Ronald E Carr, M.D.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL AND ABNORMAL FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE IN PATIENTS WITH RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
Greenstein VC; Duncker T; Holopigian K; Carr RE; Greenberg JP; Tsang SH; Hood DC
2011 Feb;32(2):349-357, Retina
PURPOSE:: To analyze the structure and visual function of regions bordering the hyperautofluorescent ring/arcs in retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS:: Twenty-one retinitis pigmentosa patients (21 eyes) with rings/arcs and 21 normal individuals (21 eyes) were studied. Visual sensitivity in the central 10 degrees was measured with microperimetry. Retinal structure was evaluated with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The distance from the fovea to disruption/loss of the inner outer segment (IS/OS) junction and thicknesses of the total receptor plus retinal pigment epithelial complex and outer segment plus retinal pigment epithelial complex layers were measured. Results were compared with measurements of the distance from the fovea to the inner and outer borders of the ring/arc seen on fundus autofluorescence. RESULTS:: Disruption/loss of the inner outer segment junction occurred closer to the inner border of the ring/arc and it was closer to the fovea in eight eyes. For 19 eyes, outer segment plus and receptor plus RPE complex thicknesses were significantly decreased at locations closer to the fovea than the appearance of the inner border of hyperautofluorescence. Mean visual sensitivity was decreased inside, across, and outside the ring/arc by 3.5 +/- 3.8, 8.9 +/- 4.8, and 17.0 +/- 2.4 dB, respectively. CONCLUSION:: Structural and functional changes can occur inside the hyperfluorescent ring/arc in retinitis pigmentosa
— id: 148694, year: 2011, vol: 32, page: 349, stat: Journal Article,

A comparison of fundus autofluorescence and retinal structure in patients with Stargardt disease
Gomes, Nuno L; Greenstein, Vivienne C; Carlson, Joshua N; Tsang, Stephen H; Smith, R Theodore; Carr, Ronald E; Hood, Donald C; Chang, Stanley
2009 Aug;50(8):3953-3959, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To improve the understanding of Stargardt disease by comparing structural changes seen on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to those visible on fundus autofluorescence (FAF). METHODS: FAF and SD-OCT were performed on 22 eyes of 11 patients with Stargardt disease. SD-OCT images were obtained at the fovea and at the eccentric preferred retinal locus (PRL). The diameters of absent (hypoautofluorescence) and abnormal FAF areas were measured. The extent of the transverse defect of the junction between the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors (IS-OS) was measured in the foveal area. The PRL was evaluated with fundus photography and microperimetry. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 22 eyes showed defective FAF. In 17 eyes, FAF was absent in the fovea and in four eyes, FAF was abnormal. All eyes showed disorganization and/or loss of the IS-OS junction in the foveal area on SD-OCT. The diameter of the absent FAF area was smaller than the measurement of the IS-OS junction loss; the latter was closer to the diameter of the abnormal FAF area. Seventeen eyes had an eccentric PRL associated with a retinal area with no defects on FAF. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of eyes, changes shown by SD-OCT correlated well with changes in FAF. However, in three patients, photoreceptor abnormalities were seen in the fovea on SD-OCT without an equivalent abnormality on FAF. This result suggests that in these patients, the structural integrity of the photoreceptors may be affected earlier than changes in the RPE at least as detected by FAF
— id: 148699, year: 2009, vol: 50, page: 3953, stat: Journal Article,

Eccentricity-dependent changes in local onset and offset responses in patients with progressive cone dystrophy
Holopigian, K; Wynn, P; Seiple, W; Carr, R E; Hood, D C
2007 Aug;47(17):2297-2304, Vision research
Shinoda and colleagues hypothesized that patients with cone dystrophy (CD) might suffer from a selective ON-system deficit, based on the local nature of the disease [Shinoda, K, Ohde, H, Inoue, R, Ishida, S, Mashima, Y, & Oguchi, Y (2002). ON-pathway disturbance in two siblings. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 80, 219-223]. The purpose of the current study was to test this hypothesis by examining onset and offset responses as a function of eccentricity in a group of patients with CD using long-duration LED stimuli. Nine patients with CD participated in this study (mean age of 36.1 years and visual acuity 20/200). For this study, the following measures were obtained: Humphrey threshold visual fields, standard multifocal ERGs (mfERGs) as well as mfERGs to long duration stimuli recorded using the Retiscan stimulator (Roland Instruments). This display contained 61 scaled hexagons and the LEDs were on for 100ms (180cd/m(2)) and off for 100ms. In addition, standard full-field photopic and flicker ERGs using Ganzfeld stimulation were obtained. For the control subjects, the onset responses were larger than the offset responses at all eccentricities; whereas for the patients, there was overlap between the amplitudes of the onset and offset responses. For the patients, the amplitude ratios (relative to the control data) indicated that the difference between the onset and offset responses was greatest for the central-most ring and this difference decreased with increasing eccentricity. For the onset responses, Humphrey thresholds and mfERG amplitudes, performance was poorest for the center ring and best for the most peripheral ring; for the offset responses, the opposite pattern of results was obtained. The differences in the pattern of results in the long duration mfERG data are consistent with a selective loss of the onset responses in our patient population
— id: 73870, year: 2007, vol: 47, page: 2297, stat: Journal Article,

A prospective study of rod and cone function in patients with dominantly inherited, progressive cone dystrophy
Holopigian, K; Greenstein, VC; Seiple, W; Gallardo, JM; Noble, KG; Carr, RE
2005 ;46(Suppl S):4086-4086, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 56199, year: 2005, vol: 46, page: 4086, stat: Journal Article,

Multifocal visual evoked potentials to cone specific stimuli in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Holopigian, K; Shuwairi, S M; Greenstein, V C; Winn, B J; Zhang, X; Carr, R E; Hood, D C
2005 Nov;45(25-26):3244-3252, Vision research
Our aim was to determine whether patients with retinitis pigmentosa show differences in L- and M-cone multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) responses that are eccentricity dependent, as has been shown for control subjects. Second, we compared the losses for mfVEPs to losses on achromatic visual field and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) measures in the patients. Monocular mfVEPs were recorded to a pattern reversing display that modulated only the L- or M-cones. Also, standard automated achromatic visual fields and mfERGs were obtained. For the control subjects, the ratio of L-cone to M-cone mfVEP amplitudes increased as a function of retinal eccentricity. For the patients, the ratio did not vary with eccentricity. For all measures, responses were least affected for the first ring (central 2.4 degrees ) and most affected for the third ring (11.6 degrees - 44.4 degrees ). For the first ring, mfERG amplitudes were more impaired than were the mfVEPs or the visual field thresholds. For most of the patients, there was local response correspondence among our measures of visual function
— id: 61418, year: 2005, vol: 45, page: 3244, stat: Journal Article,

Reliability of multifocal electroretinograms and Humphrey visual field thresholds in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Clemens, CJ; Seiple, W; Holopigian, K; Carr, RE
2004 APR ;45(9):U577-U577, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 48934, year: 2004, vol: 45, page: U577, stat: Journal Article,

Atypical multifocal ERG responses in patients with diseases affecting the photoreceptors
Greenstein, V C; Holopigian, K; Seiple, W; Carr, R E; Hood, D C
2004 Nov;44(25):2867-2874, Vision research
The purpose of this study was to investigate atypical multifocal ERG (mfERG) responses for patients with diseases that can affect the photoreceptors. MfERGS were obtained from seven patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), three with progressive cone dystrophy (CD) and eight with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Both first- and second-order kernel responses were analyzed. The amplitudes and implicit times of the first-order responses were compared to those obtained from age-similar controls. For the first slice of the second-order response, the root-mean-square (RMS) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each response were calculated. Achromatic visual fields were also obtained from each subject. For the three groups of patients, first-order responses with relatively large amplitudes, broad-shaped waveforms and markedly increased implicit times had non-measurable second-order responses. These responses were associated with areas of decreased visual field sensitivity. As RP, CD and DR affect the outer retina, the results are consistent with damage to the outer plexiform layer rather than damage to the inner retina
— id: 92140, year: 2004, vol: 44, page: 2867, stat: Journal Article,

An examination of local ON- and OFF-System responses in patients with progressive cone dystrophy using long duration LED stimulation
Holopigian, K; Wynn, P; Clemens, CJ; Seiple, W; Carr, RE; Hood, DC
2004 APR ;45(9):U586-U586, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 48935, year: 2004, vol: 45, page: U586, stat: Journal Article,

