Beverly S Cohen, Ph.D.

210Pb: A Predictive Biomarker of Retrospective Cigarette Smoke Exposure
Schayer, Stephen R; Qu, Qingshan; Wang, Yanling; Cohen, Beverly S
2010 Feb;19(2):338-350, Cancer epidemiology biomarkers & prevention
Although cigarette smoking continues to occur worldwide, there are few methods available to assess a person's retrospective exposure to mainstream smoke. The tobacco of cigarettes contains trace quantities of radioactive (210)Pb and (210)Po, which are volatilized and inhaled when a cigarette is smoked. It was hypothesized that urinary (210)Pb and (210)Po activity concentrations could be used as biomarkers of exposure to mainstream tobacco smoke. Human subjects (n = 250) were recruited from Beijing, China, and reported their smoking habits. Each subject provided a 24-hour urine sample, which was assayed for its (210)Pb and (210)Po activity concentrations. Although the urinary (210)Po activity from smoking was very low compared with background levels, the urinary (210)Pb activity correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD; rho = 0.38, P < 0.001) and the urinary cotinine concentration (rho = 0.52, P < 0.001). In a linear regression model, a 1-unit increase in CPD was associated with an increase of 0.13 mBq in urinary (210)Pb activity. In a logistic regression model, a 1-unit increase in urinary (210)Pb activity was associated with an estimated 25% increase in the odds of being a smoker. These data were modeled using the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and biokinetic models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. When the final model was applied for a long-term smoker (20 CPD) that suddenly quits, the predicted urinary activity decreased to 50% of the steady-state activity in about 90 days. Based on this half-time estimate and the regression results, urinary (210)Pb can be used to assess the probability of having smoked in the past months. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 338-50
— id: 106598, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 338, stat: Journal Article,

210Po and 210Pb activity in Chinese cigarettes
Schayer, Stephen; Nowak, Barbara; Wang, Yanling; Qu, Qingshan; Cohen, Beverly
2009 May;96(5):543-549, Health physics
The radon decay products lead-210 ((210)Pb) and polonium-210 ((210)Po) are known components of tobacco. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of cigarettes, yet no comprehensive published reports of the (210)Pb and (210)Po activity concentrations in Chinese cigarettes are available. Twelve brands of cigarettes that were commonly smoked within a group of 184 Chinese smokers were selected for (210)Pb and (210)Po activity analysis. For each brand, the tobacco from two cigarettes was isolated, dried, weighed, spiked with a (209)Po tracer for yield, and digested with concentrated HNO3, followed by HCl. The polonium in each digested solution was spontaneously deposited onto a nickel disc. The polonium activity was then counted using alpha spectroscopy. The mean (range) (210)Po activity for all brands was 23 (18-29) mBq cig(-1). The state of radioactive equilibrium between (210)Po and (210)Pb in each cigarette was verified in three brands of cigarettes. Cigarettes from two brands were smoked on a machine in order to estimate the fraction of (210)Pb and (210)Po inhaled. An average of 8% of the (210)Pb and 13% of the (210)Po in the tobacco of the cigarettes was transferred to the mainstream smoke. It is thus estimated that a person smoking 20 of these cigarettes per day in China would inhale a mean (range) of 37 (29-46) mBq d(-1) of (210)Pb and 60 (47-75) mBq d(-1) of (210)Po. Cigarette smoking in China may therefore be a large source of a person's daily intake of (210)Pb and (210)Po
— id: 97961, year: 2009, vol: 96, page: 543, stat: Journal Article,

Airport-related air pollution and noise
Cohen, Beverly S; Bronzaft, Arline L; Heikkinen, Maire; Goodman, Jerome; Nadas, Arthur
2008 Feb;5(2):119-129, Journal of occupational & environmental hygiene
To provide quantitative evidence of the impact on people of a neighboring metropolitan airport, La Guardia Airport (LGA) in New York City, (1) airborne particulate matter (PM) was measured to determine whether concentration differences could be detected between homes that are upwind and downwind of the airport; (2) 24-hr noise measurements were made in 12 homes near the airport; and (3) the impact of noise was assessed by a Community Wellness and Health Promotion Survey. Particulate matter concentrations were higher during active airport operating hours than during nonoperating hours, and the percent increase varied inversely with distance from the airport. Hourly differences between paired upwind and downwind sites were not remarkable. Residents living near the airport were exposed to noise levels as much as four times greater than those experienced by residents in a quiet, comparison home. Impulse noise events were detected from both aircraft and vehicular traffic. More than 55% of the people living within the flight path were bothered by aircraft noise, and 63% by highway noise; these were significantly higher percentages than for residents in the nonflight area. The change in PM concentrations with distance during operating compared with nonoperating hours; traffic-related impulse noise events; and the elevated annoyance with highway noise, as well as aircraft noise among residents in the flight path area, show airport-related motor vehicle traffic to be a major contributor to the negative impact of airports on people in the surrounding communities
— id: 78019, year: 2008, vol: 5, page: 119, stat: Journal Article,

PAH-DNA adducts in a Chinese population: relationship to PAH exposure, smoking and polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes
Hu, Yu; Li, Gang; Xue, Xiaonan; Zhou, Zongcan; Li, Xiaomei; Fu, Juanling; Cohen, Beverly; Roy, Nirmal; Li, Donghui; Sun, Jianya; Nan, Peihong; Tang, Moon-Shong; Qu, Qingshan
2008 Feb;13(1):27-40, Biomarkers
The present study was conducted in a Chinese population to evaluate the usefulness and sensitivity of PAH-DNA adduct as a biomarker of PAH exposure, and to examine the potential effects of smoking and polymorphisms of responsive genes on DNA adduct formation induced by PAH exposure. The polymorphisms of genes examined include GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and excision repair cross-complementary group 2 (ERCC2). A total of 194 subjects with a broad range of PAH exposures were recruited, including 116 occupationally exposed workers, 49 metropolitan residents and 29 suburban gardeners. A significant exposure-response relationship was observed between PAH exposure and DNA adducts in leukocytes across the entire group of subjects (p < 0.0001). The levels of PAH-DNA adducts in the subgroup with lowest occupational exposure to PAHs (< 0.1 microg BaP m(-3)) was significantly higher than that in metropolitan residents and suburban gardeners. However, no significant difference was detected between residents and gardeners, with mean BaP concentrations of 0.028 and 0.011 microg m(-3), respectively. The polymorphisms of genes examined failed to show significant effects on PAH-induced adduct formation except ERCC2 Lys751Gln genotypes. A significantly higher level of PAH-DNA adduct was found in subjects with wild-type ERCC2 than those who have either heterozygous or homozygous variant alleles (p < 0.01). Smoking, age and gender did not substantially contribute to PAH-induced DNA adduct formation in this study. The study suggests that PAH-DNA adducts may serve as a reliable biomarker of PAH exposure in occupational settings but may not be sensitive enough to be used in populations with environmental exposures to PAHs
— id: 79241, year: 2008, vol: 13, page: 27, stat: Journal Article,

CrVI exposure and biomarkers: Cr in erythrocytes in relation to exposure and polymorphisms of genes encoding anion transport proteins
Qu, Qingshan; Li, Xiaomei; An, Feiyun; Jia, Guang; Liu, Lanzeng; Watanabe-Meserve, Hiroko; Koenig, Karen; Cohen, Beverly; Costa, Max; Roy, Nirmal; Zhong, Mianhua; Chen, Lung Chi; Liu, Suhua; Yan, Lei
2008 Aug;13(5):467-477, Biomarkers
A total of 195 subjects, including 141 exposed workers and 54 farmers, were recruited in China to evaluate the usefulness of chromium (Cr) in erythrocytes as a biomarker of exposure to CrVI. The levels of Cr in red blood cells (RBC) were remarkably elevated even in a group of workers routinely exposed to CrVI as low as 5-15 microg m(-3) and showed a significant exposure-response trend over the exposure range from 0.002 to 1152 microg m(-3) (p <0.0001). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that age and cigarette smoke were not associated with Cr in RBC. However, female subjects had lower Cr in RBC compared with their male counterparts for about the same exposure levels (p <0.05). The genotypes of band III, which encodes for anion transport protein and may regulate CrO4(-2) across cell membranes, were also identified and included for analysis. The ratios of Cr in RBC to CrVI exposure were higher in subjects with a wild genotype than in those who had heterozygous or homozygous variant alleles. However, the difference was not statistically significant probably due to the limited number of participating subjects. In addition, 15 of the 141 workers were selected for multiple exposure monitoring and blood sample collections to evaluate the inter- and intraindividual variations of Cr in RBC. Compared with the personal exposure levels, Cr in RBC had small intraindividual variations with a reliability coefficient of 0.88. The study suggests that Cr in RBC may serve as a sensitive and reliable biomarker for long-term exposure to CrVI
— id: 93384, year: 2008, vol: 13, page: 467, stat: Journal Article,

Industrial hygiene measurement and control
Cohen, Beverly S
Environmental and occupational medicine Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007,
— id: 5380, year: 2007, vol: , page: ?, stat: Chapter,

Sensitive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): urinary 1-hydroxyprene glucuronide in relation to smoking and low ambient levels of exposure
Hu, Y; Zhou, Z; Xue, X; Li, X; Fu, J; Cohen, B; Melikian, A A; Desai, M; Tang, M -S; Huang, X; Roy, N; Sun, J; Nan, P; Qu, Q
2006 Jul-Aug;11(4):306-318, Biomarkers
The study was conducted in a Chinese population with occupational or environmental exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A total of 106 subjects were recruited from coke-oven workers (workers), residents in a metropolitan area (residents) and suburban gardeners (gardeners). All subjects were monitored twice for their personal exposures to PAHs. The biological samples were collected for measurements of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and cotinine in urine. The geometric means of personal exposure levels of pyrene, benz(a)anthracene (BaA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in workers were 1.470, 0.978 and 0.805 microg m-3, respectively. The corresponding levels in residents were 0.050, 0.034 and 0.025 microg m-3; and those in gardeners were 0.011, 0.020 and 0.008 microg m-3, respectively. The conjugate of 1-OHP with glucuronide (1-OHP-G) is the predominant form of pyrene metabolite in urine and it showed strong associations with exposures not only to pyrene, but also to BaA, BaP and total PAHs. Most importantly, a significant difference in 1-OHP-G was even detected between the subgroups with exposures to BaP at < 0.010 and > 0.010 but < 0.020 microg m-3, suggesting that 1-OHP-G is a good marker that can be used for the risk assessment of BaP exposure at levels currently encountered in ambient air. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses of 1-OHP-G on PAHs exposure indicated that cigarette smoke was a major confounding factor and should be considered and adjusted for while using 1-OHP to estimate PAHs exposure
— id: 68305, year: 2006, vol: 11, page: 306, stat: Journal Article,

