Elkhonon Goldberg, Ph.D.

Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain
Goldberg E; Roediger D; Kucukboyaci NE; Carlson C; Devinsky O; Kuzniecky R; Halgren E; Thesen T
2011 Nov 19;:?-?, Cortex
Hemispheric asymmetry represents a cardinal feature of cerebral organization, but the nature of structural and functional differences between the hemispheres is far from fully understood. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging morphometry, we identified several volumetric differences between the two hemispheres of the human brain. Heteromodal inferoparietal and lateral prefrontal cortices are more extensive in the right than left hemisphere, as is visual cortex. Heteromodal mesial and orbital prefrontal and cingulate cortices are more extensive in the left than right hemisphere, as are somatosensory, parts of motor, and auditory cortices. Thus, heteromodal association cortices are more extensively represented on the lateral aspect of the right than in the left hemisphere, and modality-specific cortices are more extensively represented on the lateral aspect of the left than in the right hemisphere. On the mesial aspect heteromodal association cortices are more extensively represented in the left than right hemisphere
— id: 149915, year: 2011, vol: , page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Alterations in theta activity associated with novelty and routinization processing in ADHD
Fallahpour, Kamran; Clarke, Simon D; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Hermens, Daniel F; Falconer, Erin M; Gordon, Evian
2010 Aug;121(8):1336-1342, Clinical neurophysiology
OBJECTIVE: Novelty and routinization-related information processing disturbances were examined in adolescent males with ADHD using an oddball paradigm and electrophysiological measurement of theta (4-7Hz) activity. METHODS: Fifty-four unmedicated adolescent males (12-18years) with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and matched controls performed an auditory oddball task. Theta activity was sub-averaged, and Fourier Integrals with simultaneous measurement of electrodermal activity (EDA) was used to index response to stimulus novelty and routinization. RESULTS: ADHD participants showed an overall increase in theta activity to both novel and routine stimuli relative to controls. While controls showed increased theta activity in response to novel compared to routine targets across the brain, ADHD participants did not show this novelty-related increase in theta activity in the right anterior/frontal brain. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study are consistent with disturbances in theta activity and the brain substrates of novelty relative to routinization-related processing in ADHD. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that there are distinct alterations in theta activity related to stimulus novelty and routinization during an auditory oddball task in ADHD, and they highlight the value of using an event-related approach to elucidate the neural substrates of stimulus processing in ADHD
— id: 138038, year: 2010, vol: 121, page: 1336, stat: Journal Article,

Neuropsychological assessment in traumatic brain injury
Podell, Kenneth; Gifford, Katherine; Bougakov, Dmitri; Goldberg, Elkhonon
2010 Dec;33(4):855-876, Psychiatric clinics of North America
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurological injury that can affect the cognitive, emotional, psychological, and physical functioning of an individual. The clinical neuropsychologist working with TBI patients must take a holistic approach when assessing and treating the patient and consider the patient in total, including premorbid and post-incident factors, to formulate a comprehensive and accurate picture of the patient. This approach will guide the clinician regarding multiple types of treatment the patient may require
— id: 140344, year: 2010, vol: 33, page: 855, stat: Journal Article,

The new executive brain: Frontal lobes in a complex world
Goldberg, Elkhonon
New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, 2009,
(from the cover) Elkhonon Goldberg's groundbreaking The executive brain was a classic of scientific writing, revealing how the frontal lobes command the most human parts of the mind. Now he offers a completely new book, providing fresh, iconoclastic ideas about the relationship between the brain and the mind. In The new executive brain, Goldberg paints a sweeping panorama of cutting-edge thinking in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, one that ranges far beyond the frontal lobes. Drawing on the latest discoveries and developing complex scientific ideas and relating them to real life through many fascinating case studies and anecdotes, the author explores how the brain engages in complex decision-making; how it deals with novelty and ambiguity; and how it addresses moral choices. At every step, Goldberg challenges entrenched assumptions. For example, we know that the left hemisphere of the brain is the seat of language--but Goldberg argues that language may not be the central adaptation of the left hemisphere. Apes lack language, yet many also show evidence of asymmetric hemispheric development. Goldberg also finds that a complex interaction between the frontal lobes and the amygdala--between a recently evolved and a much older part of the brain--controls emotion, as conscious thoughts meet automatic impulses. Goldberg's insights are refreshing challenges to both cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychological conventions.
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La paradoja de la sabiduria : como la mente puede mejorar con la edad = The wisdom paradox
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Barcelona : Critica, 2006,
traduccion castellana de Joan Lluis Riera
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Oite kashikokunaru no = The wisdom paradox
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Tokyo : Nihonhososhuppankyokai, 2006,
translated by Rumi Fujii
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Paradox moudrosti : (jak byt dusevne vykonnejsi, prestoze mozek starne) = The wisdom paradox
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Praha : Karolinum, 2006,
z anglickheho originalu ... prelozil Frantisek Koukolik
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The wisdom paradox : how your mind can grow stronger as your brain grows older
Goldberg, Elkhonon
London : Pocket, 2006,
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Altered adaptive but not veridical decision-making in substance dependent individuals
Verdejo-Garcia, Antonio; Vilar-Lopez, Raquel; Perez-Garcia, Miguel; Podell, Kenneth; Goldberg, Elkhonon
2006 Jan;12(1):90-99, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
Drug addiction is associated with impaired judgment in unstructured situations in which success depends on self-regulation of behavior according to internal goals (adaptive decision-making). However most executive measures are aimed at assessing decision-making in structured scenarios, in which success is determined by external criteria inherent to the situation (veridical decision-making). The aim of this study was to examine the performance of Substance Abusers (SA, n = 97) and Healthy Comparison participants (HC, n = 81) in two behavioral tasks that mimic the uncertainty inherent in real-life decision-making: the Cognitive Bias Task (CB) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (administered only to SA). A related goal was to study the interdependence between performances on both tasks. We conducted univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to contrast the decision-making performance of both groups; and used correlation analyses to study the relationship between both tasks. SA showed a marked context-independent decision-making strategy on the CB's adaptive condition, but no differences were found on the veridical conditions in a subsample of SA (n = 34) and HC (n = 22). A high percentage of SA (75%) also showed impaired performance on the IGT. Both tasks were only correlated when no impaired participants were selected. Results indicate that SA show abnormal decision-making performance in unstructured situations, but not in veridical situations
— id: 71397, year: 2006, vol: 12, page: 90, stat: Journal Article,

