418(11):247-257, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 33383, year: 1983, vol: 418, page: 247, stat: Journal Article,

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF THE SYMPLECTIC GROUP
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1983 JUL-AUG ;51(4):368-375, American journal of physics
— id: 33386, year: 1983, vol: 51, page: 368, stat: Journal Article,

Gamma camera MTF measurements using an image chain analysis approach
Maguire GQ Jr; Noz ME; Schimpf JH; Horii SC
1983 Apr;16(2):149-159, Computers & biomedical research
— id: 33326, year: 1983, vol: 16, page: 149, stat: Journal Article,

Image processing requirements and distributed networking in a digital imaging environment
Maguire, G.Q., Jr.; Noz, M.E.; Zeleznik, M.P.; Baxter, B.S.; Horii, S.C.; Schimpf, J.H.
1983 ;33(7):59-67, vol.2, Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
This paper proposes an initial system comprising a distributed network for digital images, which has a central archiving facility for permanently storing and selectively viewing computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine (NM) and ultrasound (US) images. A unified digital image distribution and processing system linking various digital image sources through a broadband local area network and a common image format is described. The system allows for viewing and processing of all images produced within the complex, and for locating viewing stations in any convenient area. The physical handling of storage media at image sources can be totally eliminated. Complete archiving, file maintenance and large scale processing capabilities are provided by a central file server
— id: 98866, year: 1983, vol: 33, page: 59, stat: Journal Article,

MESSAGE PROTOCOLS FOR RADIOLOGIC CONSULTATIONS OVER A LOCAL AREA NETWORK
MAGUIRE, GQ; HORII, SC; NOZ, ME; SCHIMPF, JH; ZELEZNIK, MP
1983 JUL-AUG ;418(11):160-171, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 33382, year: 1983, vol: 418, page: 160, stat: Journal Article,

A distribution system for digital images from diverse image sources. Incorporating a local area network in an imaging environment
Noz ME; Maguire GQ Jr; Horii SC; Zeleznik MP; Schimpf JH; Baxter BS
1983 Aug;7(4):349-361, Journal of medical systems
This paper proposes a unified image-processing and viewing system as a viewing station and initially as the central file server in a unified digital image distribution and processing network, linking various digital image sources through a high speed data link and a common image format. The network allows for viewing and processing of all images produced within the complex and for locating viewing stations in any number of convenient areas. The system proposed can be slowly expanded to include all the digital images produced within the department of institution
— id: 33325, year: 1983, vol: 7, page: 349, stat: Journal Article,

SIMPLE IMAGE ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS PROTOCOLS IN AN AUTOMATED NUCLEAR-MEDICINE DEPARTMENT
NOZ, ME; ERDMAN, WA; SALVIANI, JA; MAGUIRE, GQ; SCHIMPF, JH; HORII, SC
1983 JUL-AUG ;10(4):549-549, Medical physics
— id: 33384, year: 1983, vol: 10, page: 549, stat: Journal Article,

PACS USER LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
Zeleznik, MP; Maguire, GQ; Baxter, B; Noz, ME; Schimpf, JH; Horii, SC
1983 ;418(4):172-177, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 30613, year: 1983, vol: 418, page: 172, stat: Journal Article,

LITTLE GROUPS, THE QUARK-MODEL AND GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS
HAN, D; NOZ, ME; KIM, YS; SON, D
1982 JUL-AUG ;114(1-3):197-199, Physica. A
— id: 33389, year: 1982, vol: 114, page: 197, stat: Journal Article,

SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIES OF CONFINED QUARKS
HAN, D; NOZ, ME; KIM, YS; SON, D
1982 JUL-AUG ;25(6):1740-1743, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 33393, year: 1982, vol: 25, page: 1740, stat: Journal Article,

A SIMPLE FEASIBILITY DEMONSTRATION OF A LOCAL AREA NETWORK FOR A DIGITAL IMAGING DEPARTMENT
Horii, SC; Zeleznik, MP; Maguire, GQ; Schimpf, JH; Hitchner, LE; Noz, ME; Baxter, BS
1982 ;375(5):600-604, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 30608, year: 1982, vol: 375, page: 600, stat: Journal Article,

DIRACS LIGHT-CONE COORDINATE SYSTEM
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1982 JUL-AUG ;50(8):721-724, American journal of physics
— id: 33390, year: 1982, vol: 50, page: 721, stat: Journal Article,