Rod and cone photoreceptor function in patients with cone dystrophy
Holopigian, Karen; Greenstein, Vivienne C; Seiple, William; Hood, Donald C; Carr, Ronald E
2004 Jan;45(1):275-281, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To determine the extent of rod and cone photoreceptor dysfunction in patients with cone dystrophy using psychophysical and electrophysiological tests. METHODS: Ten patients with cone dystrophy participated. Rod and cone system psychophysical thresholds were measured as a function of retinal eccentricity. Bright-flash full-field electroretinograms were obtained under dark-adapted (rod-mediated) and light-adapted (cone-mediated) conditions. The a-wave data were fitted with a model based on photopigment transduction to obtain values for log Rmax (maximum response) and log S (sensitivity). b-Wave parameters were also examined by fitting a nonlinear, saturating function (the Naka-Rushton equation) to the rod-mediated responses. Oscillatory potentials were measured to the cone-mediated high-intensity flashes. RESULTS: On average, the rod-mediated psychophysical thresholds were elevated by 0.5 log unit. These threshold elevations did not differ significantly with retinal eccentricity. In contrast, cone-mediated psychophysical thresholds were elevated up to 3.0 log units. Threshold elevation was greatest in the central retinal locations. For rod-mediated conditions, the a-wave Rmax parameter was significantly reduced in three patients; the a-wave log S parameter was within normal limits. The rod-mediated b-wave Rmax parameter was reduced in six patients; log k was abnormal in one patient. For cone-mediated conditions, the a-wave Rmax parameter was reduced in six patients and the a-wave log S parameter was reduced in two patients. The cone system oscillatory potentials were abnormal in nine patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cone dystrophy show different patterns of psychophysical rod versus cone system sensitivity losses with retinal eccentricity. The full-field electrophysiological data indicate that most of the patients had abnormal cone photoreceptor function. Some patients also showed rod photoreceptor abnormalities. The rod system changes were smaller than the cone system changes
— id: 42630, year: 2004, vol: 45, page: 275, stat: Journal Article,

Test-retest reliability of the multifocal electroretinogram and humphrey visual fields in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Seiple, William; Clemens, Colleen J; Greenstein, Vivienne C; Carr, Ronald E; Holopigian, Karen
2004 Nov;109(3):255-272, Documenta ophthalmologica
We examined the reliability of Humphrey visual field thresholds and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) amplitudes and timing in a group of patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). Eight patients with RP and seven control subjects were tested five times: at baseline (visit #0), at three weekly follow-up visits (visits #1 - #3), and at three months (visit #4). For the Humphrey thresholds, differences between dB values on repeat visits were obtained. Differences between log values on repeat visits were calculated for mfERG amplitude and implicit time. We used the standard deviations of these difference scores as a measure of reliability and the means of the difference scores as a measure of progression. We found that the majority of the patients' repeat data were more variable than that of the control subjects for both the Humphrey and mfERG. We found no single factor that predicted the magnitude, or the variance, of the SD of differences scores for the patients. We recommend that each patient's reliability be assessed individually. Ultimately, the choice of an outcome measure must be guided by its reliability, as well as its ability to assess the visual function of interest
— id: 55997, year: 2004, vol: 109, page: 255, stat: Journal Article,

A comparison of multifocal and full-field photopic electroretinograms in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Wynn, P; Holopigian, K; Carr, RE; Hood, DC
2004 APR ;45(9):U576-U576, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 48933, year: 2004, vol: 45, page: U576, stat: Journal Article,

Local ON and OFF system responses in patients with progressive cone dystrophy
Holopigian, K; Seiple, W; Clemens, CJ; Rozenbaum, I; Carr, RE
2003 MAY ;44(3):U105-U105, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 55417, year: 2003, vol: 44, page: U105, stat: Journal Article,

Choroideremia with polydactyly mimicking the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Schwartz, Stephen G; Noble, Kenneth G; Carr, Ronald E
2003 Jun;23(3):413-415, Retina
— id: 92139, year: 2003, vol: 23, page: 413, stat: Journal Article,

Multifocal electroretinography as a function of age: the importance of normative values for older adults
Seiple, William; Vajaranant, Thasarat S; Szlyk, Janet P; Clemens, Colleen; Holopigian, Karen; Paliga, Jennifer; Badawi, David; Carr, Ronald E
2003 Apr;44(4):1783-1792, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To determine the influence of age on local electroretinographic responses in humans. METHODS: Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were obtained from 62 normally sighted subjects ranging in age from 21 to 81 years. A stimulus array of 103 scaled hexagons was used to measure electrical signals within a retinal area approximately 46 degrees in diameter. Commonly reported mfERG methods were used to quantify the responses: peak-to-peak amplitudes and implicit times, scalar product amplitude, and amplitude and time scales derived from the algorithm of Hood and Li, published in 1997. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed significant linear relationships of amplitude and timing measures with age. The rates of losses were 10.5% per decade for peak-to-peak amplitude, 11.7% per decade for scalar product amplitude, and 9.5% per decade for a-scale. The rate of amplitude reduction was highest in the central 3 degrees. Age had less influence on implicit time measures. The rates of timing losses were 1.4% per decade for the N1 component and 1.0% per decade for both the P1 component and the t-scale measure. Using predicted interval ranges, the age was calculated at which 50% of the expected values would fall below the lower 95% prediction interval band of younger subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The age-associated mfERG alterations are presented to emphasize the importance of appropriate normative data in interpretation of mfERGs
— id: 39262, year: 2003, vol: 44, page: 1783, stat: Journal Article,

Test-retest reliability of psychophysical and electrophysiological perimetric measures in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Clemens, CJ; Kirzhner, M; Holopigian, K; Seiple, W; Greenstein, VC; Carr, RE
2002 MAY ;43(3):U254-U254, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 55483, year: 2002, vol: 43, page: U254, stat: Journal Article,

Local cone and rod system function in progressive cone dystrophy
Holopigian, Karen; Seiple, William; Greenstein, Vivienne C; Hood, Donald C; Carr, Ronald E
2002 Jul;43(7):2364-2373, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To compare the patterns of local cone and rod system impairment in patients with progressive cone dystrophy (CD) using psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques. METHODS: Local cone system function was assessed by measuring cone system thresholds (visual fields) and cone-mediated multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs). Rod system function was assessed by measuring rod system thresholds (visual fields) and rod-mediated mfERGs. The results in a group of eight patients with CD were compared with those in an age-similar control group. RESULTS: All the patients had abnormal cone system visual field thresholds and cone-mediated mfERGs. Cone system psychophysical thresholds were elevated for targets presented within the central 10 degrees, but were within normal limits for targets at peripheral locations. Cone-mediated mfERG measures of amplitude scale and time scale were abnormal for most of the hexagons tested. Most of the rod-mediated psychophysical thresholds and mfERGs were within normal limits. Rod system losses tended to be patchy and scattered throughout the area tested. CONCLUSIONS: There was poor correspondence among local measures of cone and rod system losses in these patients with CD. The results suggest that the spatial pattern of cone system losses in this disease differs from the spatial pattern of rod system losses
— id: 39621, year: 2002, vol: 43, page: 2364, stat: Journal Article,

Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology
Marmor, Michael F; Carr, Ronald E; Easterbrook, Michael; Farjo, Ayad A; Mieler, William F
2002 Jul;109(7):1377-1382, Ophthalmology
— id: 92138, year: 2002, vol: 109, page: 1377, stat: Journal Article,

Relationships among luminance, acuity, contrast, and electrophysiological perimetry in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Seiple, WH; Clemens, C; Holopigian, K; Greenstein, V; Carr, R
2002 MAY ;43(3):U254-U254, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 55482, year: 2002, vol: 43, page: U254, stat: Journal Article,