Health effects of ambient ultrafine particles
Cohen BS
Aerosols handbook : measurement, dosimetry, and health effects Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2005,
— id: 5384, year: 2005, vol: , page: 607, stat: Chapter,

Biomarkers of benzene: Urinary metabolites in relation to individual genotype and personal exposure
Qu, Qingshan; Shore, Roy; Li, Guilan; Su, Lin; Jin, Ximei; Melikian, Asseih A; Roy, Nirmal; Chen, Lung Chi; Wirgin, Isaac; Cohen, Beverly; Yin, Songnian; Li, Yuying; Mu, Ruidong
2005 May 30;153-154:85-95, Chemico-biological interactions
This report is part of an extensive biomarker study conducted in a Chinese occupational population with benzene exposures ranging from 0.06 to 122ppm (median exposure of 3.2ppm). All urinary benzene metabolites measured in this study were significantly elevated after exposure to benzene at or above 5ppm. Among these metabolites, however, only S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) showed a significant exposure-response trend over the exposure range from 0 to 1ppm (for S-PMA, p<0.0001 and for t,t-MA, p=0.006). For benzene exposure monitoring, both S-PMA and t,t-MA were judged to be good and sensitive markers, which detected benzene exposure at around 0.1 and 1ppm, respectively. Polymorphisms of the metabolic genes, including CYP2E1, quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), GSTT1, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), were identified and did not show significant effects on the formation of metabolites, except GSTT1 on S-PMA. The production rate of S-PMA from benzene in exposed workers with GSTT1 null alleles (24.72+/-32.48mug/g creatinine/ppm benzene) was significantly lower than that in subjects with the wild type of GSTT1 (59.84+/-47.66mug/g creatinine/ppm benzene, p<0.0001). Further regression analysis of S-PMA production rate on GSTT1 genotype with adjustment of sex, age, benzene exposure, and cotinine levels indicated that the genotype of GSTT1 plays a critical role in determining the inter-individual variations of S-PMA formation from benzene exposure. Therefore, the individual genotype of GSTT1 needs to be identified and considered while using S-PMA as a marker to estimate the personal exposure levels of benzene in future population studies
— id: 56002, year: 2005, vol: 153-154, page: 85, stat: Journal Article,

Field evaluation of nanofilm detectors for measuring acidic particles in indoor and outdoor air
Cohen, Beverly S; Heikkinen, Maire S A; Hazi, Yair; Gao, Hai; Peters, Paul; Lippmann, Morton
2004 Sep;(121):1-35, Research report (Health Effects Institute)
This field evaluation study was conducted to assess new technology designed to measure number concentrations of strongly acidic ultrafine particles. Interest in these particles derives from their potential to cause adverse health effects. Current methods for counting and sizing airborne ultrafine particles cannot isolate those particles that are acidic. We hypothesized that the size-resolved number concentration of such particles to which people are exposed could be measured by newly developed iron nanofilm detectors on which sulfuric acid (H2SO4*) droplets produce distinctive ringed reaction sites visible by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We carried out field measurements using an array of samplers, with and without the iron nanofilm detectors, that allowed indirect comparison of particle number concentrations and size-resolved measures of acidity. The iron nanofilm detectors are silicon chips (5 mm x 5 mm x 0.6 mm) that are coated with iron by vapor deposition. The iron layer was 21.5 or 26 nm thick for the two batches used in these experiments. After exposure the detector surface was scanned topographically by AFM to view and enumerate the ringed acid reaction sites and deposited nonacidic particles. The number of reaction sites and particles per scan can be counted directly on the image displayed by AFM. Sizes can also be measured, but for this research we did not size particles collected in the field. The integrity of the surface of iron nanofilm detectors was monitored by laboratory analysis and by deploying blank detectors and detectors that had previously been exposed to H2SO4 calibration aerosols. The work established that the detectors could be used with confidence in temperate climates. Under extreme high humidity and high temperature, the surface film was liable to detach from the support, but remaining portions of the film still produced reliable data. Exposure to ambient gases in a filtered air canister during the field tests did not affect the film quality. Sampling sessions to obtain particle measurements were scheduled for two 1-week periods in each of the four seasons at a rural site in Tuxedo, New York. This schedule was selected to test outdoor performance of the iron nanofilm detectors under a variety of weather conditions. To seek possible artifacts caused by local source differences, we also sampled outdoors for two 1-week sessions during the winter in New York City. Indoor tests were conducted in the cafeteria at the Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine (NIEM) in Tuxedo and in a residence in Newburgh, New York. For the outdoor tests we simultaneously deployed several particle samplers to obtain several measures: --the number concentration of acidic and total particles that penetrated the 100-nm cut size of a microorifice impactor (MOI) and were electrically precipitated in an electrostatic aerosol sampler (EAS) onto the iron nanofilm detectors; --the number concentrations of acidic and total particles estimated from detectors placed in a simple ultrafine diffusion monitor (UDM); --the size-fractionated mass concentration of strong acids in samples from the submicrometer collection stages of the MOI and from a polycarbonate filter, parallel to the EAS, that also collected particles penetrating the MOI's 100-nm cut size; and --the number concentration of all ambient particles with diameters of 300 nm or smaller, determined using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). In the results from these samplers, the mean number concentration of acidic particles ranged from about 100 to 1800/cm3, representing 10% to 88% of all ambient ultrafine particles for the different seasons and sites. The number concentration did not correlate with the acidic mass (hydrogen ion, or H+, content) for particles smaller than 100 nm in diameter. This was not surprising because a single 100-nm particle may contain the same acid volume as many smaller particles if they are pure acid droplets. The ambient concentrations of H+, sulfate (SO4(2-)), and ammonium (NH4+), collected on polycarbonate filters and measured as a function of particle size, were highest for particles with diameters between 280 and 530 nm, but the size distributions also suggested that a small peak of these ions existed in the particle size range below 88 nm. The H+ / SO4(2-) ratio was somewhat higher for particles below 88 nm, suggesting greater excess acidity for these small particles. Our continuous monitoring showed that airborne concentrations of ultrafine particles varied substantially with time. The iron nanofilm detectors provided a time-integrated number concentration over several days or weeks. The counts on the detectors were relatively low for some of the sampling sessions, resulting in high statistical errors in calculations. Nonetheless, agreement of the mean values was remarkably good for some of the measurements. In future tests, longer collection times and new technologies, such as improved particle-charging methods for electrical precipitation samplers, could provide more efficient collection of particles onto the detectors, higher counts, and lower count-associated uncertainties. In general, concentrations of ultrafine particles determined by AFM analysis of the detectors in the MOI-EAS and UDM appeared to underestimate the total number concentration as determined by comparison samplers. The ability to monitor airborne acidic particles provided by these iron nanofilm detectors enlarges the array of air quality variables that can be measured. This may help to resolve some of the outstanding questions related to causal relations between demonstrated health effects of ambient particles and particulate matter (PM) components
— id: 48240, year: 2004, vol: , page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

Airborne fine and ultrafine particles near the World Trade Center disaster site
Cohen, BS; Heikkinen, MSA; Hazi, Y
2004 APR ;38(4):338-348, Aerosol science & technology
Documentation of the airborne fine and ultrafine particles produced by the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center (WTC), particularly while fires were burning, was essential for evaluating the risk of adverse health effects in people who live and work in this area. We collected airborne particles for 3 months at a site about 400 m east of the former WTC. Ultrafine particles were collected by deposition onto small detector chips for morphometric analysis by atomic force microscopy. Some chips were coated with an iron nanofilm for detection of strong acids. A condensation nucleus counter and two impactors measured particle number concentrations and size distributions. Collected particles exhibited a variety of globular forms, and most appeared to be agglomerates. No ultrafine acid particles were detected. Particle number concentrations ranged from below 1 x 10(4) cm(-3) to about 5 x 10(4) cm(-3). Occasional peaks reached values over 7 x 10(4) cm(-3). The average total mass concentration was about 17 mug/m(3) in mid-October, about half that value in November, and as low as 5 mug/m(3) in mid-December. Particle size distributions were mostly bimodal. The mass concentration of very fine particles (0.1 mum to 0.29 mum) ranged from 4.3 mug/m(3) to 0.7 mug/m(3), and the ultrafine (d < 0.1 μm) ranged from 1.46 μg/m(3) to nondetectable after 5 November 2001. Some backup filters from the October sampling sessions were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). About 70% of the total carbon was organic. The PAIR levels ranged from 10 to 1500 ng m(-3). Overall, our data for particle mass and number concentrations did not differ substantially from data we had collected in Manhattan the previous year. The dominant organic compounds found in these samples are those most common in urban environments. These data do not suggest, but cannot rule out, an unusual risk of adverse health effects from the number, or mass, of the fine ambient particles
— id: 46619, year: 2004, vol: 38, page: 338, stat: Journal Article,

Validation of biomarkers in humans exposed to PAHs
Qu, Q; Hu, Y; Xue, X; Zhou, Z; Li, X; Fu, J; Cohen, B; Tang, E; Roy, N; Melikian, AA; Li, D
2004 JUN 15 ;197(3):187-188, Toxicology & applied pharmacology
— id: 46527, year: 2004, vol: 197, page: 187, stat: Journal Article,

Fine and ultrafine partices near the World Trade Center disaster site
Cohen, BS; Heikkinen, MSA; Hazi, Y
2003 SEP ;226(3):U486-U486, Abstracts of papers (American Chemical Society)
— id: 42482, year: 2003, vol: 226, page: U486, stat: Journal Article,

Size distribution of acidic sulfate ions in fine ambient particulate matter and assessment of source region effect
Hazi, Y; Heikkinen, MSA; Cohen, BS
2003 DEC ;37(38):5403-5413, Atmospheric environment (Oxford)
Human exposure studies strongly suggested that the fine fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM) and its associated acidic sulfates are closely correlated with observed adverse health effects. Acidic sulfates are the products of atmospheric sulfur dioxide oxidation and neutralization processes. Few data are available on the amount and size distribution of acidic sulfates within the fine fraction of ambient PM. Knowledge of this distribution will help to understand their toxic mechanisms in the human respiratory tract. The goals of this research were: (1) to measure the size distribution of hydrogen ion, sulfate, and ammonium within the fine fraction of the ambient aerosol in air masses originating from different source regions; and (2) to examine the effect of the source region and the seasons on the sampled PM composition. Six size fractions within the fine ambient PM were collected using a micro-orifice impactor. Results from 30 sampling sessions demonstrated that higher total concentrations of these three ions were observed during the warm months than during the cold months of the year. Size distribution results show that the midpoint diameter of the fraction of particles with the largest fraction of hydrogen, sulfate and ammonium ions was 0.38 mum. Although most of the mass containing hydrogen and sulfate ions was measured in the fraction of particles with 0.38 mum midpoint diameter, the ultrafine fraction (<0.1 mum) was found to be more acidic. Ambient ion concentrations varied between sampling sessions and seasons, but the overall size distribution profiles are similar. Air mass back trajectories were used to identify the source region of the sampled aerosols. No apparent source region effect was observed in terms of the distribution profile of the ions. However, samples collected from air masses that originated from, or passed over, high sulfur dioxide emission areas demonstrated higher concentrations of the different ions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
— id: 55431, year: 2003, vol: 37, page: 5403, stat: Journal Article,

