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- Asymptomatic patients with recognized cardiac risk factors (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking history, or a family history of heart disease)
- Symptomatic patients who have chest pain, an unclear clinical presentation or indeterminate or confusing prior non-invasive cardiac tests
- Patients with cardiac vascular anomalies
- Patients with bypass grafts
- Patients with evidence of abnormal cardiac structure by other non-invasive cardiac tests (e.g. cardiac mass, atrial or ventricular septal defects, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, valvular disease)
- Patients with congenital heart disease (e.g. to assess cardiac and vascular anatomy)
- Patients with potential for pulmonary venous abnormalities (e.g. post pulmonary vein ablation/isolation to assess for pulmonary vein stenosis)