Lateralization of the frontal lobe functions elicited by a cognitive bias task is a fundamental process. Lesion study
Aoyagi, Kakurou; Aihara, Masao; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Nakazawa, Shinpei
2005 Sep;27(6):419-423, Brain & development (Tokyo)
Cognitive neuroscience researchers have hypothesized that context-dependent and context-independent response selection is associated with the left and right frontal lobe, respectively, in right-handed adult males. Patients with left frontal lobe lesions show context-independent reasoning in a cognitive bias task (CBT), while those with right frontal lesions show context-dependent reasoning. Young children show more context-independent responses in a modified CBT (mCBT), while adolescents and adults show more context-dependent responses. We investigated the cognitive bias of right-handed children with unilateral frontal lobe lesions/epileptic foci to explore the plasticity of lateralization in the frontal lobes. The study included eight children with left frontal lobe lesions/epileptic foci (LLF) and four children with right frontal lobe lesions/epileptic foci (RLF). Twenty-three right-handed age-matched males served as controls. A computer presented version of the original card-choice task that was simplified and modified for children was used (mCBT). Simple visual stimuli differed dichotomously in shape, color, number, and shading. A target object presented alone was followed by two choices from which subjects made selection based on preference. Considering all four characteristics, the degree of similarity between the target and the subjects' choice was scored for 30 trials. A high score indicated a context-dependent response selection bias and a low score indicated a context-independent bias. The RLF subjects had a higher converted score (mean: 26.8+/-2.2), while LLF subjects showed a lower converted score (mean: 7.75+/-6.3). There were highly significant differences between LLF subjects and the other groups (P<0.001 vs. controls or RLF subjects). No significant correlations were observed between the converted scores and the age at onset, time since insult, or IQ in either LLF or RLF subjects. These findings suggest that the lateralization of frontal lobe function elicited by mCBT is fundamental and independent of language lateralization, rather than secondary to it. Furthermore, these findings also indicate that the timetable for the development of lateralized frontal lobe functions depends upon biologic factors
— id: 71398, year: 2005, vol: 27, page: 419, stat: Journal Article,

The wisdom paradox : how your mind can grow stronger as your brain grows older
Goldberg, Elkhonon
London : Free, 2005,
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The wisdom paradox : how your mind can grow stronger as your brain grows older
Goldberg, Elkhonon
New York : Gotham Books, 2005,
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Visdommens paradoks : sadan bliver du mentalt staerkere med alderen = The wisdom paradox
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Copenhagen : Dansk psykologisk Forlag, 2005,
oversat af Dorte Herholdt Silver
— id: 1190, year: 2005, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Neuropsychologic assessment of frontal lobe dysfunction
Goldberg, Elkhonon; Bougakov, Dmitri
2005 Sep;28(3):567-80, 578, Psychiatric clinics of North America
Given the pervasive nature of executive deficit, assessment of executive functions is of crucial importance in neuropsychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, and other related areas. A number of neuropsychologic tests of executive function commonly are used in assessing several clinical disorders, including but not limited to traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dementia. Because the concept of executive control in its current form constitutes an over arching construct, a construct that is based on the cognitive symptoms of the frontal lobe disorder caused by many disparate underlying conditions, no single measure of executive function can adequately tap the construct in its entirety.Therefore, it is necessary to administer several tests of executive function,each assessing a particular aspect of the executive function. An appropriate combination of such neuropsychologic tests and batteries, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower test, Stroop test, the D-KEFS, and the ECB, provides an adequate but relatively crude mechanism for assessing executive systems dysfunction. Neuroscientists continue to refine their understanding of the nature of executive control, and additional innovative procedures that reflect state-of-the-art insights of cognitive neuroscience have been introduced recently. Among a few first steps in that direction are nonveridical, actor-centered procedures such as the CBT and the Iowa Gambling Test
— id: 58892, year: 2005, vol: 28, page: 567, stat: Journal Article,

Age-dependent change in executive function and gamma 40 Hz phase synchrony
Paul, Robert H; Clark, C Richard; Lawrence, Jeffrey; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Williams, Leanne M; Cooper, Nicholas; Cohen, Ronald A; Brickman, Adam M; Gordon, Evian
2005 Mar;4(1):63-76, Journal of integrative neuroscience
Decline in cognitive function is well recognized, yet few neurophysiological correlates of age-related cognitive decline have been identified. In this study we examined the impact of age on neurocognitive function and Gamma phase synchrony among 550 normal subjects (aged 11-70). Gamma phase synchrony was acquired to targets in the auditory oddball paradigm. The two tasks of executive function were switching of attention and an electronic maze. Subjects were divided into four age groups, which were balanced for sex. We hypothesized that reduced cognitive performance among older healthy individuals would be associated with age-related changes in gamma phase synchrony. Results showed a significant decrease in executive function in the oldest (51-70 years) age group. ANOVAs of age-by-frontal Gamma synchrony also showed a significant effect of age on Gamma phase synchrony in the left frontal region that corresponded modestly to the age effect found on executive task performance, with reduced performance associated with increased gamma synchrony. The results indicate that age-related changes in cognitive function evident among elderly individuals may in part be related to decreased ability to integrate information and this may be reflected as a compensatory increase in gamma synchrony in frontal regions of the brain
— id: 71400, year: 2005, vol: 4, page: 63, stat: Journal Article,