Aerosol measurements at the WTC site one year after
Heikkinen, MSA; Hsu, SI; Lall, R; Peters, PA; Cohen, BS; Chen, LC; Thurston, G
2003 SEP ;226(3):U489-U489, Abstracts of papers (American Chemical Society)
— id: 42484, year: 2003, vol: 226, page: U489, stat: Journal Article,

Environmental health science : recognition, evaluation, and control of chemical and physical health hazards
Lippmann, Morton; Cohen, Beverley S; Schlesinger, Richard B.
New York : Oxford UP, 2003,
— id: 766, year: 2003, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Benzene exposure measurement in shoe and glue manufacturing: a study to validate biomarkers
Qu, Qingshan; Cohen, Beverly S; Shore, Roy; Chen, Lung Chi; Li, Guilan; Jin, Ximei; Melikian, Assieh A; Yin, Songnian; Yan, Huifang; Xu, Bohong; Li, Yuying; Mu, Ruidong; Zhang, Xiaoling; Li, Keqi
2003 Dec;18(12):988-998, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
This article reports an extensive program to monitor individual personal exposures of subjects recruited for a study conducted in a Chinese occupational population to determine whether selected biological markers of exposure to benzene are reliable and sensitive enough to detect low-level benzene exposure in people. The monitoring program reported here was to assure an appropriate range of exposure for subject selection as well as to provide data for the exposure response assessment. The overall study resulted in correlation of the measured exposures with the measured concentrations of two minor urinary benzene metabolites, trans,trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. The study design and evaluation of biological end points are presented in separate publications. Recruitment of 130 exposed subjects was based on personal exposure measurements collected with passive organic vapor monitors at weekly intervals for 3 to 4 weeks prior to collection of biological samples. Two monitors, side by side, were used for all of the personal monitoring in the first year of the study and about 10 percent of subsequent monitoring. One of each pair was analyzed immediately in Beijing at the Institute of Occupational Medicine, and the other was shipped to the United States and analyzed at the New York University Institute of Environmental Medicine. Exposure concentrations measured over 4-5 weeks were reasonably stable with average coefficients of variation of 0.58, 0.59, and 0.46 for benzene, toluene, and xylene, respectively. Benzene exposure averaged 10 +/- 13 ppm benzene with a median of 3.8 ppm for the recruited exposed workers. Excellent correlation was obtained between samples analyzed for benzene at the two laboratories. The extensive effort to document exposures was important to the exposure-response relationship demonstrated in the full study, which concluded that S-phenylmercapturic acid appears to be a good biomarker for detecting and evaluating benzene exposure at concentrations less than 0.25 ppm
— id: 38997, year: 2003, vol: 18, page: 988, stat: Journal Article,

Validation and evaluation of biomarkers in workers exposed to benzene in China
Qu, Qingshan; Shore, Roy; Li, Guilan; Jin, Ximei; Chen, Lung Chi; Cohen, Beverly; Melikian, Assieh A; Eastmond, David; Rappaport, Stephen; Li, Heyi; Rupa, Doppalapudi; Waidyanatha, Suramya; Yin, Songnian; Yan, Huifang; Meng, Min; Winnik, Witold; Kwok, Eric S C; Li, Yuying; Mu, Ruidong; Xu, Bohong; Zhang, Xiaoling; Li, Keqi
2003 Jun;23(115):1-72, Research report (Health Effects Institute)
This study was conducted to validate biomarkers for early detection of benzene exposure and effect in 2 phases. The main purpose of phase 1 was to determine whether these biomarkers could reliably detect differences between workers with high exposure levels and unexposed subjects, which is the minimal screening criterion for a biomarker assay. Phase 2 of the study mainly focused on evaluating the exposure-response relation, confounding factors, and sensitivities of biomarkers for low benzene exposures. The Chinese occupational population studied had a broad range of benzene exposures. On the day of biological sample collection, exposures ranged from 0.06 to 122 ppm with a median exposure of 3.2 ppm. The median of the 4-week mean benzene exposures was 3.8 ppm, and the median lifetime cumulative exposure was 51.1 ppm-years. Compared with benzene levels in collected samples, toluene levels were relatively high, with a median of 12.6 ppm (mean, 26.3 ppm), but xylene levels were low, with a median of 0.30 ppm (mean, 0.40 ppm). The biomarkers evaluated were urinary metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA*), trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and phenol; albumin adducts of benzene oxide and 1,4-benzoquinone (BO-Alb and 1,4-BQ-Alb, respectively) in blood; blood cell counts; and chromosomal aberrations. Blood cell counts in this population, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and neutrophils, decreased significantly with increased exposures but remained in normal ranges. Chromosomal aberration data showed significant increases of chromatid breaks and total chromosomal aberrations in exposed subjects compared with unexposed subjects. Among the urinary metabolites, the levels of S-PMA and t,t-MA were significantly elevated after benzene exposures. Both markers showed significant exposure-response trends even over the exposure range from 0 to 1 ppm. However, HQ, CAT, and phenol showed significant increases only for benzene exposure levels above 5 ppm. Multiple regression analyses of these urinary metabolites on benzene exposure indicated that toluene exposure, smoking status, and cotinine levels had no significant effects on urinary metabolite levels. A time-course study estimated the half-lives of S-PMA, t,t-MA, HQ, CAT, and phenol to be 12.8, 13.7, 12.7, 15.0, and 16.3 hours, respectively. Both BO-Alb and 1,4-BQ-Alb showed strong exposure-response associations with benzene. Regression analyses showed that after adjustment for potential confounding by smoking, there was still a strong association between benzene exposure and these markers. Furthermore, the analyses for correlations among biomarkers revealed that the urinary metabolites correlated substantially with each other. The albumin adducts also correlated well with the urinary biomarkers, especially with S-PMA. BO-Alb and 1,4-BQ adducts also correlated well with each other (r = 0.74). For benzene exposure monitoring, both S-PMA and t,t-MA were judged to be good and sensitive markers, which detected benzene exposures at around 0.1 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively. But S-PMA was clearly superior to t,t-MA as a biomarker for low levels of benzene exposure
— id: 39100, year: 2003, vol: 23, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

Exposure to wood dust and heavy metals in workers using CCA pressure-treated wood
Decker, Paul; Cohen, Beverly; Butala, John H; Gordon, Terry
2002 Mar-Apr;63(2):166-171, AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational & environmental health & safety
Chemical pesticide treatment enables relatively nonresistant woods to be used in outdoor construction projects. The most prevalent procedure used to protect these woods is pressure treatment with chromium, copper, and arsenic (CCA). This pilot study examined the airborne concentration and particle size distribution of wood particles, chromium, copper, and arsenic at both outdoor (measured over the whole work day) and indoor (measured during the performance of specific tasks) work sites. At the outdoor residential deck construction sites, the arithmetic mean total dust concentration, measured using personal filter cassette samplers, was 0.57 mg/m3. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (da) of the outdoor wood dust was greater than 20 microm. Indoor wood dust concentrations were significantly greater than those measured outdoor and were job category-dependent. The highest mean breathing zone dust concentration, 49.0 mg/m3, was measured at the indoor sanding operation. Personal impactor sampling demonstrated that the mean total airborne concentration of arsenic, but not chromium or copper, was consistently above recommended occupational exposure levels at the indoor work site, and occasionally at the outdoor work sites. At the indoor sanding operation, the mean total chromium, copper, and arsenic concentrations were 345, 170, and 342 microg/m3, respectively. Thus, significant exposure to airborne heavy metals can occur as a result of indoor and outdoor exposure to CCA pressure-treated wood dust. Therefore, current standards for wood dust may not adequately protect workers from the heavy metals commonly used in CCA pressure-treated wood.
— id: 72736, year: 2002, vol: 63, page: 166, stat: Journal Article,

Personal exposure to different levels of benzene and its relationships to the urinary metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid
Melikian, Assieh A; Qu, Qingshan; Shore, Roy; Li, Guilan; Li, Heyi; Jin, Ximei; Cohen, Beverly; Chen, Lungchi; Li, Yuying; Yin, Songnian; Mu, Reidong; Zhang, Xiaoling; Wang, Yuanxiang
2002 Oct 5;778(1-2):211-221, Journal of chromatography. B. Analytical technologies in the biomedical & life sciences
This report is part of an extensive study to verify the validity, specificity, and sensitivity of biomarkers of benzene at low exposures and assess their relationships with personal exposure and genetic damage. The study population was selected from benzene-exposed workers in Tianjin, China, based on historical exposure data. The recruitment of 130 exposed workers from glue-making or shoe-making plants and 51 unexposed subjects from nearby food factories was based on personal exposure measurements conducted for 3-4 weeks prior to collection of biological samples. In this report we investigated correlation of urinary benzene metabolites, S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) with personal exposure levels on the day of urine collection and studied the effect of dose on the biotransformation of benzene to these key metabolites. Urinary S-PMA and t,t-MA were determined simultaneously by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Both S-PMA and t,t-MA, but specifically the former, correlated well with personal benzene exposure over a broad range of exposure (0.06-122 ppm). There was good correlation in the subgroup that had been exposed to <1 ppm benzene with both metabolites (P-trend <0.0001 for S-PMA and 0.006 for t,t-MA). Furthermore, the levels of S-PMA were significantly higher in the subgroup exposed to <0.25 ppm than that in unexposed subjects (n=17; P=0.001). There is inter-individual variation in the rate of conversion of benzene into urinary metabolites. The percentage of biotransformation of benzene to urinary S-PMA ranged from 0.005 to 0.3% and that to urinary t,t-MA ranged from 0.6 to approximately 20%. The percentage of benzene biotransformed into S-PMA and t,t-MA decreased with increasing concentration of benzene, especially conversion of benzene into t,t-MA. It appears that women excreted more metabolites than men for the same levels of benzene exposures. Our data suggest that S-PMA is superior to t,t-MA as a biomarker for low levels of benzene exposure
— id: 34386, year: 2002, vol: 778, page: 211, stat: Journal Article,

