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Alveoli  

Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Definition  

VAP is an infection of the lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory tract includes:

  • Small bronchi (airways)
  • Alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs

VAP affects people who are using a ventilator . This is a machine that helps you breath. VAP is a serious condition. It requires care from a doctor.

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Causes  

VAP is commonly caused by bacteria, such as:

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pneumonia

The tube that goes into the lungs makes it easier for bacteria to enter deep into the lungs. This bacteria causes infection.

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Risk Factors  

These factors increase your chance of developing VAP:

  • Chronic lung disease
  • Conditions that affect the nervous system
  • Weak immune system
  • Prolonged antibiotic use
  • Intubated (having a tube placed) more than once
  • Tube placed through a stoma (hole in the throat) rather than down through the nose or mouth
  • Prolonged ventilation
  • Continuous sedation
  • Prolonged period of lying on back
  • Malnutrition
  • Older age
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Symptoms  

Symptoms of VAP may include:

  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Cough
  • Thick mucus, greenish mucus, or pus-like sputum
  • Bluish color of nails or lips
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Shortness of breath
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Diagnosis  

Your doctor will review your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will also be done. Tests may include:

  • Chest x-ray —a test that uses radiation to take pictures of structures inside the chest
  • CT scan —a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the chest
  • Lab cultures of blood and sputum
  • Arterial blood gases—measures oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid in the blood
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Treatment  

Treatment depends on which germs are causing the pneumonia. Your doctor will discuss the best treatment plan with you. Treatment options include:

  • Antibiotics—Antibiotics will be given by IV. Results from the lab tests will guide your doctor’s choice of antibiotic.
  • Oxygen therapy—You may need additional oxygen to increase the level of oxygen in your body.
  • Physical therapy—Physical therapy can help to loosen and remove thick mucus from the lungs.
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Prevention  

To reduce your chance of VAP, the hospital staff will:

  • Elevate the head of your bed 30°-45°
  • Wash their hands before and after touching you or the ventilator
  • Clean the inside of your mouth on a regular basis
  • Keep you on the ventilator only if it is necessary
  • Avoid overly sedating you
  • Regularly suction your airway