Neural synchrony and gray matter variation in human males and females: integration of 40 Hz gamma synchrony and MRI measures
Williams, Leanne M; Grieve, Stuart M; Whitford, Thomas J; Clark, C Richard; Gur, Ruben C; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Flor-Henry, Pierre; Peduto, Anthony S; Gordon, Evian
2005 Mar;4(1):77-93, Journal of integrative neuroscience
Coherent cognition requires activity to be brought together across diverse brain networks. Synchronous, in-phase oscillations in the high-frequency (40 Hz) Gamma range are thought to be one mechanism underlying the functional integration of brain networks. While sex differences have been observed across a range of cognitive functions, their role in normal cortical synchronization has not been elucidated. We recorded Gamma phase synchrony in 500 male and 500 female subjects during an auditory oddball task, which taps discrimination of task-relevant signals. Results revealed a marked sex-linked dissociation in the spatio-temporal pattern of cortical synchronization. Females showed increased Gamma synchrony in the frontal brain, while males showed enhanced synchrony in the parieto-occipital region. These differences were not accounted for by sex differences in whole brain MRI volume. However, there were positive associations between Gamma synchrony and gray matter for females, while these relationships were negative for males. Sex differences in the profile of cortical synchronization may reflect distinct aspects of evolutionary advantage
— id: 71399, year: 2005, vol: 4, page: 77, stat: Journal Article,

Da nao zong zhi hui : yi wei shen jing ke xue jia d da nao zhi luu = The executive brain : frontal lobes and the civilized mind
Goldberg, Elkhonon
[S.l. : s.n.], 2004,
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Jak nas mozek civilizuje : celni laloky a ridici funkce mozku = The executive brain : frontal lobes and the civilized mind
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Praha : Karolinum, 2004,
preklad Frantisek Koukolik
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Foreward
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Twitch and shout Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2004,
— id: 4272, year: 2004, vol: , page: xiii, stat: Chapter,

From Neuromythology to Neuroscience
Goldberg, Elkhonon
2004 ;10(3):470-471 May, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
Reviews the book, 'Cortex and mind: Unifying cognition,' by Joaquin Fuster (see record 2002-18891-000). The scope of the book, and the mastery of a wide range of subjects, is nothing short of astounding. The author draws on the concepts and findings from neurophysiology, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, cognitive science, computational neuroscience and more. He is equally at home on all of these territories and interweaves them into a single coherent train of thought in a unique and creative way. This book is valuable both for the advanced neuroscientific concepts it conveys and for the entrenched neuroscientific myths it dethrones. With great clarity, the author defines a certain sophisticated understanding of the brain's function, and with great civility, gentility even, he debunks some of the most enduring misconceptions in the field. The main point of the book is that cognition is supported by a vast neural network of immense complexity, which permits the formation of a large number of overlapping and interactive intricate circuits. Such large-scale circuits of sufficient degrees of complexity correspond to distinct mental representations.
— id: 46866, year: 2004, vol: 10, page: 470, stat: Journal Article,

A change of character
Goodman, Neal; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Sacks, Oliver W
Boston : Fanlight Productions, 2004,
Truett Allen was a highly driven and succesful bank execute until a series of strokes damanged his front lobes and transformed his personality ... chroncles Dr. Goldberg's efforts to restore Truett's mental functioning. The video also features neurologist and best-selling author Dr. Oliver Sacks .. documentary provides first in-dept look at frontal lobe syndrome and offers viewers a unique and profound exploration of brain and mind
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Context-dependent reasoning in a cognitive bias task Part II. SPECT activation study
Shimoyama, Hitoshi; Aihara, Masao; Fukuyama, Hidenao; Hashikawa, Kazuo; Aoyagi, Kakurou; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Nakazawa, Shinpei
2004 Jan;26(1):37-42, Brain & development (Tokyo)
A cognitive bias task (CBT) delineates two different cognitive selection mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex. To identify functional anatomy of context-dependent reasoning, we used technetium-99mhexamethyl- propyleneamine oxime (99mTc HM-PAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and statistical parametric mapping. Twelve right-handed men 20-24 years old were instructed to look at a target card and then select the choice card (among two) that they preferred (modified CBT; mCBT). They also selected a choice card 2 weeks later without prior presentation of a target card (control task). In both tasks, 99mTc HM-PAO was injected intravenously about 15 s after initiation of the mCBT or control task. Brain images were obtained using a gamma camera and reconstructed by a UNIX-based workstation. Statistical analysis compared all activated images to control images. Results associated with P values of less than 0.01 (Z score > 2.36) were depicted on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. All subjects preferred choices more similar to the target. SPECT activation occurred bilaterally in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and middle temporal gyri during performance of the CBT. Additionally, the left inferior prefrontal cortex and left fusiform gyrus showed significant activation compared with the control task. A neural network linking the temporal and prefrontal cortices prominently seen in the left hemisphere participates in context-dependent reasoning. Knowledge of such neural systems is essential for understanding prefrontal lobe function and dysfunction
— id: 71401, year: 2004, vol: 26, page: 37, stat: Journal Article,