Effect of concentrated ambient particulate matter on blood coagulation parameters in rats
Nadziejko, Christine; Fang, Kaijie; Chen, Lung Chi; Cohen, Beverly; Karpatkin, Margaret; Nadas, Arthur
2002 Oct;3(111):7-29, Research report (Health Effects Institute)
Epidemiologic studies have shown that exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with short-term increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. These adverse effects of inhaled particulate matter (PM*) may be the indirect result of a PM-induced increase in blood coagulability. This explanation is biologically plausible because prospective studies have shown that increases in blood coagulation parameters are significantly associated with risk of adverse cardiovascular events. We examined the hypothesis that acute exposure to elevated levels of PM causes prothrombotic changes in blood coagulation parameters. Rats with indwelling jugular vein catheters were exposed for 6 hours to filtered air or concentrated ambient PM in New York City air (n = 9 per group per experiment). PM less than 2.5 microm in mass median aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) was concentrated for animal exposures using a centrifugal concentrator. Blood samples were taken at four time points: before and immediately after exposure and at 12 and 24 hours after the start of exposure. At each time point, six coagulation parameters (platelet count, fibrinogen level, factor VII activity, thrombin-antithrombin complex [TAT] level, tissue plasminogen activator [tPA] activity, and plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI] activity) were measured as well as all standard blood count parameters. Five concentrated-PM exposure experiments were performed over a period of 8 weeks in the summer of 1999. PM exposure concentrations ranged from 95 to 341 microg/m3. Statistical significance was determined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the postexposure data with time and exposure status as main effects. There were no consistent exposure-related effects on any of the end points across the five experiments and no indication of any dose-dependent effects. Most of the statistically significant differences that were observed do not represent adverse effects. Therefore, the results of this study do not indicate that exposure to concentrated ambient PM causes adverse effects on blood coagulation in healthy rats
— id: 34973, year: 2002, vol: 3, page: 7, stat: Journal Article,

Hematological changes among Chinese workers with a broad range of benzene exposures
Qu, Qingshan; Shore, Roy; Li, Guilan; Jin, Ximei; Chen, Lung Chi; Cohen, Beverly; Melikian, Assieh A; Eastmond, David; Rappaport, Stephen M; Yin, Songnian; Li, Heyi; Waidyanatha, Suramya; Li, Yuying; Mu, Ruidong; Zhang, Xiaoling; Li, Keqi
2002 Oct;42(4):275-285, American journal of industrial medicine
BACKGROUND: Depression of peripheral blood cells is a well-known indicator of benzene hematotoxicity. Previous studies of its effects on specific types of blood cells have yielded inconsistent results. We examine hematological findings and their possible relations with exposure markers validated in a recent biomarker project conducted in Tianjin, China. METHODS: Personal benzene exposures were sampled with 3-M organic vapor monitors, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The peripheral blood cells were counted by a cell counter. The WBC differential was manually counted on a total of 900 cells by a US commercial laboratory. RESULTS: A total of 130 exposed workers and 51 age- and gender-matched unexposed subjects were recruited in this study. Benzene exposure levels monitored on the day of biological sample collection for exposed workers ranged from 0.06 to 122 ppm. Their 4-week average and cumulative benzene exposure levels were 0.08-54.5 ppm and 6.1-623.2 ppm-years, respectively. Significant decreases of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and neutrophils were observed and correlated with both personal benzene exposures and levels of urinary metabolites (S-phenylmercapuric acid and t,t-muconic acid) and albumin adducts of benzene oxide and 1,4-benzeoquinone. CONCLUSIONS: The depressions in RBC, WBC, and neutrophils observed in this study are not only exposure dependent, but also significantly different in the lowest exposed group (at or below 0.25 ppm) compared with unexposed subjects. The results of the present study appear to suggest that lymphocytes may not be more sensitive to chronic benzene exposure than neutrophils
— id: 34387, year: 2002, vol: 42, page: 275, stat: Journal Article,

Albumin adducts of benzene oxide and 1,4-benzoquinone as measures of human benzene metabolism
Rappaport, Stephen M; Waidyanatha, Suramya; Qu, Qingshan; Shore, Roy; Jin, Ximei; Cohen, Beverly; Chen, Lung-Chi; Melikian, Assieh A; Li, Guilan; Yin, Songnian; Yan, Huifang; Xu, Bohong; Mu, Ruidong; Li, Yuying; Zhang, Xiaoling; Li, Keqi
2002 Mar 1;62(5):1330-1337, Cancer research
Albumin adducts of benzene oxide (BO-Alb) and 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ-Alb) were investigated among 134 workers exposed to benzene and 51 unexposed controls in Tianjin, China. Concentrations of both adducts increased with benzene exposure [range = 0.07-46.6 parts/million (ppm); median = 3.55 ppm] and with urinary cotinine. Adduct levels were less than proportional to benzene exposure, suggesting saturable CYP 2E1 metabolism of benzene. Because the transition from linear to saturable metabolism began at approximately 1 ppm, the common assumption of linear kinetics at much higher benzene exposures could lead to substantial underestimation of leukemia risks. Adduct levels were generally lower in older workers, indicating that CYP 2E1 metabolism diminished with age, at approximately 2%/year of life. The ratio of 1,4-BQ-Alb:BO-Alb decreased with age and coexposure to toluene, and increased with alcohol consumption. This indicates that factors affecting CYP 2E1 metabolism exerted a greater role on production of 1,4-BQ than BO, presumably because of the second oxidation step from phenol to hydroquinone. The adduct ratio was also positively associated with urinary cotinine, suggesting that both benzene and hydroquinone from cigarette smoke affected adduct levels. Results of a limited time course study of 11 subjects indicated moderate chemical instability of 1,4-BQ-Alb (half life = 13.5 days compared with 21 days for normal Alb turnover), whereas no evidence of instability of BO-Alb was observed. This study illustrates that Alb adducts can be used to investigate the dispositions of reactive metabolites of procarcinogens in humans, provided that exposures are adequately characterized in the month preceding blood collection
— id: 34388, year: 2002, vol: 62, page: 1330, stat: Journal Article,

Radon and its short lived decay product aerosols
Cohen BS
Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques, and applications New York : Wiley, 2001,
— id: 3178, year: 2001, vol: , page: ?, stat: Chapter,

Replotting data for chronic beryllium disease
Cohen BS
2001 Nov-Dec;62(6):667-667, AIHAJ (American Industrial Hygiene Association)
— id: 34385, year: 2001, vol: 62, page: 667, stat: Journal Article,

Sampling airborne radioactivity
Cohen BS; Heikkinen M
Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants Cincinnati OH: ACGIH Worldwide, 2001,
— id: 3193, year: 2001, vol: , page: ?, stat: Chapter,

Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants
Cohen, Beverly S; Hering, McCammon Jr, Charles S
Cincinnati, Ohio : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2001,
— id: 765, year: 2001, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Obituary: Joan M. Daisey (1941-2000)
Cohen BS
2000 ;33:388-391, Aerosol science & technology
— id: 42971, year: 2000, vol: 33, page: 388, stat: Journal Article,

Detecting H+ in ultrafine ambient aerosol using iron nano-film detectors and scanning probe microscopy
Cohen BS; Li W; Xiong JQ; Lippmann M
2000 Jan;15(1):80-89, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
Recent epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that ambient-particle-associated acidity is more closely correlated with total mortality and hospital admissions for respiratory disease than indices of total particulate mass. In addition, evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis that the number of ultrafine (d < or = 200 nm) acid particles, rather than ambient mass, is an important determining factor affecting lung injury. Both outdoor and indoor air environments are dominated by nanometer-sized particles. However, no data are currently available on the size distribution or number concentration of acidic ambient ultrafine particles largely because there are no suitable methods for measuring these important quantities. We have developed a method to accomplish these measurements based on the use of iron nano-films for detection of acid droplets. Detectors were prepared by vapor deposition of iron onto 12-mm-diameter glass cover slips. The detectors develop reaction sites when exposed to H2SO4 or NH4HSO4 particles. Exposures to non-acidic particle (NaCl and [(NH4)]2SO4) result in no detectable surface deformations. The nano-films are examined with scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for the enumeration of reaction sites. Until recently, direct visualization of individual objects smaller than 200 nm has been possible only with electron microscopy. The advancement of SPM provides the opportunity to examine the detector surface features with high quality three dimensional imaging
— id: 10352, year: 2000, vol: 15, page: 80, stat: Journal Article,

Validation of biomarkers in humans exposed to benzene: urine metabolites
Qu Q; Melikian AA; Li G; Shore R; Chen L; Cohen B; Yin S; Kagan MR; Li H; Meng M; Jin X; Winnik W; Li Y; Mu R; Li K
2000 May;37(5):522-531, American journal of industrial medicine
BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted among Chinese workers employed in glue- and shoe-making factories who had an average daily personal benzene exposure of 31+/-26 ppm (mean+/-SD). The metabolites monitored were S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), 1,2, 4-trihydroxybenzene (benzene triol, BT), and phenol. METHODS: S-PMA, t,t-MA, HQ, CAT, and BT were quantified by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Phenol was measured by GC-MS. RESULTS: Levels of benzene metabolites (except BT) measured in urine samples collected from exposed workers at the end of workshift were significantly higher than those measured in unexposed subjects (P < 0.0001). The large increases in urinary metabolites from before to after work strongly correlated with benzene exposure. Concentrations of these metabolites in urine samples collected from exposed workers before work were also significantly higher than those from unexposed subjects. The half-lives of S-PMA, t,t-MA, HQ, CAT, and phenol were estimated from a time course study to be 12.8, 13.7, 12.7, 15.0, and 16.3 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All metabolites, except BT, are good markers for benzene exposure at the observed levels; however, due to their high background, HQ, CAT, and phenol may not distinguish unexposed subjects from workers exposed to benzene at low ambient levels. S-PMA and t,t-MA are the most sensitive markers for low level benzene exposure.
— id: 10349, year: 2000, vol: 37, page: 522, stat: Journal Article,

Breathing zone concentration variations in the reinforced plastic industry; field measurements in a boat manufacturing plant
Malek RF; Daisy JM; Cohen BS
1999 Nov;14(11):777-784, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
Breathing zone samples are used to estimate worker exposure to airborne contaminants by collecting air from a vaguely defined zone surrounding the head. This zone is considered to have an airborne chemical concentration equivalent to the concentration breathed by the worker. It has been generally assumed that vapor is uniformly mixed in the breathing zone; therefore, samplers are placed on either lapel or on the chest of the worker. An extensive field investigation in a boat manufacturing plant was conducted where styrene air concentrations were measured by mounting four 3M one-stage diffusion samplers around the worker's breathing zone. Two job classes were studied: the spray gun operators and the rolling and tucking operators. Styrene air concentrations detected at the nose were significantly different than those concentrations detected at the other three locations and represented 90 percent, 84 percent, and 76 percent of the left lapel, right lapel, and chest samplers, respectively. This research revealed that the chest sampler provides a consistent relationship to the concentrations measured at the nose for a given job category. Additionally, this research identified the possible factors which could contribute to breathing zone concentration variations
— id: 10359, year: 1999, vol: 14, page: 777, stat: Journal Article,