A method for comparing psychophysical and multifocal electroretinographic increment thresholds
Seiple, William; Greenstein, Vivienne C; Holopigian, Karen; Carr, Ronald E; Hood, Donald C
2002 Jan;42(2):257-269, Vision research
The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) has been commonly used as a method for obtaining objective visual fields. Although qualitative comparisons have been good, quantitative comparisons between the results from mfERG and the results from Humphrey Visual Field Analyser (HVFA) have found variable degrees of agreement depending upon the mfERG response parameter examined and/or the disease studied. Lack of agreement may be due to differences in methodology, differences in the sites of response generation, and/or differences derived from comparing suprathreshold versus threshold responses. In addition, the two procedures are performed at different levels of adaptation. We developed an approach for matching stimulus parameters and compared mfERG and psychophysical thresholds to assess the effects of technique and level of adaptation on the two responses. Psychophysical and mfERG thresholds were obtained as a function of the adaptation level (1.5-4.0 log td) and retinal location. The derived increment threshold-versus-intensity functions for both measures were fitted using the equation logT=logT(0)+log((A+A(0))/A(0))(n). We found that the values of A(0) for the mfERG data were one log unit higher than those for the psychophysical data. In addition, the value of the slope (n) for the mfERG data was shallower (0.8) than that of the psychophysical data (1.0). Predictions were made about comparisons of HVFA threshold and mfERG amplitude data in patients with retinal disease based upon a two-site model of adaptation. The data for some groups of patients could be best-fitted with a model of a disease acting at a site distal to all gain changes, whereas data from other patients were best fitted with a model of a disease acting at a site proximal to all retinal gain. The relationship between the Humphrey visual field threshold losses and mfERG amplitude reductions depends upon the site and mechanism of a particular disease process and the model of retinal gain assumed. In no case is a one-to-one relationship between the losses in the two measures predicted
— id: 39725, year: 2002, vol: 42, page: 257, stat: Journal Article,

Local cone and rod system function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Holopigian K; Seiple W; Greenstein VC; Hood DC; Carr RE
2001 Mar;42(3):779-788, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE. To compare local cone and rod system function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques. METHODS. Cone-mediated multifocal electroretinograms (M-ERGs), cone system threshold visual fields, rod-mediated M-ERGs, and rod system threshold visual fields were measured in seven patients with RP. RESULTS. All the patients had normal cone system visual field thresholds and normal cone-mediated M-ERG implicit times within the central 5 degrees. Both cone-mediated responses were abnormal at some peripheral retinal locations. There were significant correlations among cone system amplitude, timing, and visual field loss. All the patients had some retinal areas where the rod-mediated M-ERG amplitudes were not measurable. In areas where they were measurable, these rod-mediated M-ERG responses were often within normal limits for amplitude and timing. In contrast to the cone system data, there were no significant relationships between rod-mediated M-ERG measures and rod system threshold elevations. The cone and rod system psychophysical thresholds showed regional correspondence; the amplitude-scale and time-scale measures of the M-ERG did not. CONCLUSIONS. The results indicate that there was better local correspondence between psychophysical and electrophysiological measures in the cone system than in the rod system in patients with RP. In addition, the psychophysical measures of cone and rod system function showed better correspondence than did the electrophysiological measures
— id: 26783, year: 2001, vol: 42, page: 779, stat: Journal Article,

Sites of cone and rod system loss in patients with progressive cone dystrophy
Holopigian, K; Greenstein, VC; Wu, C; Seiple, W; Hood, DC; Carr, RE
2001 MAR 15 ;42(4):S71-S71, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 54969, year: 2001, vol: 42, page: S71, stat: Journal Article,

Retinal function in diabetic macular edema after focal laser photocoagulation
Greenstein VC; Chen H; Hood DC; Holopigian K; Seiple W; Carr RE
2000 Oct;41(11):3655-3664, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To assess the effects of focal photocoagulation on retinal function in the macular and perimacular areas in patients with diabetes who have clinically significant macular edema. METHODS: Eleven patients were assessed after focal laser treatment. Multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) and full-field ERG techniques were used to evaluate the effects of treatment on macular, paramacular, and peripheral retinal function. A modified visual field technique was used to obtain local threshold fields. The posttreatment results were compared with pretreatment results. Changes in local ERG response amplitudes and implicit times were calculated for each patient and presented as difference fields. The changes in local ERG responses were compared with the changes in local field sensitivity. RESULTS: After treatment, the results of the psychophysical tests suggested little or no change in visual function, but changes in retinal function were observed with the multifocal ERG technique. Local ERG responses showed increases in implicit time and decreases in amplitude, compared with pretreatment values. Timing was affected more than amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that focal treatment produces changes in retinal function, and these changes are not restricted to the treated macular area
— id: 39554, year: 2000, vol: 41, page: 3655, stat: Journal Article,

The nature and extent of retinal dysfunction associated with diabetic macular edema
Greenstein VC; Holopigian K; Hood DC; Seiple W; Carr RE
2000 Oct;41(11):3643-3654, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To evaluate the nature and extent of retinal dysfunction in the macular and surrounding areas that occurs in patients with diabetes with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). METHODS: Eleven patients were evaluated before focal laser treatment. Multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) and full-field ERG techniques were used to assess the effects of diabetic retinopathy and CSME on macular, paramacular, and peripheral retinal function. A modified visual field technique was used to obtain local threshold fields. The relationship between local sensitivity changes and local ERG changes was determined. RESULTS: Local ERG responses were significantly delayed and decreased in amplitude, and timing changes were observed in a larger area of the retina than amplitude changes. Visual field deficits were similarly widespread with marked sensitivity losses occurring in retinal areas with normal ERG amplitudes and in areas that appeared to be free of fundus abnormalities. Despite this similarity and the finding that retinal areas with elevated thresholds have timing delays, timing delays were not good predictors of the degree of threshold elevation. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the widespread nature of timing deficits and visual field deficits that are associated with CSME
— id: 39555, year: 2000, vol: 41, page: 3643, stat: Journal Article,

Are the differences between threshold visual fields and multifocal ERGs due to adaptation level?
Holopigian, K; Seiple, W; Greenstein, VC; Hood, DC; Carr, RE
2000 MAR 15 ;41(4):S892-S892, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 54624, year: 2000, vol: 41, page: S892, stat: Journal Article,

Mutation analysis of 3 genes in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis
Lotery, A J; Namperumalsamy, P; Jacobson, S G; Weleber, R G; Fishman, G A; Musarella, M A; Hoyt, C S; Heon, E; Levin, A; Jan, J; Lam, B; Carr, R E; Franklin, A; Radha, S; Andorf, J L; Sheffield, V C; Stone, E M
2000 Apr;118(4):538-543, Archives of ophthalmology
OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of mutations in the CRX, GUCY2D, and RPE65 genes in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). PATIENTS: One hundred seventy-six probands with a clinical diagnosis of LCA were from 9 countries, with the largest subgroup being 39 probands from India. METHODS: Samples were screened with single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by DNA sequencing of 3 genes (CRX, GUCY2D, and RPE65) known to be associated with LCA. RESULTS: Of the 176 probands, 28 (15.9%) harbored possible disease-causing mutations. The relative contribution of each gene to the total number of mutations was as follows: CRX, 2.8%; GUCY2D, 6.3%; and RPE65, 6.8%. No patients who harbored mutations in these genes had associated systemic abnormalities. Molecular diagnosis allowed definitive genetic counseling in a family affected with Best disease and LCA. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular diagnosis may be of benefit to patients affected with LCA. The relative paucity of mutations found in this study suggests that more LCA-associated genes remain to be discovered. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Molecular diagnosis can confirm and clarify the diagnosis of LCA. As genotype data accumulate, clinical phenotypes associated with specific mutations will be established. This will facilitate the counseling of patients on their visual prognosis and the likelihood of associated systemic anomalies
— id: 92137, year: 2000, vol: 118, page: 538, stat: Journal Article,

Comparisons of local retinal activity, local visual sensitivity and fundus abnormalities in patients with diabetic retinopathy
Greenstein, V C; Hood, D C; Carr, R E
1999 May 9-14;40(4):S306-S306, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 15916, year: 1999, vol: 40, page: S306, stat: Journal Article,

Functional peripheral visual performance in patients with RP
Holopigian, K; Seiple, W; Wu, C; Carr, RE
1999 May 9-14;40(4):S718-S718, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 34141, year: 1999, vol: 40, page: S718, stat: Journal Article,

Assessment of local retinal function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa using the multi-focal ERG technique
Hood, D C; Holopigian, K; Greenstein, V; Seiple, W; Li, J; Sutter, E E; Carr, R E
1998 Jan;38(1):163-179, Vision research
To assess local retinal function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), multi-focal ERGs and local thresholds (static visual fields) were obtained on eight RP patients with visual acuities of 20/25 or better. All eight patients showed multi-focal responses with normal timing within the central 5 deg. However, there were few responses with normal timing in the areas outside the central 7.5 deg, except in the case of the only patient with a 30 Hz full-field response with normal timing. Since full-field ERGs are dominated by responses from the periphery, this finding supplies a foundation for the commonly observed delays in the full-field cone ERGs of patients with RP. With respect to amplitude, only two patients showed multi-focal responses with near normal amplitudes anywhere in the field. The loss of amplitude at any point was not a good predictor of visual sensitivity in the Humphrey visual field. On the other hand, all areas with normal timing had near normal sensitivity. Timing changes appear to be an early indication of local retinal damage to the cone system. Nearly all areas with sensitivity losses greater than 0.5 log unit, and some areas with near normal sensitivity, showed significantly delayed multi-focal ERGs. Finally areas with extreme sensitivity loss show multi-focal responses with a wide range of amplitudes and implicit times across patients, suggesting different mechanisms of disease action in different patients
— id: 92135, year: 1998, vol: 38, page: 163, stat: Journal Article,