Age shifts frontal cortical control in a cognitive bias task from right to left: part I. Neuropsychological study
Aihara, Masao; Aoyagi, Kakurou; Goldberg, Elkhonon; Nakazawa, Shinpei
2003 Dec;25(8):555-559, Brain & development (Tokyo)
Two functionally and neurally distinct cognitive selection mechanisms involve the prefrontal lobes: those based on internal representations (context dependent) and those involving exploratory processing of novel situations (context independent). We used a cognitive bias task (CBT) representing contextual reasoning to correlate lateralization with age in the frontal lobes. Subjects included 37 healthy right-handed male children and adolescents (age range, 5-18 years). Controls were 19 right-handed men from 20 to 30 years old. A computer-presented version of the original card-choice task simplified, modified for children was used (modified CBT; mCBT). Simple visual stimuli differed dichotomously in shape, color, number, and shading. A target object presented alone was followed by two choices from which subjects selected according to preference. Considering all four characteristics, similarity between target and subject choice was scored for 30 trials. A high score implied a context-dependent response selection bias and a low score, a context-independent bias. Similarity increased significantly with age. The youngest children (5-7 years) scored lower than ages from 11 years to adulthood. Between 7 and 9 years, scores began to increase with age to reach an adult level by age 13-16. Young children showed context-independent responses representing right frontal lobe function, while adolescents and adults showed context-dependent responses implicating left frontal lobe function. The locus of frontal cortical control in right-handed male subjects thus shifts from right to left as cognitive contextual reasoning develops
— id: 71402, year: 2003, vol: 25, page: 555, stat: Journal Article,

Pitfalls in the method of double dissociation: delineating the cognitive functions of the hippocampus
Barr, William B; Goldberg, Elkhonon
2003 Feb;39(1):153-157, Cortex
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Die Regie im Gehirn : wo wir Plane schmieden und Entscheidungen treffen = The executive brain : frontal lobes and the civilized mind
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Kirchzarten bei Freiburg : VAK, 2002,
Ubers : Andrea Viala
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El cerebro ejecutivo : lobulos fronatles y mente civilizada = The executive brain : frontal lobes and the civilized mind
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Barcelona : Critica, 2002,
traduccion castellana de Javier Gracia Sanz
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Hjernens dirigent : frontallapperne og den civiliserede bevidsthed = The executive brain : frontal lobes and the civilized mind
Goldberg, Elkhonon
Copenhagen : Psykologisk Forlag, 2002,
dansk oversaettelse: Dorte Herholdt Silver
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The executive brain: Frontal lobes and the civilized mind
Goldberg, Elkhonon
New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press,
(from the jacket) 'The Executive Brain' explores the most 'human' region of the brain, the frontal lobes. The author shows how the frontal lobes enable humans to engage in complex mental processes, how they control judgment and social and ethical behavior, how vulnerable they are to injury, and how devastating the effects of brain damage often are, leading to chaotic, disorganized, asocial, and even criminal behavior. Replete with case histories and anecdotes, the book offers ideas and advances in cognitive neuroscience. It is also an intellectual memoir, filled with vignettes about the author's early training with Alexandr Luria, his escape from the Soviet Union, and later interactions with patients and professionals around the world. .
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An integration of 40 Hz Gamma and phasic arousal: novelty and routinization processing in schizophrenia
Lee, KH; Williams, LM; Haig, A; Goldberg, E; Gordon, E
2001 AUG ;112(8):1499-1507, Clinical neurophysiology
Objectives: Frontal and lateralized schizophrenia disturbances were examined in terms of arousal-modulated changes in 40 Hz Gamma activity. Methods: Forty patients with schizophrenia and 40 age- and gender-matched controls were studied in a conventional auditory ERP oddball paradigm, We investigated sub-averaged Gamma activity based upon a simultaneous measure of electrodemal skin conductance response (phasic arousal) to differentiate novelty (large responses) from routinization (small or no responses). Both early Gamma (Gamma 1) and later induced Gamma (Gamma 2) activities were examined. Results: Patients with schizophrenia (compared with controls) had significantly reduced Gamma I amplitude in the right hemisphere for novelty processing and delayed Gamma 2 latency in the left hemisphere for both novelty and routinization. Overall, reduced Gamma I amplitude in patients with schizophrenia was also evident. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the normal laterality of Gamma activity is specifically disturbed in schizophrenia in response to novel, but not routine (familiar) stimuli. The distinct pattern of findings suggests a dysregulation of activation across left and right hemispheres during initial attention and preparatory phases of information processing, in particular, in patients with schizophrenia. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
— id: 54957, year: 2001, vol: 112, page: 1499, stat: Journal Article,

Sex differences, gamma activity and schizophrenia
Slewa-Younan S; Gordon E; Williams L; Haig AR; Goldberg E
2001 Mar;107(1-2):131-144, International journal of neuroscience
This study explores the possibility that the more favourable clinical prognosis in females with schizophrenia may be associated with their greater network interconnectedness, which is possibly reflected in enhanced 'Gamma' (40 Hz) electrical brain activity. An auditory 'oddball' task was administered to 35 patients with schizophrenia and 35 age and sex matched controls (25 males and 10 females). Peak Gamma amplitude (from a time series of Gamma activity averaged for 40 target stimuli, as well as the immediately preceding 40 background tones) was examined across 19 sites. Peak Gamma activity occurred 250 to 450 ms in targets and 350 to 550 ms in backgrounds. Multiple within and between group MANOVAs were undertaken analysing both Peak Gamma amplitude (microvolts) and latency (milliseconds). Within-group, the control males showed a pattern of earlier Gamma latency in the right compared with the left hemisphere (F(1, 33)=3.70, p<.06), while control females exhibited delayed latency frontally compared with the posterior region (F(1, 33)=6.25, p<.04). This male lateralization finding and the anterior/posterior gradient in females is consistent with Goldberg's model. The patient group however, failed to show this male lateralized and female frontal-posterior pattern of Gamma activity, suggesting suboptimal network integration in the patient group, in both males and females
— id: 20696, year: 2001, vol: 107, page: 131, stat: Journal Article,