Industrial hygiene measurement and control
Cohen BS
Environmental and occupational medicine Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven, 1998,
— id: 3176, year: 1998, vol: , page: 1741, stat: Chapter,

Detecting ambient ultrafine H+ particles
Cohen BS; Heikkinen M; Xiong JQ; Li W; Lippmann M
Measurement of toxic and related air pollutants Pittsburg PA: Air & Waste Management Association, 1998,
— id: 3186, year: 1998, vol: 1, page: 3, stat: Chapter,

Deposition of charged particles on lung airways
Cohen BS; Xiong JQ; Fang CP; Li W
1998 May;74(5):554-560, Health physics
The effect of a single electric charge on the efficiency with which ultrafine particles deposit in human airways has been investigated. When inhaled short-lived radon progeny are attached to electrically neutral particles their deposition efficiency is controlled by diffusion. But most ambient particles carry one, or a few, charges. We measured and compared the deposition (DE) of singly charged, charge-neutralized, and zero-charge 20-nm and 125-nm particles in hollow-cast models of human airways. These particle sizes were selected because they are about where modal peaks occur for the activity of the short-lived radon progeny in indoor air. For singly charged 20-nm particles deposition (+/- standard error) in the casts was 3.4 +/- 0.3 times that for charge neutralized aerosols and 5.3 +/- 0.3 times the amount deposited for zero-charged particles. Corresponding ratios for the 125-nm particles were 2.3 +/- 0.3 and 6.2 +/- 0.7. Since most ambient particles are charged this effect must be considered when models are used to predict dose from inhaled ultrafine particles
— id: 57122, year: 1998, vol: 74, page: 554, stat: Journal Article,

Calibration of the SKC, Inc. aluminum cyclone for operation in accordance with ISO/CEN/ACGIH respirable aerosol sampling criteria
Harper M; Fang C-P; Bartley DL; Cohen BS
1998 ;29(Suppl 1):S347-S348, Journal of aerosol science
— id: 112004, year: 1998, vol: 29, page: S347, stat: Journal Article,

The deposition of unattached radon progeny in a tracheobronchial cast as measured with iodine vapor
Li, W; Xiong, JQ; Cohen, BS
1998 JUN ;28(6):502-510, Aerosol science & technology
The deposition of the unattached radon progeny in hollow cast models of the human tracheobronchial region was studied using iodine vapor. The experiments were conducted in a replicate cast whose inner surface was coated with NaOH impregnated charcoal powder. This coating can trap iodine molecules by converting iodine into iodide and iodate, so that the iodine gas molecules behave like particles and stick to the surface upon contact. The iodine vapor is selected as a surrogate of radon progeny because the effective diffusion coefficient of iodine vapor, 0.08 cm(2) s(-1), is close to the diffusivities of unattached radon progeny (0.03-0.07 cm(2) s(-1)). Deposition experiments have been conducted under constant and cyclic inspiratory Bow between 5 and 30 LPM. It was found that the deposition of iodine vapor under constant flow can be described by diffusion in laminar flow. The cyclic inspiratory flow pattern does not significantly change the total deposition in the tracheobronchial cast. This observation, combined with the enhanced particle deposition due to charge (Cohen ct al., 1996) suggest that particle charge plays an important role in the deposition of submicron particles in human airways. (C) 1998 American Association for Aerosol Research
— id: 53443, year: 1998, vol: 28, page: 502, stat: Journal Article,

Molecular markers of exposure to cadmium and nickel among alkaline battery workers
Taioli, E; Frenkel, K; Tagesson, C; Baranski, B; Ganguly, S; Karkoszka, J; Toniolo, P; Cohen, B; Garte, S
1998 MAR-APR ;3(2):129-140, Biomarkers
The goal of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of metallothionein mRNA, anti-5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine antibodies titres (anti-HMdU Ab), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) in urine as markers of the biologically active dose after exposure to airborne cadmium and nickel in human studies. Exposed persons (n = 38) were chosen from workers involved in the production and assembly, chemistry, and maintenance departments of a nickel-cadmium battery factory in Poland. Controls (n = 52) were chosen from administration personnel at the factory. Biological samples from workers were collected twice: once in the summer, after a month of vacation, and again in the winter, after 3 months of regular working activity within the plant. Controls were recruited during the second phase of the study. When exposure groups were defined on the basis of ambient air cadmium measurements, we found a two-fold increase in mean metallothionein mRNA values in the highest exposure group (air cadmium above 1000 mu g m(-3)) and a positive correlation of metallothionein mRNA with blood cadmium levels (r = 0.46, p < 0.008). Future studies can be designed to investigate further the inter- and intra-subject component of the variability and the possibility of the existence of MT gene polymorphisms, determining different responses and susceptibilities to cadmium exposure. We did not find any difference in the mean values of anti-HMdU Ab titres and 8OHdG in urine in any of the exposure groups analysed. Nickel exposure appeared to have greater impact on anti-HMdU Ab titres than cadmium
— id: 53516, year: 1998, vol: 3, page: 129, stat: Journal Article,

A portable vapor/particle sampler
Xiong JQ; Fang C; Cohen BS
1998 Sep;59(9):614-621, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
The airborne particle and vapor phases of a volatile organic chemical (VOC) often coexist in the real workplace environment. Assessment of worker exposure to a VOC requires measuring not only the total airborne concentration but also the phase distribution because the deposition efficiency of the material in the respiratory tract will depend on the form in which it is inhaled. A prototype portable vapor/particle sampler (PVPS) has been designed for sampling and quantifying the phase distribution of volatile components in micrometer-sized airborne particles and coexisting gaseous phase based on differential inertia. The sampler was laboratory tested and validated. Tests included sampler performance assessment and comparison with current sampling methods for particles and organic vapors, i.e., glass fiber filter, charcoal sorbent tube, and diffusion monitors. The PVPS is a low-cost and lightweight device that can be driven by a single standard personal sampling pump. The mass quantities of materials collected by the sampler can be determined by standard analytical procedures. Combined with an appropriate size-selective inlet, the PVPS may be used as a personal inhalable or respirable volatile aerosol sampler for occupational VOC exposure assessment, especially in industrial, or household, spray work environments where the particle sizes are frequently large
— id: 57085, year: 1998, vol: 59, page: 614, stat: Journal Article,

Particle deposition in human and canine tracheobronchial casts: a determinant of radon dose to the critical cells of the respiratory tract
Cohen BS
1996 May;70(5):695-705, Health physics
The radiation dose to the sensitive cells of the bronchial epithelium from inhaled short-lived radon progeny depends critically on the efficiency with which the particles are deposited on the airway surfaces. Measurements of deposition for particles 50, 100, 180, and 400 nm in diameter have been carried out along three single pathways in full hollow airway casts of the human and canine tracheobronchial trees. The pathways are a major branch path, a minor branch path, and one which consists of alternating major and minor branches. The casts, prepared from whole lungs obtained at autopsy, extend to airways with diameters less than 1 mm. Monodisperse test aerosols were nebulized from either a 99mTc-ferric oxide or 99mTc-NaCl solution and size classified with an electrostatic classifier or formed by condensation of triphenyl phosphate onto 99mTc-salt nuclei. Measured deposition fractions (etaFs) form a family of curves with etaF being highest for the 50 nm particles and lowest for 400 nm. This agrees with expectations for this particle size range where diffusion is the dominant deposition mechanism. The etaF pattern is strongly influenced by the morphometry and resulting airflow distribution. Results of the experiments obtained in the human cast are compared with two predictive deposition models. The model, that is more explicit with respect to flow and geometric parameters, appears to be a marginally better predictor of the data
— id: 56863, year: 1996, vol: 70, page: 695, stat: Journal Article,

Electric charge on ambient ultrafine particles
Cohen BS; Li W
The Second Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution & Human Mortality & Morbidity Sacramento CA: California Air Reources Board, 1996,
— id: 3185, year: 1996, vol: , page: 3.85, stat: Chapter,

The influence of charge on the deposition behavior of aerosol particles with emphasis on singly charged nanometer sized particles
Cohen BS; Xiong JQ; Li W
Aerosol inhalation, recent research frontiers Boston : Kluwer, 1996,
— id: 3181, year: 1996, vol: , page: 153, stat: Chapter,

Human metallothionein gene expression determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction as a biomarker of cadmium exposure
Ganguly S; Taioli E; Baranski B; Cohen B; Toniolo P; Garte SJ
1996 Apr;5(4):297-301, Cancer epidemiology biomarkers & prevention
Expression of the metallothionein (MT) gene in frozen human lymphocytes has been developed as a new molecular biomarker of heavy metal exposure. Workers at a Polish battery factory with high exposure to cadmium were monitored for airborne exposure and blood cadmium levels. A novel quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) technique, making use of a homologous internal standard, was used to assess the level of MT-specific mRNA in frozen stored aliquots of blood samples taken from exposed and control workers. Results from this assay showed a statistically significant 2.5-fold increase in MT mRNA in exposed compared to control workers. The RT-PCR results also showed significant correlation with airborne cadmium, as registered on personal monitors and with blood cadmium levels. The results suggest that gene induction measured by quantitative RT-PCR is a promising approach for application as a biomarker of biologically effective dose in small samples of frozen tissues or cells
— id: 10373, year: 1996, vol: 5, page: 297, stat: Journal Article,

The variability in radon decay product bronchial dose
Harley NH; Cohen BS; Robbins ES
1996 ;22:S959-S964, Environment international
— id: 20754, year: 1996, vol: 22, page: S959, stat: Journal Article,

Sampling airborne radioactivity
Cohen BS
Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants Cincinnati Ohio : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienits, 1995,
— id: 3182, year: 1995, vol: , page: 561, stat: Chapter,

Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants
Cohen, Beverly S; Hering, Susanne V
Cincinnati, Ohio : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1995,
— id: 764, year: 1995, vol: , page: , stat: ,

DEPOSITION OF INHALED CHARGED ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN A SIMPLE TRACHEAL MODEL
COHEN, BS; XIONG, JQ; ASGHARIAN, B; AYRES, L
1995 OCT ;26(7):1149-1160, Journal of aerosol science
The deposition of ultrafine (d less than or equal to 200 nm) particles on airway surfaces is an important determinant of the radiation dose that results from inhalation of radon progeny. Diffusion is the dominant deposition mechanism for radon progeny since most of the alpha particle activity is on ultrafine particles. Freshly formed Po-218 is rapidly neutralized but, there remains some charged fraction of each short-lived decay product. Theoretical predictions suggest that a measurable increase in airway deposition may result from particle charge. We have measured and compared the deposition (eta) of monodisperse singly charged, and charge neutralized, particles with diameters from 15 to 95 nm in simple tracheal models. Differences in deposition were detectable for particles < 30 nm in diameter in 10, 23 and 30 cm long tubes, and for particles up to 95 nm for the longest (30 cm) tube tested. Variations in the magnitude of electrostatic deposition with particle and flow parameters is consistent with theoretical predictions
— id: 86679, year: 1995, vol: 26, page: 1149, stat: Journal Article,