Interface requirements in nuclear medicine-devices and systems
Maguire, G.Q., Jr.; Brill, A.B.; Noz, M.E.; Bennett, G.W.; Schimpf, J.H.; Horii, S.C.; Yonekura, Y.; Zeleznik, N.P.; Bizais, Y.; Baxter, B.S.; Zubal, I.G.; Hitchner, L.E.; Rowe, R.W.
1982 ;ns-29(4):1280-1290 August, IEEE transactions on nuclear science
Interface designs for three nuclear medicine imaging systems, and computer networking strategies proposed for medical imaging departments are presented. Configurations for two positron emission tomography devices (PET III and ECAT) and a general purpose tomography instrument (the UNICON) are analyzed in terms of specific performance parameters. Interface designs for these machines are contrasted in terms of utilization of standard versus custom modules, cost, and ease of modification, upgrade, and support. The requirements of general purpose systems for medical image analysis, display, and archiving, are considered, and a realizable state of the art system is specified, including a suggested timetable
— id: 98869, year: 1982, vol: ns-29, page: 1280, stat: Journal Article,

Image processing requirements and distributed networks in a digital imaging environment
Maguire, G.Q., Jr.; Zeleznik, M.P.; Horii, S.C.; Schimpf, J.H.; Hitchner, L.E.; Noz, M.E.; Baxter, B.S.
1982 ;8(5):923-923, Proceedings : the ... annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care
Discusses a unified digital image distribution and processing system linking various digital image sources through a broadband local area network and a common image format. Ultimately, the system allows for viewing and processing of all images produced within the complex, and for viewing stations at any number of convenient locations. The physical handling of storage media at image sources, can be totally eliminated. Complete archiving, file maintenance and large scale processing capabilities are provided by a central file server. This paper presents a concrete proposal for an initial system which has a central archiving facility for permanently storing and selectively viewing computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine (NM) and ultrasound (US) images. The system proposed can then be slowly expanded to include all the digital images produced by the radiology department, and ultimately to include all the images by digitizing those produced in an analog fashion
— id: 98868, year: 1982, vol: 8, page: 923, stat: Journal Article,

A DIGITAL RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MAGUIRE, GQ; HORII, SC; SCHIMPF, JH; NOZ, ME; ZELEZNIK, MP; BAXTER, BS; HITCHNER, LE
1982 JUL-AUG ;9(4):636-636, Medical physics
— id: 33391, year: 1982, vol: 9, page: 636, stat: Journal Article,

IMAGE-PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS IN HOSPITALS AND AN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS-APPROACH
MAGUIRE, GQ; ZELEZNIK, MP; HORII, SC; SCHIMPF, JH; NOZ, ME
1982 JUL-AUG ;318(1):206-213, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 33388, year: 1982, vol: 318, page: 206, stat: Journal Article,

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES IN QUANTUM-FIELD THEORY AND IN COVARIANT HARMONIC-OSCILLATOR FORMALISM
HAN, D; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1981 JUL-AUG ;11(11-1):895-905, Foundations of physics
— id: 33394, year: 1981, vol: 11, page: 895, stat: Journal Article,

UNIFIED DIGITAL IMAGE DISPLAY AND PROCESSING SYSTEM
HORII, SC; MAGUIRE, GQ; NOZ, ME; SCHIMPF, JH
1981 JUL-AUG ;314(4):340-346, Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering)
— id: 33392, year: 1981, vol: 314, page: 340, stat: Journal Article,

SYMPLECTIC FORMULATION OF RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM-MECHANICS
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1981 JUL-AUG ;22(10):2289-2293, Journal of mathematical physics
— id: 33395, year: 1981, vol: 22, page: 2289, stat: Journal Article,

A UNIFIED DIGITAL IMAGE DISPLAY AND PROCESSING SYSTEM
MAGUIRE, GQ; SCHIMPF, JH; HORII, SC; NOZ, ME
1981 JUL-AUG ;8(5):740-740, Medical physics
— id: 33396, year: 1981, vol: 8, page: 740, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC-OSCILLATORS AND THE BETHE-SALPETER-EQUATION
NOZ, ME; KIM, YS
1981 JUL-AUG ;26(4):596-596, Bulletin of the American Physical Society
— id: 33397, year: 1981, vol: 26, page: 596, stat: Journal Article,

EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF QUANTUM-MECHANICS AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY IN HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
NOZ, ME; KIM, YS
1981 JUL-AUG ;26(1):47-47, Bulletin of the American Physical Society
— id: 33399, year: 1981, vol: 26, page: 47, stat: Journal Article,