Retinal degenerations with truncation mutations in the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) gene
Jacobson, S G; Cideciyan, A V; Huang, Y; Hanna, D B; Freund, C L; Affatigato, L M; Carr, R E; Zack, D J; Stone, E M; McInnes, R R
1998 Nov;39(12):2417-2426, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To define the phenotypes of retinal degenerations associated with mutations in the gene encoding CRX (cone-rod homeobox), a photoreceptor-specific transcription factor. METHODS: Heterozygotes with the E168 [delta1 bp], E168 [delta2 bp], or G217 [delta1 bp] CRXgene mutation were studied clinically, with visual function tests, including rod and cone perimetry and electroretinography (ERG), and with optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: Clinical diagnoses included autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy in one family (E168 [delta1 bp] mutation) and simplex Leber congenital amaurosis in two families (E168 [delta2 bp], G217 [delta1 bp] mutations). In the family with the E168 [delta1 bp] mutation, two siblings had relatively mild disease expression in the third decade of life. The central retinas of these two patients had profound loss of rod and short wavelength cone function; long/middle wavelength cone thresholds were elevated at fixation, but there were greater paracentral than central abnormalities. Peripheral retinal dysfunction was evident by psychophysics and by maximum amplitude loss for rod- and cone-isolated ERG photoreceptor responses. OCT cross-sectional reflectance images showed decreased central retinal thickness consistent with photoreceptor loss. An additional member of this family (E168 [delta1 bp] mutation) and two other patients (representing E168 [delta2 bp] and G217 [delta1 bp] mutations) had a severe phenotype with retina-wide loss of function and islands of function remaining only in the temporal periphery. CONCLUSIONS: Truncation mutations in CRX are associated with retinopathies that share phenotypic features but vary in disease severity. The disease mechanism could involve abnormal photoreceptor development compounded by a disturbance in the maintenance of photoreceptors in the mature retina
— id: 92136, year: 1998, vol: 39, page: 2417, stat: Journal Article,

Evidence for photoreceptor changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy
Holopigian K; Greenstein VC; Seiple W; Hood DC; Carr RE
1997 Oct;38(11):2355-2365, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE: To determine whether the rod and cone photoreceptors are affected in patients with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Twelve patients with diabetes and varying levels of retinopathy and nine age-similar control observers participated in this study. Two-color (500 versus 650 nm) dark-adapted thresholds were measured as a function of retinal eccentricity. Full-field flash electroretinograms were obtained using brief, high-intensity flashes. Dark-adapted rod-isolated (Wratten 47B filter) and light-adapted cone-isolated (Wratten 26 filter) electroretinographic responses were measured as a function of flash intensity. The a-wave data were fitted with a model based on photopigment transduction to obtain values for the parameters of Rmax (the maximal response) and log S (sensitivity). Standard clinical 30-Hz flicker electroretinographic responses were also measured. RESULTS: Psychophysically measured dark-adapted thresholds were elevated primarily at eccentricities of 5 degrees and 10 degrees from the fovea. Analysis of rod and cone a-wave data showed that Rmax was normal in most of the patients, but log S was reduced. Analysis of b-wave and oscillatory potential parameters showed rod and cone postreceptoral abnormalities, including changes in the rod-isolated semisaturation constant (log k), cone-mediated 30-Hz flicker, and cone-isolated oscillatory potentials. The electrophysiological results were not significantly correlated with blood glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin level. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for rod and cone receptoral and postreceptoral deficits in patients with diabetic retinopathy. The photoreceptor changes are primarily in the log S (sensitivity) parameter and are attributed to transduction abnormalities
— id: 12264, year: 1997, vol: 38, page: 2355, stat: Journal Article,

Relative effects of aging and age-related macular degeneration on peripheral visual function
Holopigian K; Seiple W; Greenstein V; Kim D; Carr RE
1997 Mar;74(3):152-159, Optometry & vision science
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of peripheral visual deficits in patients with early age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) using electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques. Dark-adaptation curves, electro-oculograms (EOGs), and electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from patients with early ARMD and from normally sighted control subjects. The control subjects' data were used to calculate age-dependent 95% confidence intervals for each measure of visual function. For the control subjects, performance on all our measures of visual function decreased with age. For the patients with early ARMD, the cone system absolute thresholds, EOG ratios, and cone-dominated ERG amplitudes and implicit times were within the range of normal age-related changes. Rod system absolute thresholds, cone-rod break times, and rod-dominated electroretinographic measures were abnormal in some patients. These results suggest that when the effects of aging are taken into account, some patients classified as early ARMD may not show significant changes in peripheral retinal function with standard clinical tests
— id: 56952, year: 1997, vol: 74, page: 152, stat: Journal Article,

Rates of change differ among measures of visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Holopigian K; Greenstein V; Seiple W; Carr RE
1996 Mar;103(3):398-405, Ophthalmology
PURPOSE: To assess changes in measures of visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) over time. METHODS: Patients with RP and visual acuity of 20/40 or better and central visual fields of 10 degrees or larger were enrolled in a 9-year prospective study. The following measures of visual function were obtained annually over the follow-up period: visual acuity, Goldmann visual fields (V4e target), focal electroretinograms, and hue discrimination. RESULTS: Over the follow-up period, the averaged group data showed changes in all measures of visual function. The smallest amount of change occurred for visual acuity and hue discrimination, and the greatest amount of change occurred for visual field area. Examination of individual patient data over the follow-up period indicated that the rates of change varied among patients and that losses in function for one measure did not correlate well with losses on other measures. CONCLUSIONS: These results stress that although visual function deteriorated over time for this group of patients with RP, there were differences among our measures of visual function. Measures that primarily assess central retinal function change relatively slowly compared with measures that assess more peripheral retinal function
— id: 7005, year: 1996, vol: 103, page: 398, stat: Journal Article,

Do the delays in the cone ERG from patients with RP indicate global retinal damage?
Hood, DC; Holopigian, K; Greenstein, VC; Seiple, W; Carr, RE; Sutter, EE
1996 FEB 15 ;37(3):1558-1558, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 53022, year: 1996, vol: 37, page: 1558, stat: Journal Article,

CAN MEASURES OF S-CONE SYSTEM SENSITIVITY PREDICT PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC-RETINOPATHY
GREENSTEIN, VC; CARR, RE; HOOD, DC
1994 MAR 15 ;35(4):1595-1595, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 52552, year: 1994, vol: 35, page: 1595, stat: Journal Article,

PROSPECTIVE-STUDY OF CENTRAL VISUAL FUNCTION IN RETINITIS-PIGMENTOSA
CARR, R; HOLOPIGIAN, K; GREENSTEIN, V; KY, W; HALEVY, D; SEIPLE, W
1993 MAR 15 ;34(4):1369-1369, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 54327, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: 1369, stat: Journal Article,

The effects of acetazolamide on visual function in retinitis pigmentosa
Greenstein VC; Holopigian K; Siderides E; Seiple W; Carr RE
1993 Jan;34(1):269-273, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
PURPOSE. To study the effects of acetazolamide on central and peripheral visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) who showed no evidence of macular edema. METHODS. Thirteen patients with retinitis pigmentosa participated in a preliminary study. Measures of central and peripheral visual function were obtained before and after an 8 wk period on acetazolamide. An additional 10 patients participated in a cross-over study. They were placed on a placebo for an 8 wk period, then on acetazolamide for a second 8 wk period. RESULTS. None of the patients in the preliminary study showed significant changes in visual acuity, color vision, foveal cone pathway sensitivities, focal electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes, or in any ERG parameter. Three patients, however, showed significant changes in visual field area and in dark-adapted thresholds. None of the patients in the cross-over study showed significant increases in visual field area. CONCLUSIONS. Given the results and the reports of side-effects, it is difficult to justify using acetazolamide to improve retinal function in RP patients who show no evidence of cystoid macular edema
— id: 13297, year: 1993, vol: 34, page: 269, stat: Journal Article,