Influence of the oropharyngeal region on aerosol dispersion
Scheuch G; Westenberger S; Stahlhofen W; Fang CP; Cohen BS; Lippmann M
1995 ;8:127-?, Journal of aerosol medicine
— id: 72695, year: 1995, vol: 8, page: 127, stat: Journal Article,

A simple method for vapor dosing of charcoal sorbent tubes
Thomas ML; Cohen BS
1995 Jan;56(1):70-73, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
A method for vapor-dosing of charcoal sorbent tubes (CST) that does not require the expense and effort of a test chamber was used to test the desorption efficiency (DE) of seven solvent vapors, representing six classes of solvents as follows: aromatic hydrocarbons (m-xylene); ether/alcohol (2-ethoxyethanol); vinyl monomers (styrene monomer, vinyl acetate); aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-hexane); aliphatic esters (n-butyl acetate); and aliphatic acrylic monomers (methyl methacrylate). The quantities of the solvents used in these experiments would represent eight-hour exposures to concentrations of approximately 0.2 to 10 ppm. The vapor-dosing experimental system consisted of a loaded filter cassette connected directly to a CST. Vapor was generated by injecting liquid solvent onto the glass fiber filter and drawing air through the system. The solvent was desorbed from the filter and charcoal for analysis. Vapor desorption efficiency was determined from the fraction of the injected solvent evaporated from the filter and the amount recovered from the charcoal. The measured DEs were similar to those reported for liquid dosed charcoal. Vapor dosing of sorbent tubes is more representative of samples collected for industrial hygiene exposure assessment. The system is simple to use and applicable for vapor dosing of any sorbent tube
— id: 56719, year: 1995, vol: 56, page: 70, stat: Journal Article,

Benzene: sampling and analysis of ambient and indoor air
Xiong JQ; Cohen BS
1995 ;1(2):249-259, Advances in occupational medicine & rehabilitation
— id: 42966, year: 1995, vol: 1, page: 249, stat: Journal Article,

Occupational exposures to Cd, Ni, and Cr modulate titers of antioxidized DNA base autoantibodies
Frenkel K; Karkoszka J; Cohen B; Baranski B; Jakubowski M; Cosma G; Taioli E; Toniolo P
1994 Sep;102 Suppl 3:221-225, Environmental health perspectives
This study was undertaken to establish whether occupational exposures to derivatives of carcinogenic metals evoke inflammatory immune responses, as determined by the presence of elevated titers of antibodies (Ab) that recognize oxidized DNA bases. Sera obtained from the blood of steel welders (Delaware) and from workers of the Centra Ni-Cd Battery Factory (Poznan, Poland) were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To determine specific and nonspecific binding, an oxidized thymidine [5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdU)] coupled to bovine serum albumin (HMdU-BSA) as well as mock-coupled BSA (M-BSA) were used as antigens for coating the wells of microtiter plates. Titers of anti-HMdU Ab were significantly elevated in the high Cd and Ni exposure groups (18.3 +/- 3.2 vs 10.8 +/- 2.1 A492/microliters; p < 0.05). The sera of the groups with low exposures to Cd and Ni also had enhanced titers of those Ab but those increases were not statistically significant. Interestingly, the Ab titers present in the sera of controls for Cd and Ni exposures appear to be constant regardless of the protein content. In contrast, both lightly and heavily exposed subjects exhibited Ab titers that increased with increasing protein content. When 12 randomly selected workers (4 from each of the control, lightly, and heavily exposed groups) were outfitted with personal monitors, anti-HMdU Ab titers of those workers showed a significant difference between the groups with light (< 100 micrograms/m3) and heavy (> 200 micrograms/m3) exposures to Cd (9.8 +/- 3.7 vs 22.1 +/- 3.7 A492/microliters; p < 0.01) and Ni (11.7 +/- 1.4 vs 31.0 +/- 1.8; p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
— id: 6621, year: 1994, vol: 102 Suppl 3, page: 221, stat: Journal Article,

Tracheobronchial airway deposition of ultrafine particles
Yu P; Cohen BS
1994 ;38:83-89, Annals of occupational hygiene
— id: 42970, year: 1994, vol: 38, page: 83, stat: Journal Article,

Air sampling instrument performance
Cohen BS
1993 ;8:227-229, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
— id: 42974, year: 1993, vol: 8, page: 227, stat: Journal Article,

Radon and its short lived decay product aerosols
Cohen BS
Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques, and applications New York : Wiley, 1993,
— id: 3192, year: 1993, vol: , page: 799, stat: Chapter,

The First International Symposium on Air Sampling Instrument Performance
Cohen BS
1993 ;8:225-226, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
— id: 42975, year: 1993, vol: 8, page: 225, stat: Journal Article,

Response to Weber on the measurement of air concentrations of volatile aerosols in paint spray applications
Cohen BS; Brosseau LM; Fang CP; Bowers A; Snyder C
1993 ;8:816-816, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
— id: 42977, year: 1993, vol: 8, page: 816, stat: Journal Article,

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Air Sampling Instrument Performance
Cohen BS; McCammon CS; Vincent JH
1993 ;8:223-411, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
— id: 42976, year: 1993, vol: 8, page: 223, stat: Journal Article,

Factors affecting distribution of airflow in a human tracheobronchial cast
Cohen BS; Sussman RG; Lippmann M
1993 Sep;93(3):261-278, Respiration physiology
Air velocity was measured at end airways of hollow replicate casts of the human tracheobronchial tree in order to determine the flow distribution within casts extending to 3 mm diameter airways. Measurements were made by hot-wire anemometry for constant inspiratory flow rates of 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 L.min-1. Average flow distribution among the lung lobes was as follows: right upper, 18.5%; right middle, 9.2%; right lower, 32.3%; left upper, 15.7%; and left lower, 24.3%. An empirical model derived from the experimental flow distribution data demonstrated the effect of various morphometric parameters of the hollow cast on the distribution of airflow. Airway cross-sectional area, branching angle and total path-length were found to have the greatest influence. As the tracheal flow rate decreased from 60 to 7.5 L.min-1, the influence of branching angle was reduced, while total path-length became more influential. These results provide evidence for the transition of flow regimes within the TB tree within normal physiological flow ranges
— id: 56512, year: 1993, vol: 93, page: 261, stat: Journal Article,

GENERATION OF SUBMICRON MASS VOLUME-MONODISPERSE AEROSOLS WITH A NEBULIZER-IMPACTOR-ELECTROSTATIC CLASSIFIER SYSTEM
ASGHARIAN, B; FANG, CP; COHEN, BS
1992 FEB ;16(2):96-104, Aerosol science & technology
A study was undertaken to investigate the mass size dispersion of particles classified according to their electrical mobilities. This is of primary concern in experiments that measure a concentration dependent property of the classified particles. Initially, the mass size distribution of particles produced by the 3-jet Collison, 6-jet Collison, and Misty-Ox nebulizers was measured. A 0-2 stage impactor was placed after the nebulizers and the size mass distribution was measured again. The polydisperse particle stream was then used to generate 'size classified' aerosol and the mass size distribution of the equal mobility particles was calculated and measured. It was found that without an impactor in line, the aerosol stream contained a significant mass fraction of multiply charged particles. When an impactor was inserted directly after the nebulizers, the multiply charged particles were effectively removed and the particles were nearly monodisperse
— id: 52079, year: 1992, vol: 16, page: 96, stat: Journal Article,

Particle size distribution of automobile paint sprays
Brosseau LM; Fang CP; Synder C; Cohen BS
1992 ;7:607-612, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
— id: 42973, year: 1992, vol: 7, page: 607, stat: Journal Article,

Industrial hygiene measurement and control
Cohen BS
Environmental and occupational medicine Boston : Little Brown, 1992,
— id: 3175, year: 1992, vol: , page: 1389, stat: Chapter,

Measurement of air concentrations of volatile aerosols in paint spray applications
Cohen BS; Brosseau LM; Fang CP; Bowers A; Snyder C
1992 ;7:514-521, Applied occupational & environmental hygiene
— id: 42972, year: 1992, vol: 7, page: 514, stat: Journal Article,

Aerosol tracer study of gas convective transport to 0.1-cm airways by high-frequency ventilation in a human lung airway cast
Fang CP; Cohen BS; Lippmann M
1992 Sep-Oct;18(5):615-632, Experimental lung research
A cast of human tracheobronchial airways, which is complete to airways less than 0.1 cm in diameter, was employed for experimental studies of gas convective transport by high-frequency ventilation (HFV). The cast was ventilated with gases of different kinematic viscosity (He, air, and SF6) and tidal volumes of 10-60 mL. The convective transport through the cast was followed by labeling the tidal volume with 0.5-micron aerosol particles. Such particles undergo little diffusion and have a short relaxation time and, therefore, can serve as tracers of stream flow. The time of arrival of particles transported to isolated peripheral segments of the cast during HFV was measured with an optical particle counter at various oscillatory tidal volumes and frequencies. Distally directed particle transport was found to be substantial in He and air, but weak in SF6. The extent of transport increased with increasing tidal volume. These results provide evidence for a distally directed axial flow during quasi-steady-state tidal breathing of lung airways over a wide range of frequency. This superimposed distal flow along the axial core is consistent with (1) the demonstrated efficacy of O2-CO2 exchange during HFV, and (2) concentrations of particles deposited on bifurcations of alveolar ducts as observed during normal breathing in small animal inhalation studies
— id: 8398, year: 1992, vol: 18, page: 615, stat: Journal Article,

Air sampling to measure beryllium inhalation exposure
Cohen BS
Berylllium: biomedical and environmental aspects Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, 1991,
— id: 3179, year: 1991, vol: , page: 211, stat: Chapter,

Asbestos fiber deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast. I. Experimental
Sussman RG; Cohen BS; Lippmann M
1991 ;3:145-160, Inhalation toxicology
— id: 42967, year: 1991, vol: 3, page: 145, stat: Journal Article,

Asbestos fiber deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast. II. Empirical model
Sussman RG; Cohen BS; Lippmann M
1991 ;3:161-179, Inhalation toxicology
— id: 42968, year: 1991, vol: 3, page: 161, stat: Journal Article,