Preference-based decisions in an ambiguous task activate the right temporal gyrus - an fMRI study
Vogeley, K; Podell, K; Goldberg, E; Falkai, P; Shah, JN; Zilles, K
2001 JUN ;13(6):S481-S481, Neuroimage
— id: 54962, year: 2001, vol: 13, page: S481, stat: Journal Article,

The neuropsyhcology of reading disorders : diagnosis and intervention workbook
Feifer, Steven G; De Fina, Philip A; Goldberg, Elkhonon
Middletown MD : School Neuropsych Press, 2000,
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Adaptive decision making, ecological validity, and the frontal lobes
Goldberg E; Podell K
2000 Feb;22(1):56-68, Journal of clinical & experimental neuropsychology (Netherlands)
Existing neuropsychological procedures assess veridical, but not adaptive, decision making, which are based on different mechanisms. This severely curtails the tests' ecological validity, because most real-life decision making situations are adaptive, rather than veridical. Veridical decision making entails finding the correct response intrinsic to external situations and is actor-independent. Adaptive decision making is actor-centered and priority-based. Prefrontal cortex is critical for adaptive decision making. Innovative actor-centered decision-making tasks are required to better understand frontal lobe functions. We have designed a prototype for such procedures, the Cognitive Bias Task (CBT). CBT elicited strong gender and hemispheric differences in the effects of focal frontal lesions, which are more robust than those elicited with veridical tasks, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
— id: 11855, year: 2000, vol: 22, page: 56, stat: Journal Article,

Novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of frontal lobe dysfunction
Goldberg, Elkhonon; Bougakov, Dmitri
International handbook of neuropsychological rehabilitation Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York NY US, 2000,
Discusses novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of frontal lobe dysfunction. The authors discuss components of executive control, including guiding behavior by internal representation and shifting cognitive sets. Frontal lobe vulnerability to disease is described, including the reticulofrontal disconnection syndrome. After describing the pharmacology of frontal lobe syndromes, the authors discuss current pharmacological approaches in traumatic brain injury and examine variables (lateralization, gender, and handedness) that should be considered for both pharmacological and cognitive remediation for patients with frontal lobe dysfunction.
— id: 2540, year: 2000, vol: , page: 93, stat: Chapter,

Novelty and routinization dysfunction in schizophrenia: A 40-Hz gamma study
Lee, KH; Gordon, E; Williams, L; Haig, A; Goldberg, E
2000 FEB ;35(1):47-47, International journal of psychophysiology
— id: 54773, year: 2000, vol: 35, page: 47, stat: Journal Article,

Is gamma activity in schizophrenia mediated by gender?
Slewa-Younan, S; Gordon, E; Williams, L; Goldberg, E
2000 FEB ;35(1):72-72, International journal of psychophysiology
— id: 54774, year: 2000, vol: 35, page: 72, stat: Journal Article,

Adaptive versus veridical decision making and the frontal lobes
Goldberg E; Podell K
1999 Sep;8(3):364-377, Consciousness & cognition
Adaptive decision making and veridical decision making are based on different mechanisms. Veridical decision making is based on the identification of the correct response, which is intrinsic to the external situation and is actor-independent. Adaptive decision making is actor-centered and is guided by the actor's priorities. The prefrontal cortex is particularly critical for adaptive decision making and less so for veridical decision making. However, most experimental procedures used in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology focus on veridical decision making and ignore adaptive decision making. Innovative experimental procedures are required to characterize the contribution of the prefrontal cortex to adaptive decision making. We have designed a prototype for such procedures, the Cognitive Bias Task, and present the novel findings generated by this task
— id: 11882, year: 1999, vol: 8, page: 364, stat: Journal Article,

Task-specific deactivation patterns in functional magnetic resonance imaging
Hutchinson M; Schiffer W; Joseffer S; Liu A; Schlosser R; Dikshit S; Goldberg E; Brodie JD
1999 Dec;17(10):1427-1436, Magnetic resonance imaging
In general, image analysis of cognitive experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques has emphasized those regions of the brain where increases in signal intensity, with regard to the reference state, are associated with activation. Nevertheless, a number of recent papers have shown that there are areas of deactivation as well. In this study, we have used a univariate analysis and echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging to address the relationship of the reference state to the deactivations. We employed two dichotomous covert tasks, orthographic lexical retrieval and pure visual retrieval, to contrast with the reference state (baseline) of silent counting. Our analysis yielded extensive, task-specific landscapes of regional incremental and decremental responses. We have specifically demonstrated that the decremental responses are not due to activation in the reference state. We have also demonstrated that they are not an artifact of a specific part of the image analysis, and propose that they represent a physiological, task specific signal that should be considered an integral component of neural networks representing brain function
— id: 11891, year: 1999, vol: 17, page: 1427, stat: Journal Article,

First transmission electron micrograph of continuous mitotic spindle fibers between polar area and chromosome ends
Wen, G Y; Jenkins, E C; Goldberg, E M; Genovese, M; Brown, W T; Wisniewski, H M
1999 Apr 2;83(4):334-337, American journal of medical genetics
— id: 113131, year: 1999, vol: 83, page: 334, stat: Journal Article,