Effects of early diabetic retinopathy on rod system sensitivity
Greenstein VC; Thomas SR; Blaustein H; Koenig K; Carr RE
1993 Jan;70(1):18-23, Optometry & vision science
Previous studies have shown that S-cone pathway sensitivity is selectively decreased in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. In the present study, rod system sensitivity was evaluated in a group of diabetic patients using psychophysical techniques. The course of dark adaptation was first determined, then absolute thresholds were measured in the horizontal and vertical meridians. For all patients, although the recovery of the initial portions of rod dark adaptation were normal, absolute thresholds were increased in both the horizontal and vertical meridians. The findings provide evidence that patients with early diabetic retinopathy show a generalized dysfunction of the rod system
— id: 57482, year: 1993, vol: 70, page: 18, stat: Journal Article,

Phenotypic variation including retinitis pigmentosa, pattern dystrophy, and fundus flavimaculatus in a single family with a deletion of codon 153 or 154 of the peripherin/RDS gene
Weleber, R G; Carr, R E; Murphey, W H; Sheffield, V C; Stone, E M
1993 Nov;111(11):1531-1542, Archives of ophthalmology
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mutations of the peripherin/RDS gene have been reported in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, pattern macular dystrophy, and retinitis punctata albescens. We report herein the occurrence of three separate phenotypes within a single family with a novel 3-base pair deletion of codon 153 or 154 of the peripherin/RDS gene. DESIGN: Case reports with clinical features, fluorescein angiography, kinetic perimetry, electrophysiological studies, and molecular genetics. SETTING: University medical centers. PATIENTS: A 75-year-old woman, her two daughters (aged 44 and 50 years), and her 49-year-old son were screened for peripherin/RDS mutations because of the presence of multiple phenotypes within the same family. RESULTS: The mother presented at age 63 years with a profoundly abnormal electroretinogram (ERG) and adult-onset retinitis pigmentosa that progressed dramatically over 12 years, with marked loss of peripheral visual field. One daughter developed pattern macular dystrophy at age 31 years. At age 44 years, her ERG was moderately abnormal but her clinical disease was limited to the macula. Another daughter presented at age 42 years with macular degeneration and over 10 years developed the clinical picture of fundus flavimaculatus. Her peripheral visual field was preserved but her ERG was moderately abnormal. The son had onset of macular degeneration at age 44 years. Pericentral scotomas were present and the ERG was markedly abnormal. Fluorescein angiography revealed punctate pigment epithelial transmission defects. CONCLUSIONS: A 3-base pair deletion of codon 153 or 154 of the peripherin/RDS gene can produce clinically disparate phenotypes even within the same family
— id: 92134, year: 1993, vol: 111, page: 1531, stat: Journal Article,

PATTERN MACULAR DYSTROPHY, RETINITIS-PIGMENTOSA, AND FUNDUS-FLAVIMACULATUS STARGARDT DYSTROPHY FROM DELETION OF CODON 154 OF THE PERIPHERIN RDS GENE
WELEBER, RG; CARR, RE; MURPHEY, WH; SHEFFIELD, VC; STONE, EM
1993 SEP ;53(3):115-115, American journal of human genetics
— id: 52232, year: 1993, vol: 53, page: 115, stat: Journal Article,

THE EFFECTS OF ACETAZOLAMIDE ON CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL VISUAL FUNCTION IN RETINITIS-PIGMENTOSA
CARR, R; GREENSTEIN, V; HOLOPIGIAN, K; SEIPLE, W
1992 MAR 15 ;33(4):1072-1072, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 52049, year: 1992, vol: 33, page: 1072, stat: Journal Article,

A comparison of photopic and scotopic electroretinographic changes in early diabetic retinopathy
Holopigian K; Seiple W; Lorenzo M; Carr R
1992 Sep;33(10):2773-2780, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
Previous studies of early diabetic retinopathy have shown that oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes are reduced in many diabetic patients. OP amplitude is believed to be a more sensitive indicator of the development of future retinopathy than b-wave amplitude of the scotopic electroretinogram (ERG). Because OPs measured to a bright white flash reflect both rod and cone system activity, it is important to compare OP amplitudes to photopic ERG measures as well as scotopic measures in early diabetic retinopathy. In this study, OPs and ERG responses were measured under photopic and scotopic conditions in a group of diabetic patients. Although OPs were reduced in amplitude in the diabetic group, several other parameters of the scotopic and photopic b-waves were impaired. The results indicate that b-wave activity may indicate retinal changes in early diabetic retinopathy in the same manner as the OPs
— id: 57456, year: 1992, vol: 33, page: 2773, stat: Journal Article,

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
KIM, D; DUBOVY, S; HOLOPIGIAN, K; GREENSTEIN, V; SEIPLE, W; CARR, R
1992 MAR 15 ;33(4):1231-1231, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 52053, year: 1992, vol: 33, page: 1231, stat: Journal Article,

CHROMATIC AND ACHROMATIC THRESHOLD CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH OCULAR DISORDERS
GREENSTEIN, V; SHAPIRO, A; CARR, R; HAROONI, M; HOOD, D; RITCH, R; ZAIDI, O
1991 MAR 15 ;32(4):1231-1231, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 51687, year: 1991, vol: 32, page: 1231, stat: Journal Article,

SEPARATION OF ON AND OFF RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN ERG
HOLOPIGIAN, K; SEIPLE, W; HAN, S; CINCIRIPINI, G; CARR, R
1991 MAR 15 ;32(4):1229-1229, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
— id: 51685, year: 1991, vol: 32, page: 1229, stat: Journal Article,

Electrodiagnostic testing of the visual system : a clinical guide
Carr, Ronald E.; Siegel, Irwin M
Philadelphia : F.A. Davis, 1990,
— id: 264, year: 1990, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Clofazamine-induced generalized retinal degeneration
Cunningham CA; Friedberg DN; Carr RE
1990 ;10(2):131-134, Retina
Clofazamine is an iminophenazine dye with antimycobacterial activity which has recently been used to treat mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The authors present the second report of a presumed clofazamine-induced bull's-eye maculopathy and generalized retinal degeneration in a patient with AIDS. The importance of closely following patients on clofazamine, especially those with AIDS who may be particularly susceptible to developing this toxicity, is stressed
— id: 14741, year: 1990, vol: 10, page: 131, stat: Journal Article,

Hue discrimination and S cone pathway sensitivity in early diabetic retinopathy
Greenstein V; Sarter B; Hood D; Noble K; Carr R
1990 Jun;31(6):1008-1014, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
Measures of hue discrimination and M (green) and S (blue) cone pathway sensitivities were compared in a group of 24 diabetics with either early background retinopathy or no retinopathy. The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test was used to measure hue discrimination, and a two-color increment threshold technique was used to measure S and M cone pathway sensitivities. The results were compared to the level of diabetic retinopathy, to the degree of macular edema, and to the duration of the disease. No significant correlation was found between the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue error scores and the level of retinopathy; S cone pathway sensitivity loss, however, correlated significantly with both the level of retinopathy and the degree of macular edema. Our results indicate that measurements of S cone pathway sensitivity using an increment threshold technique provide a more sensitive method than hue discrimination for detecting color vision deficits in early diabetic retinopathy
— id: 57491, year: 1990, vol: 31, page: 1008, stat: Journal Article,

Autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness and normal fundus with an electronegative electroretinogram
Noble, K G; Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1990 Jan 15;109(1):44-48, American journal of ophthalmology
We studied three members of three successive generations of a family with autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness and normal fundi. Psychophysical studies on two members showed normal final cone thresholds and mildly increased rod thresholds. Full-field electroretinograms on all three members showed normal photopic b-wave amplitudes and implicit times. Under scotopic conditions, the rod response was absent, and with a bright flash stimulus, there was a normal a-wave with no b-wave. This electronegative dark-adapted electroretinogram resembled the Schubert-Bornschein type seen in congenital stationary blindness, which has been seen only in autosomal and X-linked recessive pedigrees
— id: 92133, year: 1990, vol: 109, page: 44, stat: Journal Article,

S (blue) cone pathway vulnerability in retinitis pigmentosa, diabetes and glaucoma
Greenstein VC; Hood DC; Ritch R; Steinberger D; Carr RE
1989 Aug;30(8):1732-1737, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
A variety of retinal disease lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of the S (blue) cone pathways. To determine the possible sites and mechanisms of this loss we compared the sensitivities of an S (blue/pi-1) and an M (green/pi-4) cone pathway in patients with retinal diseases that differ as to their primary locus of sensitivity loss. The sensitivities of an S and an M cone pathway were assessed in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and open-angle glaucoma using Stiles two-color increment threshold technique. A greater loss in sensitivity of an S than an M cone pathway was found for all three disease groups; however, the diabetic patients showed a more selective loss. The results suggest that multiple sites are involved and that the combined effects of metabolic abnormalities and hypoxia contribute to the selective loss
— id: 57490, year: 1989, vol: 30, page: 1732, stat: Journal Article,