DEPOSITION OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN THE UPPER AIRWAYS - AN EMPIRICAL-ANALYSIS
Cohen, BS; Asgharian, B
1990 Oct;21(6):789-797, Journal of aerosol science
— id: 31844, year: 1990, vol: 21, page: 789, stat: Journal Article,

ULTRAFINE PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN A HUMAN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL CAST
Cohen, BS; Sussman, RG; Lippmann, M
1990 Jul 3;12(4):1082-1091, Aerosol science & technology
— id: 31861, year: 1990, vol: 12, page: 1082, stat: Journal Article,

Flow distribution through human and canine airways during inhalation and exhalation
Briant JK; Cohen BS
1989 Oct;67(4):1649-1654, Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda)
Airflow distribution through the tracheobronchial tree is influenced by many factors. In a hollow cast of the central airways, the only factors involved are resistance and inertia of the airflow. Distribution of steady flow during both inhalation and exhalation was measured at different total flow rates in human and canine tracheobronchial casts. The resulting airflow rates in peripheral segments were measured with a sensitive apparatus, which did not disturb the distribution of flow. Inertia of the airflow was found to be small but significant in airways of the human cast and substantially greater in the canine airway cast than in the human cast during inhalation. The influence of airflow inertia during inhalation was largely responsible for the different distributions of flow during inhalation and exhalation through the airway casts. Airflow resistance was found to be considerably greater during exhalation and may have contributed to the redistribution of flow. The forces involved are small but should be considered when modeling the in vivo distribution of airflow
— id: 10466, year: 1989, vol: 67, page: 1649, stat: Journal Article,

Sampling airborne radioactivity
Cohen BS
Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants Cincinnati Ohio : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienits, 1989,
— id: 3183, year: 1989, vol: , page: 221, stat: Chapter,

Flow distribution in human and canine tracheobronchial airway casts
Cohen BS; Briant JK
1989 ;57 Suppl 1:21-27, Health physics
Measurements of flow rates through hollow casts of human and canine tracheobronchial airways, which extend from just below the larynx to airways 1 mm in diameter, show basic similarities in the distribution of air flow and also species differences which must be considered. The distribution of air flow, for both constant and pulsatile inspiratory flow, was measured for minute volumes equivalent to 6, 11, 17 and 22 L min-1 for the human and 3, 6, 8, and 11 L min-1 for the dog. Inertia of air flow (inertance) was found to carry more of the flow to airways of the lower lobes at higher flow rates. Basic differences in airway branching pattern result in a more distinct change in airflow distribution as flow rate changes for the canine cast as compared with the human cast. These differences should contribute to differing patterns of mass transfer of inhaled particles and gases in central airways of the two species
— id: 10814, year: 1989, vol: 57 Suppl 1, page: 21, stat: Journal Article,

Nonuniform particle deposition on tracheobronchial airways: implications for lung dosimetry
Cohen BS; Harley NH; Schlesinger RB; Lippmann M
1988 ;32(Suppl 1):1045-1053, Annals of occupational hygiene
— id: 42969, year: 1988, vol: 32, page: 1045, stat: Journal Article,

Design of a sampling program
Cohen BS
Practical statistics for operational health physics. Health Physics Society Summer School 1987 [S.l.] : Health Physics Society, 1987,
— id: 3195, year: 1987, vol: , page: , stat: Chapter,

Variation of workplace atmospheres
Cohen BS
Practical statistics for operational health physics. Health Physics Society Summer School 1987 [S.l.] : Health Physics Society, 1987,
— id: 3194, year: 1987, vol: , page: , stat: Chapter,

Industrial hygiene protection for the podiatric physician
Cohen, B S
1987 Jul;4(3):605-618, Clinics in podiatric medicine & surgery
The podiatrist should remain alert to the potential for exposure to hazardous agents such as those discussed in this article. Exposures in the office or hospital may be evaluated by the methods of industrial hygiene. If control is needed, simple measures can frequently effect substantial reduction in exposure and afford protection to the physician, staff, and patient
— id: 111578, year: 1987, vol: 4, page: 605, stat: Journal Article,

DEPOSITION OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN THE HUMAN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE - A DETERMINANT OF THE DOSE FROM RADON DAUGHTERS
Cohen, BS
1987 Jan;331(1):475-486, ACS symposium series
— id: 31276, year: 1987, vol: 331, page: 475, stat: Journal Article,

UPDATING RADON DAUGHTER BRONCHIAL DOSIMETRY
Harley, NH; Cohen, BS
1987 Jan;331(1):419-429, ACS symposium series
— id: 31275, year: 1987, vol: 331, page: 419, stat: Journal Article,

Introduction: the first 40 years
Cohen BS
Cascade impactor: sampling & data analysis Akron OH : American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1986,
— id: 3180, year: 1986, vol: , page: 1, stat: Chapter,

Ultrafine particle deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast
Cohen BS
Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Washington DC: Alliance for Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 1986,
— id: 3190, year: 1986, vol: , page: 251, stat: Chapter,

The dosimetric approach to risk from radon progeny
Cohen BS; Harley NH
Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Washington DC: Alliance for Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 1986,
— id: 3191, year: 1986, vol: , page: 41, stat: Chapter,

Resuspension of dust from work clothing as a source of inhalation exposure
Cohen BS; Positano R
1986 May;47(5):255-258, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
Workshirts which had been worn by employees at a beryllium refinery were tested to assess whether wear significantly affects the amount of resuspended Be containing dust. Sections of six work shirts--three 'new' (one washed, two unwashed) and three 'old' (one washed, two unwashed)--were analyzed to measure the concentration of Be in the fabric. Additional swatches were agitated to resuspend Be particles inside a closed steel glove box. Air samples were taken with filter cassette monitors. After sampling, the fabric and filter samples were analyzed for beryllium. As a group, the old shirts resuspended significantly higher quantities of Be to the air than did the washed and unwashed new shirts. A considerable fraction of the Be measured in air was respirable
— id: 42965, year: 1986, vol: 47, page: 255, stat: Journal Article,

DEPOSITION OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN THE HUMAN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE - A DETERMINATION OF THE DOSE FROM RADON DAUGHTERS
COHEN, BS
1986 APR 13 ;191(14):34-NUCL, Abstracts of papers (American Chemical Society)
— id: 41485, year: 1986, vol: 191, page: 34, stat: Journal Article,

Superior vena caval blood flow velocities in adults: a Doppler echocardiographic study
Cohen, M L; Cohen, B S; Kronzon, I; Lighty, G W; Winer, H E
1986 Jul;61(1):215-219, Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda)
Superior vena caval blood flow velocity was measured in 30 normal adults (age 20-65, mean 36 yr). The flow velocities were measured by pulsed Doppler echocardiography, using a Duplex system with the transducer at the right supraclavicular fossa, approximating a 0 degrees Doppler angle. Four distinct flow waveforms were found during each cardiac cycle: A, a small retrograde flow during right atrial contraction (peak flow velocity 12.4 +/- 2.2 cm/s); B, a small antegrade flow during right atrial relaxation (15.7 +/- 5.0 cm/s); S, a large antegrade flow during ventricular systole (35.2 +/- 7.3 cm/s); and D, a large antegrade flow during ventricular diastole (23.2 +/- 3.1 cm/s). The wave duration was inversely related to heart rate. The peak flow velocities of the S and D waves were inversely related to the patients' ages. This study provides recognition of the pattern and range of normality essential to extension of this noninvasive technique to the diagnosis of pathological conditions
— id: 100116, year: 1986, vol: 61, page: 215, stat: Journal Article,

UPDATING RADON DAUGHTER BRONCHIAL DOSIMETRY
HARLEY, NH; COHEN, BS
1986 APR 13 ;191(14):35-NUCL, Abstracts of papers (American Chemical Society)
— id: 41486, year: 1986, vol: 191, page: 35, stat: Journal Article,

SUPERIOR VENA-CAVAL BLOOD-FLOW VELOCITIES IN PATIENTS WITH TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
KRONZON, I; COHEN, ML; COHEN, B; LIGHTY, GW; POLITZER, F
1986 JUN ;89(6):S527-S527, Chest
— id: 41385, year: 1986, vol: 89, page: S527, stat: Journal Article,

The effect of aerosol on estimates of inhalation exposure to airborne styrene
Malek RF; Daisey JM; Cohen BS
1986 Sep;47(9):524-529, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
Exposure to volatile organic contaminants usually is attributed to vapors alone; samples are collected on charcoal tubes or by passive dosimeters. This study demonstrated that aerosols, generated during the spraying of polyester resin solution, can contribute significantly to the exposure to volatile organic contaminants. Four spraying experiments were performed during which 64 samples were collected and analyzed to determine the styrene air concentrations. The results from the four spraying experiments showed that aerosols represented 30% +/- 3% of the total air concentration of styrene. The contribution of aerosols to inhalation exposure needs to be considered in other industrial situations where spray processes are used
— id: 42964, year: 1986, vol: 47, page: 524, stat: Journal Article,

Aerosol resuspension from fabric: implications for personal monitoring in the beryllium industry
Bohne JE Jr; Cohen BS
1985 Feb;46(2):73-79, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
The fabric used for work clothing at an industrial site can significantly influence personal monitor (PM) exposure estimates because dust resuspension from clothing can increase the concentration at the sampler inlet. The magnitude of the effect depends on removal forces and on the interaction of the contaminant particles with work garments. Aerosol deposition and resuspension on cotton and Nomex aramid fabrics was evaluated at a beryllium refinery. Electrostatically charged cotton backdrops collected more beryllium than neutral controls, but electronegative Nomex backdrops did not. Moving fabrics collected more beryllium than did stationary controls. When contaminated fabrics were agitated, PMs mounted 2.5 cm in front of the fabric collected more beryllium than monitors above the fabric, positioned to simulate the nose or mouth. The difference between the air concentrations measured by these PMs increased with Be loading and tended to level off for highly contaminated fabric. Cotton resuspended a larger fraction of its contaminant load than Nomex. These results are consistent with current knowledge of the behavior of particles on fabric fibers. Aerosol resuspension from garments is an important consideration in assessing inhalation exposure to toxic dusts. A garment may attract and retain toxic particles. This contamination is then available for later resuspension
— id: 42959, year: 1985, vol: 46, page: 73, stat: Journal Article,

Clearance of polonium-210-enriched cigarette smoke from the rat trachea and lung
Cohen BS; Harley NH; Tso TC
1985 Jun 30;79(2):314-322, Toxicology & applied pharmacology
The distribution and clearance of alpha radioactivity in the lungs of rats were measured after inhalation of smoke from cigarettes highly enriched in 210Po. Female Fischer rats were exposed daily for 6 months to smoke from cigarettes with 500 times the normal content of 210Po. Control rats were exposed to standard cigarette smoke. Animals were serially withdrawn and killed. After necropsy the trachea, major bronchi, larynx, and nasopharynx were examined for surface alpha activity by an etched track technique utilizing cellulose nitrate detectors. Areas of accumulated activity were seen on samples of larynx from rats exposed to the 210Po-enriched cigarettes. No other local accumulations were seen on the airways. The lower lungs were analyzed radiochemically for 210Po. Both radiochemical analysis and track measurements showed highly elevated activity concentrations in rats exposed to the 210Po-enriched cigarettes. Following withdrawal from smoking, both short- and long-term clearance components were seen. The parameters which fit the postexposure data for clearance of the lung burden cannot fit the buildup during the exposure period
— id: 20264, year: 1985, vol: 79, page: 314, stat: Journal Article,