LITTLE GROUPS AND THE C-NUMBER TIME-ENERGY UNCERTAINTY RELATION
SON, D; KIM, YS; HAN, D; NOZ, ME
1981 JUL-AUG ;26(4):596-596, Bulletin of the American Physical Society
— id: 33398, year: 1981, vol: 26, page: 596, stat: Journal Article,

3-PARTICLE SYMMETRY CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF DIRAC
HUSSAR, PE; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1980 JUL-AUG ;48(12):1038-1042, American journal of physics
— id: 33400, year: 1980, vol: 48, page: 1038, stat: Journal Article,

QUARK-MODEL IN THE QUANTUM-MECHANICS CURRICULUM
HUSSAR, PE; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1980 JUL-AUG ;48(12):1043-1049, American journal of physics
— id: 33401, year: 1980, vol: 48, page: 1043, stat: Journal Article,

LORENTZ DEFORMATION IN THE O(4) AND LIGHT-CONE COORDINATE SYSTEMS
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; OH, SH
1980 JUL-AUG ;21(5):1224-1228, Journal of mathematical physics
— id: 33403, year: 1980, vol: 21, page: 1224, stat: Journal Article,

Simple method for reducing shadow-shield background
Noz ME
1980 Aug;39(2):304-306, Health physics
— id: 33327, year: 1980, vol: 39, page: 304, stat: Journal Article,

LORENTZ DEFORMATION AND THE JET PHENOMENON .2. EXPLANATION OF THE NEARLY CONSTANT AVERAGE JET TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM
OH, SH; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1980 JUL-AUG ;10(7-8):635-639, Foundations of physics
— id: 33402, year: 1980, vol: 10, page: 635, stat: Journal Article,

LORENTZ DEFORMATION OF THE BETHE-SALPETER WAVE-FUNCTION
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1979 JUL-AUG ;2(2):460-480, Hadronic journal
— id: 33407, year: 1979, vol: 2, page: 460, stat: Journal Article,

LORENTZ DEFORMATION AND THE JET PHENOMENON
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; OH, SH
1979 JUL-AUG ;9(11-1):947-954, Foundations of physics
— id: 33404, year: 1979, vol: 9, page: 947, stat: Journal Article,

REPRESENTATIONS OF THE POINCARE GROUP FOR RELATIVISTIC EXTENDED HADRONS
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; OH, SH
1979 JUL-AUG ;20(7):1341-1344, Journal of mathematical physics
— id: 33406, year: 1979, vol: 20, page: 1341, stat: Journal Article,

SIMPLE METHOD FOR ILLUSTRATING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS LORENTZ GROUPS
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME; OH, SH
1979 JUL-AUG ;47(10):892-897, American journal of physics
— id: 33405, year: 1979, vol: 47, page: 892, stat: Journal Article,

GROUP-THEORY OF COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1978 ;46(5):480-483, American journal of physics
— id: 29688, year: 1978, vol: 46, page: 480, stat: Journal Article,

QUARKS, PARTONS AND LORENTZ-DEFORMED HADRONS
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1978 ;60(3):801-816, Progress of theoretical physics
— id: 29668, year: 1978, vol: 60, page: 801, stat: Journal Article,

RELATIVISTIC HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND HADRONIC STRUCTURES IN QUANTUM-MECHANICS CURRICULUM
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1978 ;46(5):484-488, American journal of physics
— id: 29689, year: 1978, vol: 46, page: 484, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND CHIRAL CONFIGURATION MIXING
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1977 JUL-AUG ;15(7):2032-2035, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 33409, year: 1977, vol: 15, page: 2032, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND EXCITED BARYON DECAYS
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1977 JUL-AUG ;57(4):1373-1386, Progress of theoretical physics
— id: 33408, year: 1977, vol: 57, page: 1373, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND PARTON PICTURE
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1977 JUL-AUG ;15(1):335-338, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 33410, year: 1977, vol: 15, page: 335, stat: Journal Article,