Ultrastructure of the fragile X chromosome: new observations on the fragile site
Wen, G Y; Jenkins, E C; Goldberg, E M; Genovese, M; Brown, W T; Wisniewski, H M
1999 Apr 2;83(4):331-333, American journal of medical genetics
Using a nonair-drying modification of a method for longitudinal sectioning of metaphase spreads on glass slides [Wen et al., 1997], we have studied 14 preidentified X chromosomes (10 from fragile X specimens and 4 controls) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Four of 10 X chromosomes from fragile X specimens exhibited lighter chromatin density in the area of and distal to the fragile site, most pronounced under dark-field TEM. A clear line of separation at the fragile site locus was also observed by TEM in an X chromosome with no visible fragile site after Q-banding. We hypothesize that these areas of lighter density, including lines of separation, precede the appearance of the fragile site that is commonly observed using light microscopy
— id: 113132, year: 1999, vol: 83, page: 331, stat: Journal Article,

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in above average and superior school children: Relationship to intelligence and age
Arffa, S; Lovell, M; Podell, K; Goldberg, E
1998 NOV ;13(8):713-720, Archives of clinical neuropsychology
This study explores the relationship of intelligence and age to scores on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a measure of executive function. A sample of 26 normal children with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) Full-Scale IQS above 130 and 24 normal children with WISC-III Frill-Scale IQS between 110 and 129 were administered the test. A comparison to published norms revealed that above average children outperformed the average 9- to 14-year-old child on every measure at every age. Multiple regression analyses statistically related the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, perseverative, nonperseverative, total errors, and trials to the first category of intelligence. Intelligence proved to be a significant qualifier of age trends. Gender relationships were nonsignificant in a preliminary analysis, (C) 1998 National Academy of Neuropsychology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
— id: 53683, year: 1998, vol: 13, page: 713, stat: Journal Article,

Louis David Costa: A tribute to a friend
Goldberg, E
1998 JUN ;20(3):302-303, Journal of clinical & experimental neuropsychology (Netherlands)
— id: 53654, year: 1998, vol: 20, page: 302, stat: Journal Article,

Projective testing and lateralization - Reply
Goldberg, E; Podell, J
1996 ;8(2):233-234 SPR, Journal of neuropsychiatry & clinical neurosciences
— id: 52935, year: 1996, vol: 8, page: 233, stat: Journal Article,

Recurrent deletions involving chromosomes 1, 5, 17, and 18 in colorectal carcinoma: possible role in biological and clinical behavior of tumors
Gerdes H; Chen Q; Elahi AH; Sircar A; Goldberg E; Winawer D; Urmacher C; Winawer SJ; Jhanwar SC
1995 Jan-Feb;15(1):13-24, Anticancer research
We have employed cytogenetic and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to identify a full spectrum of cytogenetic and molecular alterations associated with initiation and progression of 'sporadic' colorectal cancer and also to correlate the alterations with biological and clinical behavior of the tumors. The study series included 63 colorectal cancers, 47 primary and 16 metastatic recurrences. Cytogenetic analysis was successful in 48 tumors (76%) of which 44 (91%) were abnormal. Of these 44 tumors, clonal abnormalities were identified in 43, whereas chromosomes from one tumor were unsuitable for complete analysis. Each of these abnormal tumors displayed heterogeneity with regard to extent and complexity of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities. Numerical losses of chromosomes 17 and 18 (20-34%) and gains of chromosome 7 (28%) were significantly higher. The four most frequent structural rearrangements on the other hand, involved specific regions of chromosomes 1p, 5q, 17p, and 18q. The shortest regions of overlap of these rearrangements or losses were located at 1p36, 5q21-22, 17p13 and 18q21- > ter. RFLP analysis directed at 1p, 5q, 17p and 18q identified allelic deletions of these regions in 39 tumors (64%) which included 17 normal and 11 cytogenetic failures. Of all the informative tumors, 32%, 37%, 31%, and 63% showed allelic losses at chromosomes 1p, 5q, 17p and 18q respectively. The two methods of analysis (cytogenetics and RFLP) employed to identify genetic alterations were complementary; probes for chromosome 1 and 18 showed the greatest degree of concordance, whereas probes for chromosomes 5 and 17 provided relatively higher rate of discordance with cytogenetic results. These differences could be attributed mainly to three reasons: 1) a limited number of probes used for RFLP analysis; 2) contamination of tumor cells with normal cells, and 3) either mutational inactivation or deletion of specific alleles not closely linked to the probes used. Regardless of these limitations, however, the combined use of cytogenetic and RFLP identified genetic alterations in a large number of tumors and help elucidate the role of hyperdiploidy and/or relative deficiency of a given chromosomal segment in expression of recessive mutations. In addition, alterations of either chromosomes 1 or 17 predicted poorer survival for the patients with primary colorectal cancer (p = 0.03)
— id: 36483, year: 1995, vol: 15, page: 13, stat: Journal Article,

Rise and fall of modular orthodoxy
Goldberg E
1995 Apr;17(2):193-208, Journal of clinical & experimental neuropsychology (Netherlands)
The premise of cortical modularity is based on strong dissociations caused by focal lesions. These dissociations are rare, and their explanatory power and theoretical importance are vastly overrated. The effects of brain lesions must be considered in their totality, rather than in idiosyncratic selectivity. These effects are more consistent with a continuous, graded functional neocortical geometry, than with a modular neocortex. Distinction must be drawn between strong intrinsic modularity, and weak emergent modularity. Strong intrinsic modularity is more characteristic of the thalamus than of the cortex. The advent of neocortex may have represented an evolutionary escape from strong modularity as the dominant principle of neural organization, and a shift toward a more interactive principle of neural organization dominated by emergent properties. The latter may take the form of weak modularity, reflective of cognitive skill routinization. The extent of weak, emergent modularization may be asymmetric, more pronounced in the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere is essentially amodular
— id: 6630, year: 1995, vol: 17, page: 193, stat: Journal Article,