Bias in air sampling techniques used to measure inhalation exposure
Cohen BS; Harley NH; Lippmann M
1984 Mar;45(3):187-192, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
Factors have been evaluated which contribute to the lack of agreement between inhalation exposure estimates obtained by time-weighted averaging of samples taken with mini hi-volume samplers, and those measured by time integrating, low-volume, lapel mounted, personal monitors. Measurements made with real-time aerosol monitors on workers at a Be-Cu production furnace show that part of the discrepancy results from variability of the aerosol concentration within the breathing zone. Field studies of sampler inlet bias, the influences of the electrostatic fields around polystyrene filter holders, and resuspension of dust from work clothing, were done in three areas of a Be plant. No significant differences were found in Be air concentrations measured simultaneously by open and closed face cassettes, and 'mini hi-volume' samplers mounted on a test stand. No significant influence on Be collection was detected between either positively or negatively charged monitors and charge neutralized control monitors. The effect of contaminated work clothing on dust collection by lapel mounted monitors is most important. Beryllium release from the fabrics affected air concentrations measured by fabric mounted monitors more than it affected concentrations measured by monitors positioned above the fabrics. The latter were placed 16 cm from the vertically mounted fabrics, to simulate the position of the nose or mouth. We conclude that dust resuspended from work clothing is the major source of the observed discrepancy between exposures estimated from lapel mounted samplers and time-weighted averages
— id: 20268, year: 1984, vol: 45, page: 187, stat: Journal Article,

Resuspension of dust from work clothing as a source of inhalation exposure
Cohen BS; Positano R
Aerosols: science, technology, and industrial applications of airborne particles New York : Elsevier, 1984,
— id: 3184, year: 1984, vol: , page: 515, stat: Chapter,

Effects of electrostatic charge on aerosol collection with polystyrene filter cassettes
Turner S; Cohen BS
1984 Nov;45(11):745-748, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
Electrostatic fields are present on polystyrene cassette filter holders commonly used to measure the concentration of particles in air. Beryllium concentrations were determined at a beryllium refinery using neutral, and positively and negatively charged cassettes. In laboratory experiments, tobacco smoke, magnetite and polyvinyltoluene latex spheres were collected by both charged and neutral cassettes. No differences in concentration measurements were observed in the experiments at the refinery. In the laboratory experiments, the concentration of a charged negative aerosol collected by a highly charged negative cassette was reduced. Thus, when collecting charged aerosols, the polystyrene cassettes should be charge neutralized
— id: 42963, year: 1984, vol: 45, page: 745, stat: Journal Article,

Sampling artifacts in the breathing zone
Cohen BS; Harley N; Martinelli C; Chang A; Lippmann M
Aerosols in the mining and industrial work environments Ann Arbor MI : Ann Arbor Science, 1983,
— id: 4330, year: 1983, vol: , page: 347, stat: Chapter,

Sampling artifacts in the breathing zone
Cohen BS; Harley NH; Martinelli CA; Lippmann M
Aerosols in the mining and industrial work environments Ann Arbor MI: Ann Arbor Science, 1983,
— id: 3189, year: 1983, vol: , page: 347, stat: Chapter,

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PATTERN OF CIGARETTE-SMOKE AEROSOL ON AIRWAY SURFACES BY TRACK ETCH FILM DETECTORS
COHEN, BS; HARLEY, NH; TSO, TC
1983 ;2(2):294-294, Aerosol science & technology
— id: 40669, year: 1983, vol: 2, page: 294, stat: Journal Article,

Monitoring real-time aerosol distribution in the breathing zone
Martinelli CA; Harley NH; Lippmann M; Cohen BS
1983 Apr;44(4):280-285, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
A prototype air sampling, data recording, and data retrieval system was developed for monitoring aerosol concentrations in a worker's breathing zone. Three continuous-reading, light-scattering aerosol monitors and a tape recorder were incorporated into a specially designed and fabricated backpack for detailed field monitoring of both temporal and spatial variability in aerosol concentrations within the breathing zone. The backpack was worn by workers in a beryllium refinery. The aerosol which passed through each monitor was collected on a back-up filter for later chemical analysis for Be and Cu. The aerosol concentrations were recorded on magnetic tape as a function of time. The recorded signals were subsequently transcribed onto a strip chart recorder, then evaluated using a microcomputer with graphics capability. Field measurements made of the aerosol concentration at the forehead, nose, and lapel of operators during the melting and casting of beryllium-copper alloy demonstrated that there is considerable variability in concentration at different locations within the breathing zone. They also showed that operations resulting in worker exposure can be identified, and the precise time and duration of exposure can be determined
— id: 20269, year: 1983, vol: 44, page: 280, stat: Journal Article,

ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY OF TRACE LEVELS OF BERYLLIUM IN INDUSTRIAL AEROSOLS
CHANG, AE; MORSE, R; HARLEY, NH; LIPPMANN, M; COHEN, BS
1982 ;43(2):117-119, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
— id: 40459, year: 1982, vol: 43, page: 117, stat: Journal Article,

EXPOSURE ESTIMATES FROM PERSONAL LAPEL MONITORS
COHEN, BS; CHANG, AE; HARLEY, NH; LIPPMANN, M
1982 ;43(4):239-243, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal
— id: 40434, year: 1982, vol: 43, page: 239, stat: Journal Article,

RADIOACTIVITY IN CIGARETTE-SMOKE
Cohen, BS; Harley, NH
1982 ;307(5):310-311, New England journal of medicine
— id: 30536, year: 1982, vol: 307, page: 310, stat: Journal Article,

alpha Radioactivity in cigarette smoke
Cohen BS; Eisenbud M; Harley NH
1980 Jul;83(1):190-196, Radiation research
— id: 20279, year: 1980, vol: 83, page: 190, stat: Journal Article,

Measurement of the alpha-radioactivity on the mucosal surface of the human bronchial tree
Cohen BS; Eisenbud M; Harley NH
1980 Oct;39(4):619-632, Health physics
— id: 20277, year: 1980, vol: 39, page: 619, stat: Journal Article,

Measurements of alpha activity on the bronchial mucosa in smokers
Cohen BS; Harley NH
1980 Sep-Oct;35(5):313-314, Archives of environmental health
— id: 20278, year: 1980, vol: 35, page: 313, stat: Journal Article,

THE MEASUREMENT OF PB-210 AND PU-239,PU-240 IN THE LUNGS OF SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS
COHEN, BS; HARLEY, NH; FISENNE, IM
1980 ;39(6):1045-1046, Health physics
— id: 40272, year: 1980, vol: 39, page: 1045, stat: Journal Article,

Po-210: a questionable risk factor in smoking related carcinogenesis
Harley NH; Cohen BS; Tso TC
A safe cigarette? Cold Spring Harbor NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980,
— id: 3177, year: 1980, vol: , page: 93, stat: Chapter,

Distribution of polonium-210 in the human lung
Cohen BS; Eisenbud M; Wrenn ME; Harley NH
1979 Jul;79(1):162-168, Radiation research
— id: 20280, year: 1979, vol: 79, page: 162, stat: Journal Article,

The magnitude, lung distribution and significance of the poldnium-210 inhaled in cigarette smoke [doctoral disseration]
Cohen, Beverly S
New York: New York University, Graduate School of Arts and Science, 1979,
— id: 767, year: 1979, vol: , page: , stat: ,

MEASUREMENT OF THE ALPHA RADIOACTIVITY ON THE MUCOSAL SURFACE OF THE HUMAN BRONCHIAL TREE
Cohen, BS; Eisenbud, M; Harley, NH
1979 ;37(6):839-840, Health physics
— id: 28052, year: 1979, vol: 37, page: 839, stat: Journal Article,

DISTRIBUTION OF PO-210 IN THE HUMAN LUNG
Cohen, BS; Eisenbud, M; Wrenn, ME; Harley, NH
1978 ;35(6):898-898, Health physics
— id: 30167, year: 1978, vol: 35, page: 898, stat: Journal Article,

Radioactivity in asbestos
Harley NH; Cohen BS; Pasternack BS; et al
1978 ;1(4):161-165, Environment international
226Ra has been measured in five asbestos group minerals. The activity levels are variable, are consistent with other forms of rock and range from 0.01-0.4 pCi 226Ra/g. Alpha particles from asbestos fibers immobilized in the lower lung near pleural surfaces and in the upper lung on bronchial surfaces may be implicated in initiating mesothelioma and bronchial carcinoma
— id: 32510, year: 1978, vol: 1, page: 161, stat: Journal Article,

Polonium-210 in tobacco
Harley NH; Cohen BS; Tso TC
Radioactivity in consumer products Washingon DC: US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1978,
— id: 3188, year: 1978, vol: , page: 199, stat: Chapter,

Characteristics of cigarette smoke and its deposition pattern within the lungs
Lippmann M; Cohen BS
Proceedings of the Tobacco Smoke Inhalation Workshop on Bioassay Models and Inhalation Toxicology Bethesda MD: NIH, 1976,
— id: 3187, year: 1976, vol: , page: ?, stat: Chapter,

A technique for studying the tissue distribution of iodinated (I-131) serum albumin utilizing sodium chromate (Cr-51) as a erythrocyte label [mastes thesis]
Cohen, Beverly S
[S.l.] : Cornell University. Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1961,
— id: 768, year: 1961, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Effects of radiation quality, target-axis distance, and field size on dose distribution in rotation therapy
QUIMBY EH; COHEN BS
1957 Nov;78(5):819-830, American journal of roentology, radium therapy, & nuclear medicine
— id: 42962, year: 1957, vol: 78, page: 819, stat: Journal Article,

A multiple pinhole camera for accurate centering of the roentgen-ray tube in its housing
COHEN BS
1956 Jan;75(1):149-152, American journal of roentology, radium therapy, & nuclear medicine
— id: 42961, year: 1956, vol: 75, page: 149, stat: Journal Article,

Calculation of tissue doses and data for the production of isodose charts, using standard depth-dose tables
QUIMBY EH; COHEN BS; CASTRO V; MEREDITH WJ
1956 May;66(5):667-685, Radiology
— id: 42960, year: 1956, vol: 66, page: 667, stat: Journal Article,