A modular computer system for the nuclear medicine/ultrasound laboratory: a multidisciplinary proposal
Noz ME; Schimpf JH; Maguire GQ
1977 ;1(3):251-261, Journal of medical systems
In many nuclear Medicine studies computer-controlled graphic displays are an absolute necessity for obtaining meaningful results. Design criteria developed by an interdisciplinary scientific panel are presented to achieve a display system based on television technology; an instrument interface employing list mode using bubble-memory storage technology, thus having a low information-loss rate; and flexible modular software easily tailored to the specific needs of both clinicians and technicians. The panel considers a minicomputer system with broad, flexible applications to be a valuable tool, particularly in doing those function studies that only can be done via nuclear medicine techniques. The final specifications ultimately allow the selection of a vendor and hospital installation, even though all criteria are not currently achievable
— id: 33329, year: 1977, vol: 1, page: 251, stat: Journal Article,

A modular computer system for the nuclear medicine/ultrasound laboratory
Noz ME; Schimpf JH; Maguire GQ Jr
1977 Sep;124(3):759-762, Radiology
Computer-controlled graphic displays are a necessity in many nuclear medicine studies. The authors propose using a set-up consisting of three modules: (a) a display system based on television technology; (b) an instrument interface employing list mode and having a low information loss rate; and (c) flexible modular software which can easily be tailored to the needs of both radiologists and technicians. The authors consider a mini-computer system with broad, flexible applications to be a valuable tool, particularly for those function studies which can only be done by means of nuclear medicine techniques
— id: 33328, year: 1977, vol: 124, page: 759, stat: Journal Article,

Design and construction of a microdensitometer computer interface [for X-ray image analysis]
Schimpf, J.; Maguire, G.; Horii, S.; Noz, M.
1976 ;4(3):192-192, Proceedings of the ... annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine & Biology
The system outlined is used for routine X-ray image analysis, which includes calculation of contrast, the Weiner noise spectrum, and MTF. A modified Joyce-Lobel 3CS microdensitometer is used to scan the films. It is controlled by a Wave mate Jupiter II microprocessor computer system, and the information gathered is transmitted to a large time-sharing computer where the calculations are completed. The output of the scanning microdensitometer was modified so that a computer could accept and process the information from the film
— id: 98880, year: 1976, vol: 4, page: 192, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND DIFFRACTIVE EXCITATIONS
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1975 JUL-AUG ;12(1):122-128, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 33411, year: 1975, vol: 12, page: 122, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND EXCITED MESON DECAYS
Kim, YS; Noz, ME
1975 ;12(1):129-138, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 28478, year: 1975, vol: 12, page: 129, stat: Journal Article,

CALCULATION OF EPSILON(BAR)-BETA, GAMMA AND DELTAI FOR TC-99M
Noz, ME; Maguire, GQ
1975 ;26(12):785-786, International journal of applied radiation & isotopes
— id: 28509, year: 1975, vol: 26, page: 785, stat: Journal Article,

RADIAL EXCITATIONS IN SYMMETRIC QUARK-MODEL .2
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1974 JUL-AUG ;A 19(4):657-666, Nuovo cimento della Societa Italiana di Fiscia. A. Nuclei, particles & fields
— id: 33412, year: 1974, vol: A 19, page: 657, stat: Journal Article,

ANALYTIC FORMULATION OF SU(3) VECTOR COUPLING COEFFICIENTS FOR N PARTICLES
CASILIO, JM; NOZ, ME
1973 JUL-AUG ;5(5):365-378, Computer physics communications
— id: 33414, year: 1973, vol: 5, page: 365, stat: Journal Article,

RADIAL EFFECTS IN SYMMETRIC QUARK-MODEL
DE, T; KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1973 JUL-AUG ;A 13(4):1089-1101, Nuovo cimento della Societa Italiana di Fiscia. A. Nuclei, particles & fields
— id: 33415, year: 1973, vol: A 13, page: 1089, stat: Journal Article,

COVARIANT HARMONIC OSCILLATORS AND QUARK-MODEL
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1973 JUL-AUG ;8(10):3521-3527, Physical Review. D. Particles & fields
— id: 33413, year: 1973, vol: 8, page: 3521, stat: Journal Article,

SU(3) PROJECTION OPERATOR AS A POLYNOMIAL IN GENERATORS
NOZ, ME; SHAPIRO, JY
1973 JUL-AUG ;B 51(1):309-316, Nuclear physics. B
— id: 33416, year: 1973, vol: B 51, page: 309, stat: Journal Article,

RADIAL EXCITATIONS IN SYMMETRIC QUARK-MODEL
KIM, YS; NOZ, ME
1972 JUL-AUG ;A 11(3):513-&, Nuovo cimento della Societa Italiana di Fiscia. A. Nuclei, particles & fields
— id: 33417, year: 1972, vol: A 11, page: 513, stat: Journal Article,