Lateralization in the frontal lobes
Goldberg E; Podell K
1995 ;66:85-96, Advances in neurology
— id: 12836, year: 1995, vol: 66, page: 85, stat: Journal Article,

RISE AND FALL OF MODULAR ORTHODOXY
GOLDBERG, E
1995 APR ;17(2):193-208, Journal of clinical & experimental neuropsychology
The premise of cortical modularity is based on strong dissociations caused by focal lesions. These dissociations are rare, and their explanatory power and theoretical importance are vastly overrated. The effects of brain lesions must be considered in their totality, rather than in idiosyncratic selectivity. These effects are more consistent with a continuous, graded functional neocortical geometry, than with a modular neocortex. Distinction must, be drawn between strong intrinsic modularity, and weak emergent modularity. Strong intrinsic modularity is more characteristic of the thalamus than of the cortex. The advent of neocortex may have represented an evolutionary escape from strong modularity as the dominant principle of neural organization, and a shift toward a more interactive principle of neural organization dominated by emergent properties. The latter may take the form of weak modularity, reflective of cognitive skill routinization. The extent of weak, emergent modularization may be asymmetric, more pronounced in the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere is essentially amodular
— id: 87372, year: 1995, vol: 17, page: 193, stat: Journal Article,

LATERALIZATION IN THE FRONTAL LOBES - SEARCHING THE RIGHT (AND LEFT) WAY
GOLDBERG, E; PODELL, K
1995 NOV 1 ;38(9):569-571, Biological psychiatry
— id: 52676, year: 1995, vol: 38, page: 569, stat: Journal Article,

RECIPROCAL LATERALIZATION OF FRONTAL-LOBE FUNCTIONS
GOLDBERG, E; PODELL, K
1995 FEB ;52(2):159-159, Archives of general psychiatry
— id: 87421, year: 1995, vol: 52, page: 159, stat: Journal Article,

The Cognitive Bias Task and lateralized frontal lobe functions in males
Podell K; Lovell M; Zimmerman M; Goldberg E
1995 Fall;7(4):491-501, Journal of neuropsychiatry & clinical neurosciences
The Cognitive Bias Task (CBT) is a multiple-choice response selection paradigm characterized by inherent ambiguity. All items offer a range from extremely context-dependent to extremely context-invariant responses. Lateralized prefrontal lesions produce extreme, and opposite, response biases on CBT in right-handed males. Healthy control subjects perform in the middle range. Findings suggest a dynamic balance between two synergistic decision-making systems in the frontal lobes: context-dependent in the left hemisphere and context-invariant in the right. The robust lateralized effects, which are dependent on task ambiguity, are sensitive and specific to frontal dysfunction. CBT is discussed in comparison with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a potential cognitive activation task for functional neuroimaging of the frontal lobes
— id: 56786, year: 1995, vol: 7, page: 491, stat: Journal Article,

Cognitive bias, functional cortical geometry, and the frontal lobes: Laterality, sex, and handedness
Goldberg E; Podell K; Harner R; Riggio S; et al
1994 ;6(3):276-296, Journal of cognitive neuroscience
Examined handedness and the role of the prefrontal cortex (PC) in 2 cognitive operations: those guiding behavior by internal representations and those ensuring an organism's ability to respond to unanticipated environmental conditions. The Cognitive Bias Task (CBT) was developed and administered in right-handed (RH) and non-RH male and female Ss who were either healthy or had acquired PC lesions. Response biases were more context-dependent in healthy RH males and more context-independent in healthy RH females. Frontal lesion effects were asymmetric in males but symmetric in females. Right frontal lesion effects were similar in females and males, but the effect of left frontal lesions was sexually dimorphic. Conversely, the effects of left posterior lesions were similar in females and males, but the effects of right posterior lesions were sexually dimorphic.
— id: 8163, year: 1994, vol: 6, page: 276, stat: Journal Article,

Lateralization of frontal lobe functions and cognitive novelty
Goldberg E; Podell K; Lovell M
1994 Fall;6(4):371-378, Journal of neuropsychiatry & clinical neurosciences
The two hemispheres are functionally different in ways not adequately captured by the classic distinction between linguistic and nonlinguistic processes. The right hemisphere is critical for processing novel cognitive situations. The left hemisphere is key to the processes mediated by well-routinized representations and strategies. The left frontal systems appear to be critical for the cognitive selection driven by the content of working memory and for context-dependent behavior, the right frontal systems for cognitive selection driven by the external environment and for context-independent behavior. The crucial role of the right hemisphere in processing cognitively novel situations underscores the importance of the right frontal systems in task orientation and in the assembly of novel cognitive strategies
— id: 56642, year: 1994, vol: 6, page: 371, stat: Journal Article,