The golden tapetal sheen reflex in retinal disease
Noble KG; Margolis S; Carr RE
1989 Mar 15;107(3):211-217, American journal of ophthalmology
A mother and son with dominant cone dystrophy manifested the retinal reflexes seen in Oguchi's disease (mother) and the carrier female of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (son). Another patient with cone dystrophy (simplex) showed localized areas of a golden reflex in each eye. A patient with juvenile macular dystrophy exhibited a diffuse golden-orange reflex throughout the posterior pole. The latter two patients did not have the Mizuo phenomenon
— id: 10697, year: 1989, vol: 107, page: 211, stat: Journal Article,

Losses of temporal modulation sensitivity in retinal degenerations
Seiple W; Greenstein V; Carr R
1989 Jun;73(6):440-447, British journal of ophthalmology
Sensitivity losses in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) have been attributed to a decrease in photopigment density, to a reduction in the number of photoreceptors, and also to a change in temporal response properties of the receptors. The sensitivity losses in patients with macular degeneration have also been attributed to a loss of photoreceptors. To test these explanations for sensitivity loss we obtained electrophysiological and psychophysical temporal modulation transfer functions (MTFs) on normal subjects in response to varying stimulus luminances and retinal loci. These stimulus manipulations did not duplicate the changes observed in the temporal MTFs of patients. The temporal response properties of the receptors were tested electrophysiologically by manipulating stimulus presentation interval. The results provided evidence for sensitivity losses in RP patients being due to alterations in the temporal response properties of the receptors
— id: 10593, year: 1989, vol: 73, page: 440, stat: Journal Article,

The clinical utility of visual-evoked potential acuity testing
Steele M; Seiple WH; Carr RE; Klug R
1989 Nov 15;108(5):572-577, American journal of ophthalmology
We assessed the clinical utility of objectively measured acuity using visual-evoked potentials. The technique was first standardized in normal emmetropic subjects and then applied to uncorrected myopic subjects. We found that visual-evoked potential acuity could accurately indicate Snellen acuity in emmetropia and corrected myopia; however, the two measures were highly correlated only in those uncorrected myopic subjects with visual acuities of 20/100 or better. In subjects with poorer than 20/200 uncorrected visual acuity caused by myopia, estimates of visual-evoked potential acuity could not be obtained. The correlation between these two measures of visual acuity was also lower in patients with decreased Snellen acuity attributable to retinal or ocular disease. We found that patients with unexplainable claims of decreased visual acuity could be diagnosed as having functional visual loss based on objective visual-evoked potential acuities
— id: 10428, year: 1989, vol: 108, page: 572, stat: Journal Article,

Visual system toxicity following intra-arterial chemotherapy
Kupersmith MJ; Frohman LP; Choi IS; Foo SH; Hiesinger E; Berenstein A; Wise A; Carr RE; Ransohoff J
1988 Feb;38(2):284-289, Neurology
We studied the effects of intra-arterial chemotherapy on the visual system of 29 consecutive patients with gliomas. As expected, infra-ophthalmic carotid infusion of cisplatin or carmustine (BCNU) was associated with clinically apparent anterior visual pathway lesions. Electroretinography revealed retinal dysfunction in patients without clinical abnormalities. Supra-ophthalmic carotid infusion of cisplatin or BCNU caused no retinal or optic nerve lesions. Electroretinography was abnormal in only one of these patients. Our results indicated that BCNU and cisplatin cause ischemic damage and are toxic to both retinal and neural tissue in patients with gliomas
— id: 57470, year: 1988, vol: 38, page: 284, stat: Journal Article,

Progressive peripheral cone dysfunction
Noble KG; Siegel IM; Carr RE
1988 Nov 15;106(5):557-560, American journal of ophthalmology
A 22-year-old man had a three-year history of progressive day blindness, most notably peripherally, and denied difficulty with central vision or color vision. Visual function studies demonstrated a diffuse dysfunction of the photopic system and normal scotopic function. The central cone function, however, was essentially normal. Visual acuity was 20/20 in each eye, results on AO-HRR and Ishihara color plate testing were normal, color naming visual fields demonstrated color discrimination in the central 10 degrees, and foveal adaptation was normal
— id: 10884, year: 1988, vol: 106, page: 557, stat: Journal Article,

Changes in the focal electroretinogram with retinal eccentricity
Seiple W; Greenstein V; Holopigian K; Carr R
1988 Sep;70(1):29-36, Documenta ophthalmologica
Flicker sensitivity increases in the peripheral retina when relatively large targets are used. This enhancement of cone system-mediated temporal sensitivity persists even when corrections are made for cortical magnification factors. It has been suggested that the differences in temporal frequency response characteristics across the retina are based on differences in receptor morphology between the peripheral and central cones. We have examined a possible retinal origin of this phenomenon by obtaining psychophysical and electroretinographic data at a variety of locations on the temporal retina. Psychophysical results show an increased sensitivity for high temporal frequency stimuli (above 30 Hz) with retinal eccentricity whether or not the stimulus size was scaled. Focal electroretinograms recorded with a constant size stimulus did not show an increase in amplitude with eccentricity. However, when an equal number of receptors were stimulated by scaling the target size, focal amplitudes were larger in the periphery. The electrophysiological findings are consistent with a possible retinal origin for this flicker enhancement phenomenon
— id: 10971, year: 1988, vol: 70, page: 29, stat: Journal Article,

EVOKED-POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT OF CORTICAL ADAPTATION
SEIPLE, W; KUPERSMITH, M; NELSON, J; CARR, R
1988 MAR 15 ;27(6):1089-1093, Journal of the Optical Society of America. Pt. B. Optical physics
— id: 41846, year: 1988, vol: 27, page: 1089, stat: Journal Article,

Foveal sensitivity changes in retinitis pigmentosa
Greenstein, V; Hood, D C; Carr, R E
1987 Apr 15;26(8):1385-1389, Applied optics
Loss in foveal sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been attributed to a decrease in quantal catching ability. Using a psychophysical technique (the probe-flash paradigm), we previously found that the results obtained for six RP patients under light adapted conditions were not consistent with a quantal catch hypothesis. To test further this hypothesis twelve RP patients were examined in dark adapted conditions. Probe thresholds were normal for five patients and increased for seven patients. The decreased quantal catching hypothesis was rejected for six of the seven patients
— id: 148710, year: 1987, vol: 26, page: 1385, stat: Journal Article,

Retinal degeneration with nanophthalmos, cystic macular degeneration, and angle closure glaucoma. A new recessive syndrome
MacKay, C J; Shek, M S; Carr, R E; Yanuzzi, L A; Gouras, P
1987 Mar;105(3):366-371, Archives of ophthalmology
Seven related patients had a progressive pigmentary retinal degeneration, characterized by nyctalopia, visual field restriction, and cystic macular degeneration in younger patients and a macula of nonspecific atrophic appearance in older patients. In addition, each patient had high hyperopia (+9.50 to +16.00) and nanophthalmos (axial lengths, less than 20 mm), with diffuse choroidal thickening on ultrasound. Younger patients had slitlike anterior chamber angles; older patients developed progressive synechial angle closure and eventual glaucoma. Chromosomes were normal. On electroretinographic testing, younger patients had absent rod signals, with normal cone wave form and near-normal b-wave amplitudes but markedly delayed cone b-wave implicit times; older patients had severely diminished or extinguished electroretinograms. This family appears to represent a newly recognized autosomal-recessive syndrome
— id: 92132, year: 1987, vol: 105, page: 366, stat: Journal Article,

Progressive cone dystrophy
Ripps H; Noble KG; Greenstein VC; Siegel IM; Carr RE
1987 Nov;94(11):1401-1409, Ophthalmology
Psychophysical, reflectometric, and electrophysiologic studies were done on four members of a dominant pedigree with progressive cone dystrophy. The two youngest individuals were asymptomatic at the initial examination, and none of the subjects complained of problems associated with night vision. Nevertheless, absent or grossly reduced cone-mediated electroretinographic (ERG) responses showed the widespread loss of cone function, and moderate elevations (less than 1 log unit) in absolute threshold together with reductions in rhodopsin levels in the mid-peripheral retina provided evidence of impairment of the rod system. The progressive nature of the disease was apparent from the case histories and the changes in visual performance that occurred on re-test after a 5-year interval. Moreover, the results of increment threshold measurements at several retinal loci suggested that peripheral cones may be affected earlier and more severely than those in the central retina
— id: 11322, year: 1987, vol: 94, page: 1401, stat: Journal Article,

Progressive cone dystrophy
Ripps H; Noble KG; Greenstein VC; Siegel IM; Carr RE
1987 ;85:82-100, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
Psychophysical, reflectometric, and electrophysiological studies were performed on four members of a dominant pedigree with progressive cone dystrophy. The two youngest individuals were asymptomatic at the initial examination, and none of the subjects complained of problems associated with night vision. Absent or grossly reduced cone-mediated ERG responses revealed the widespread loss of cone function. Moderate elevations (1 log unit) in absolute threshold together with reductions in rhodopsin levels in the midperipheral retina provided evidence of a mild impairment of the rod system also, although not to the degree seen in a cone-rod dystrophy. The progressive nature of the disease was apparent from the case histories and the changes in visual performance that occurred on re-test after a 5-year interval. Likewise, the results of incremental threshold measurements at several retinal loci suggested that peripheral cones may be affected earlier and more severely than those in the central retina
— id: 11409, year: 1987, vol: 85, page: 82, stat: Journal Article,

Cone function in congenital nyctalopia
Siegel IM; Greenstein VC; Seiple WH; Carr RE
1987 Mar;65(3):307-318, Documenta ophthalmologica
A patient with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) (Schubert-Bornschein type) transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait was studied with several tests of electrical function as well as a variety of psychophysical procedures. Comparison of the patient's present findings with those obtained 23 years earlier showed that while rod thresholds have remained the same, cone sensitivity has decreased. Subjective flicker thresholds obtained following a bleach were unchanged during the course of dark adaptation. The absence of rod-cone interaction, together with an absent scotopic b-wave, implies that the defect is in the mid-retinal layers. Further, the absence of oscillatory potentials in the photopic electroretinogram (ERG) suggests that the interplexiform cell may be implicated in some manner. The focal ERG of the CSNB patient showed normal amplitude and normal phase delays, supporting the idea that the focal ERG samples primarily cone photoreceptor activity
— id: 11396, year: 1987, vol: 65, page: 307, stat: Journal Article,

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF APHAKIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA
SALZMAN, J; SEIPLE, W; CARR, R; YANNUZZI, L
1986 NOV ;70(11):819-824, British journal of ophthalmology
— id: 41537, year: 1986, vol: 70, page: 819, stat: Journal Article,

Evaluating macular function using the focal ERG
Seiple, W H; Siegel, I M; Carr, R E; Mayron, C
1986 Jul;27(7):1123-1130, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
A stimulus consisting of 96 red LEDs mounted in the rear of a ganzfeld bowl was used to elicit focal electroretinograms (FERG) from the central 9 degrees of the retina in human subjects. The luminance of the stimulus was driven sinusoidally at frequencies from 10-60 Hz. The temporal responsiveness and response phase lags of normal subjects and patients with retinal disease were measured. Normal subjects produced maximum amplitude FERG responses to stimuli between 30-40 Hz. Patients with retinitis pigmentosa showed a low-pass pattern of amplitude loss, with an additional frequency independent loss in sensitivity in those with poorer visual acuity. Patients with macular degeneration showed general amplitude loss associated with a relative sparing of the mid-temporal frequencies. The response phase lags in both patient groups were not significantly different from the normals. These findings point to a loss in temporal responsiveness accompanied by a secondary loss of sensitivity in these heredoretinal degenerations
— id: 92131, year: 1986, vol: 27, page: 1123, stat: Journal Article,

Objective assessment of temporal modulation transfer functions using the focal ERG
Seiple, W H; Siegel, I M; Carr, R E; Mayron, C
1986 Jan;63(1):1-6, American journal of optometry & physiological optics
Temporal modulation transfer functions (MTF's) were recorded from the macula of nine normal subjects using focal electroretinography (FERG). An array of light emitting diodes (LED's) was used to experimentally manipulate stimulus temporal frequency, modulation depth, and mean luminance values. Two techniques were used to derive FERG modulation thresholds at several temporal frequencies: conventional averaging with extrapolation to a criterion amplitude, and a swept stimulus lock-in retrieval method. These two methods produced comparable results. The electrophysiologically derived MTF's were similar in shape to those obtained psychophysically. Six patients with retinal disease were also examined; all patients showed sensitivity losses which were most marked at the higher frequencies. Such losses tended to be greater in patients with poorer visual acuity
— id: 92130, year: 1986, vol: 63, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

Acquired macular degeneration. I. Nonexudative (dry) macular degeneration
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1985 Apr;92(4):591-592, Ophthalmology
— id: 92129, year: 1985, vol: 92, page: 591, stat: Journal Article,

Retinitis pigmentosa: a psychophysical test of explanations for early foveal sensitivity loss
Greenstein, V C; Hood, D C; Siegel, I M; Carr, R E
1984 Jan;25(1):118-120, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
A psychophysical procedure, the probe-flash paradigm, was used to test explanations of early foveal sensitivity loss in retinitis pigmentosa. The findings suggest that this loss may be due to a decreased responsiveness of retinal elements and not to a decrease in quantum catching ability of functioning photoreceptors
— id: 92125, year: 1984, vol: 25, page: 118, stat: Journal Article,

Electrophysiological confirmation of orientation-specific contrast losses in multiple sclerosis
Kupersmith MJ; Nelson JI; Seiple WH; Carr RE
1984 ;436:487-491, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
— id: 65715, year: 1984, vol: 436, page: 487, stat: Journal Article,

Contrast sensitivity loss in multiple sclerosis. Selectivity by eye, orientation, and spatial frequency measured with the evoked potential
Kupersmith MJ; Seiple WH; Nelson JI; Carr RE
1984 Jun;25(6):632-639, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
Multiple sclerosis can produce highly selective losses in visual function. Psychophysical studies have demonstrated contrast sensitivity deficits for spatial frequencies or for stimulus orientations. Using real-time lock-in retrieval of the visual evoked potential, the authors measured contrast sensitivity in 15 cases with probable or definite multiple sclerosis and acuities of 20/40 or better. Sine-wave grating contrast threshold determinations for three spatial frequencies (1, 4, and 8 cycles/deg) and four orientations (0, 45, 90, and 135 deg) revealed contrast deficits in at least one spatial frequency and orientation in every case. In most cases the visual losses were spotty or multifocal, and not the same in both eyes. Some cases with highly selective patterns of orientation or spatial frequency losses were observed and are discussed in terms of involvement of cortical functional architecture in the disease
— id: 8428, year: 1984, vol: 25, page: 632, stat: Journal Article,

RAPID VISUAL ASSESSMENT FROM THE EVOKED-POTENTIAL - AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMPUTER AVERAGING
KUPERSMITH, M; NELSON, J; SEIPLE, W; CARR, R
1984 ;58(1):P10-P10, Electroencephalography & clinical neurophysiology
— id: 40925, year: 1984, vol: 58, page: P10, stat: Journal Article,

Spatiotemporal conditions which elicit or abolish the oblique effect in man: direct measurement with swept evoked potential
Nelson JI; Kupersmith MJ; Seiple WH; Weiss PA; Carr RE
1984 ;24(6):579-586, Vision research
Reversing sine wave gratings were electronically swept in spatial frequency and contrast. The acuity limits and contrast thresholds of 4 observers were inferred from evoked potential stimulus-response functions elicited by these stimuli and retrieved with a quadrature lock-in amplifier. The evoked potential functions, linearized in the case of contrast by increasing contrast logarithmically with time, were extrapolated to the point of zero response. This point provides an electrophysiologically defined threshold value for acuity and for contrast. An oblique effect (superior sensitivity for HV-oriented gratings) could reliably be demonstrated in both acuity and contrast threshold performance. This oblique effect could readily be abolished under low spatial/high temporal frequency conditions. The findings are discussed in terms of shifting relative strengths of X and Y contributions to the steady-state evoked potential
— id: 65714, year: 1984, vol: 24, page: 579, stat: Journal Article,