Clustering of six human 11p15 gene homologs within a 500-kb interval of proximal mouse chromosome 7
Stubbs L; Rinchik EM; Goldberg E; Rudy B; Handel MA; Johnson D
1994 Nov 15;24(2):324-332, Genomics
Homologs of genes mapping to human chromosome 11p15 are located in three distinct, widely separated regions of mouse chromosome 7 (Mmu7). To date, six genes have been localized to the most proximal HSA11p15/Mmu7 homology region, including Ldh3 (encoding lactate dehydrogenase C), Ldh1 (lactate dehydrogenase A), Myod1 (myogenic differentiation factor-1), Tph (tryptophan hydroxylase), Saa1 (serum amyloid-A-1), and Kcnc1 (encoding a Shaw-type voltage-gated potassium channel). To define the overall size and organization of this region of Mmu7, we have established a long-range physical map including the murine Ldh1, Ldh3, Saa, Tph, Kcnc1, and Myod1 genes. Our results demonstrate that these six genes are physically clustered and are distributed throughout a 500-kb interval located just proximal of the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus. These data, together with recent mapping studies within the related region of HSA11p15, demonstrate that gene content and organization within this proximal homology segment have been highly conserved throughout evolution
— id: 18834, year: 1994, vol: 24, page: 324, stat: Journal Article,

SEX-DIFFERENCES IN FUNCTIONAL CORTICAL GEOMETRY
GOLDBERG, E; PODELL, K
1993 SEP ;9(2):S179-S180, Neuropsychopharmacology
— id: 52247, year: 1993, vol: 9, page: S179, stat: Journal Article,

Retrograde amnesia following unilateral temporal lobectomy
Barr WB; Goldberg E; Wasserstein J; Novelly RA
1990 ;28(3):243-255, Neuropsychologia
Remote memory performance was assessed in a carefully matched sample of temporal lobectomy subjects and normal controls. Left temporal lobectomy subjects exhibited a consistent pattern of remote memory disturbance. Right temporal lobectomy subjects performed at the same level as normal controls. The pattern of impairment observed in left temporal lobectomy subjects was characterized by deficits in recall of chronological information from the past decade and extended to deficits in recall in some aspects of factual knowledge. The disorder could not be attributed solely to language deficits and was at least as severe as accompanying deficits in recent memory. These findings suggest that the left medial temporal region may play a significant role in recall of remote information in addition to its role in recent memory functions.
— id: 21062, year: 1990, vol: 28, page: 243, stat: Journal Article,

IQ PATTERNS IN AFFECTIVE-DISORDER, LATERALIZED AND DIFFUSE BRAIN-DAMAGE
Kluger, A; Goldberg, E
1990 Mar;12(2):182-194, Journal of clinical & experimental neuropsychology (Netherlands)
— id: 31879, year: 1990, vol: 12, page: 182, stat: Journal Article,

Contemporary neuropsychology and the legacy of Luria
Luriia, A. R.; Goldberg, Elkhonon.; Brown, Jason W
Hillsdale, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates, 1990,
— id: 256, year: 1990, vol: , page: , stat: ,

The neuropsychology of schizophrenic speech
Barr WB; Bilder RM; Goldberg E; Kaplan E; Mukherjee S
1989 Oct;22(5):327-349, Journal of communication disorders
Recent interest in the biological basis of schizophrenia has led to a reexamination of many symptomatic aspects of the disorder in terms of brain-behavioral models. Schizophrenic speech disturbances have traditionally been described in terms of a model of acquired aphasia. We review some of the limitations of this model and provide an alternative model for the study of some characteristics of schizophrenic speech based on neuropsychological theories of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. The emphasis is placed on the study of productive errors noted in schizophrenic speech, most notably verbal perseverations. In a study of errors observed during a sample of 15 schizophrenics performance on a confrontation naming test, we were able to reliably identify and classify hierarchic categories of verbal perseverations occurring at both semantic and phonemic levels. These perseverations constituted 20% of the total errors. We argue that these perseverations represent a special case of executive dysfunction resulting from a disturbance of language monitoring mechanisms. We examine the implications of these findings for a hypothesis of schizophrenic speech disturbances in terms of frontal lobe dysfunction and the developmental neuropathological processes involved in the illness.
— id: 21063, year: 1989, vol: 22, page: 327, stat: Journal Article,

High-dose naloxone in tardive dyskinesia
Lindenmayer JP; Gardner E; Goldberg E; Opler LA; Kay SR; van Praag HM; Weiner M; Zukin S
1988 Oct;26(1):19-28, Psychiatry research
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is thought to result from nigrostriatal dopaminergic supersensitivity secondary to prolonged neuroleptic exposure. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the opiate antagonist naloxone can acutely reverse a haloperidol-induced hyperdopaminergic state. In a trial of high-dose naloxone, 20 patients with TD received i.v. naloxone (20 mg, 40 mg, and placebo) under double-blind conditions. At baseline and at regular postdrug intervals, patients were evaluated using a battery of motor, clinical, and neuropsychological measures to study effects on neurological, behavioral, and cognitive functions. There was a significant improvement in involuntary movements at 30 min postnaloxone, together with improvement in clinical ratings at that time point, as well as some cognitive changes. The implications of these findings for the putative functional relationship between dopaminergic and enkephalinergic systems in the nigrostriatal area are discussed
— id: 32797, year: 1988, vol: 26, page: 19, stat: Journal Article,

USE OF SODIUM AMYTAL INTERVIEWS IN A SHORT-TERM-COMMUNITY- ORIENTED INPATIENT UNIT
Marcos, LR; Goldberg, E; Feazell, D; Wilner, M
1977 ;38(4):283-286, Diseases of the nervous system
— id: 29588, year: 1977, vol: 38, page: 283, stat: Journal Article,

Semantic and organizational factors in memory for spoken texts : implications derived from brain-damaged populations
Goldberg, Elkhonon
[S.l. : s.n.], 1976,
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- City University of New York, 1976
— id: 1183, year: 1976, vol: , page: , stat: ,