A rapid evoked potential index of cortical adaptation
Nelson JI; Seiple WH; Kupersmith MJ; Carr RE
1984 Nov;59(6):454-464, Electroencephalography & clinical neurophysiology
Contrast thresholds and acuity limits were measured in 4 observers with the swept visual evoked potential (VEP) technique. In this technique, grating contrast or grating spatial frequency is electronically varied while the subject's evoked response is retrieved in real time (without averaging). Contrast or spatial frequency variation make the stimulus vary in intensity; zero VEP response amplitude indicates the threshold intensity. Large shifts occur in the indicated threshold when stimulus sweep direction is reversed. Thresholds are always relatively elevated when the run begins with the strongest stimulus value. These shifts do not have a technical origin in the delay of the instrument (Nelson et al. 1984b). Here, it is shown that the shifts are due to orientation and spatial frequency selective adaptation, probably of cortical origin. Measureable adaptation is produced by momentary exposure to contrasts as low as 1.25%; nearly maximum adaptation (0.6 log units) is reached with 20% contrast. These findings support the concept of a contrast gain control mechanism in visual cortex, and pose practical problems for visual assessment with the evoked potential
— id: 65709, year: 1984, vol: 59, page: 454, stat: Journal Article,

Lock-in techniques for the swept stimulus evoked potential
Nelson JI; Seiple WH; Kupersmith MJ; Carr RE
1984 Oct;1(4):409-436, Journal of clinical neurophysiology
We discuss the use of synchronous-demodulation (lock-in) techniques for evoked potential retrieval. Application to electronically swept visual displays is emphasized. These techniques permit a visual threshold to be specified in 20 s, but their application to visual assessment requires careful consideration of several problems, notably alleged delay in the instrumentation, specification of the baseline response level, and the nature of EEG interference. In addition, since stimulus waveform information is lost in all lock-in methods, questions concerning what activity is contributing to the measured response must be answered. A technique addressing these issues and combining phase-sensitive detection and vector computation is presented
— id: 65710, year: 1984, vol: 1, page: 409, stat: Journal Article,

Retinal telangiectasia
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1984 Aug;91(8):999-1001, Ophthalmology
— id: 92128, year: 1984, vol: 91, page: 999, stat: Journal Article,

Functional abnormalities in vincristine-induced night blindness
Ripps, H; Carr, R E; Siegel, I M; Greenstein, V C
1984 Jul;25(7):787-794, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
Various noninvasive test procedures were used to evaluate retinal function in a patient who had become night blind following vincristine chemotherapy. The results obtained were strikingly similar to those reported previously in subjects with recessively inherited stationary night blindness; the dark-adaptation curve was monophasic (ie, no evidence of a scotopic branch), rhodopsin kinetics were entirely normal, and spectral threshold data revealed the presence of residual rod-mediated vision. Also like the heritable condition, the b-wave of the ERG was depressed grossly despite normal a-wave potentials. These findings, and the fact that vincristine is known to disrupt the structural integrity of neuronal microtubules, suggest that the drug-induced defect involves the process of synaptic transmission between the photoreceptors and their second-order neurons
— id: 92127, year: 1984, vol: 25, page: 787, stat: Journal Article,

Birdshot retinochoroidopathy
Rosenberg, P R; Noble, K G; Walsh, J B; Carr, R E
1984 Mar;91(3):304-306, Ophthalmology
— id: 92126, year: 1984, vol: 91, page: 304, stat: Journal Article,

The assessment of evoked potential contrast thresholds using real-time retrieval
Seiple WH; Kupersmith MJ; Nelson JI; Carr RE
1984 Jun;25(6):627-631, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
Electrophysiologic contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) have been estimated using lock-in amplifier signal retrieval of the visually evoked response (VER). These CSFs were compared with CSFs obtained psychophysically using the same stimulus conditions. The two measures of contrast sensitivity behave similarly in response to variations of temporal and spatial frequency. The major advantage of using real-time retrieval is speed. Threshold for a single spatiotemporal condition can be estimated in as little as 20 sec, making the application of electrophysiologic contrast sensitivity testing feasible for clinical populations
— id: 65712, year: 1984, vol: 25, page: 627, stat: Journal Article,

COMPARISONS AMONG SNELLEN, PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND EVOKED-POTENTIAL DETERMINATIONS OF VISUAL-ACUITY
WIENER, DE; WELLISH, KL; NELSON, JI; CARR, RE
1984 ;32(1):A57-A57, Clinical research
— id: 40859, year: 1984, vol: 32, page: A57, stat: Journal Article,

The 20/20 eye in multiple sclerosis
Kupersmith MJ; Nelson JI; Seiple WH; Carr RE; Weiss PA
1983 Aug;33(8):1015-1020, Neurology
Using clinical and electrophysiologic measures, we evaluated the visual pathway of patients who had multiple sclerosis, 20/20 Snellen acuity, and no history of optic neuritis. Delayed latencies were found in the transient visual evoked potentials (VEPs) of 38% of the patients, and interocular latency differences were abnormal in 67%. Contrast VEPs were abnormal in 46%. Psychophysical determinations of contrast sensitivity were abnormal in 78%. Only 17% of the patients had dyschromatopsia, 36% had afferent pupillary abnormalities, and 59% had optic nerve pallor or nerve fiber layer loss. Psychophysical contrast evaluations and VEP studies were superior to other clinical evaluations in demonstrating visual dysfunction in these patients
— id: 65716, year: 1983, vol: 33, page: 1015, stat: Journal Article,

The visual-evoked potential in tobacco-alcohol and nutritional amblyopia
Kupersmith MJ; Weiss PA; Carr RE
1983 Mar;95(3):307-314, American journal of ophthalmology
Twelve subjects, nine with tobacco-alcohol amblyopia and three with nutritional amblyopia, were studied with pattern and flash visual-evoked potentials. We found abnormal steady-state responses in all 12 patients, including those with minor visual abnormalities, when the contrast of the stimulus was decreased. The latency of the first major positive wave (P100) of the flash- or pattern-evoked potential was not delayed in 11 of the 12 patients. The normal P100 latencies differed from the prolonged latencies found in other patients with loss of central nervous system myelin caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or multiple sclerosis
— id: 65717, year: 1983, vol: 95, page: 307, stat: Journal Article,

Diabetic retinopathy. I. Nonproliferative retinopathy
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1983 Oct;90(10):1261-1263, Ophthalmology
— id: 92124, year: 1983, vol: 90, page: 1261, stat: Journal Article,

Pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1983 Sep;96(3):338-344, American journal of ophthalmology
Six patients (three men and three women, ranging in age from 19 to 65 years) with pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy, a rare disorder of unknown origin, were studied for three- to 21-year periods. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the distinctive fundus appearance of bilateral, symmetrical bone corpuscular pigment accumulation exclusively along the distribution of the retinal veins. Although the fundus abnormalities can be mild or severe, retinal function tests indicated that this is a geographic and not a generalized disorder. Central visual acuities were normal. Follow-up studies showed no evidence of ophthalmoscopic or functional deterioration in five of the patients. In the sixth (Patient 6, the most severely affected), there was a mild progression of the fundus abnormality during the 21-year follow-up period
— id: 92123, year: 1983, vol: 96, page: 338, stat: Journal Article,

The pattern electroretinogram in optic nerve disease
Seiple W; Price MJ; Kupersmith M; Siegel IM; Carr RE
1983 Sep;90(9):1127-1132, Ophthalmology
Pattern evoked electroretinograms (PERG), diffuse flash electroretinograms (ERG) and visual evoked potentials were studied in patients with unilateral optic nerve disease. Patients with Snellen acuities of less than 6/30 did not have recordable PERGs in their affected eye, whereas their diffuse flash ERGs were normal. The VEPs were correspondingly reduced or absent when recorded from the poorer seeing eyes. A second group of patients with Snellen acuity between 6/6 and 6/30 in the involved eye showed reductions in the mean PERG amplitude of the affected as compared with the normal eyes. All affected eyes showed an abnormal contrast threshold measured with the PERG amplitude. Such results underscore the diagnostic value of the PERG in detecting even mildly affected cases of optic nerve disease
— id: 65738, year: 1983, vol: 90, page: 1127, stat: Journal Article,

INFANTILE CYSTINOSIS - OCULAR FINDINGS AND PIGMENT DILUTION OF EYE AND SKIN
STENSON, SM; SIEGEL, IM; CARR, RE
1983 ;3(3):169-180, Ophthalmic paediatrics & genetics
— id: 41117, year: 1983, vol: 3, page: 169, stat: Journal Article,

Retinitis pigmentosa: recent advances
Carr, R E
1982 ;82:135-146, Progress in clinical & biological research
— id: 92118, year: 1982, vol: 82, page: 135, stat: Journal Article,

Visual electrodiagnostic testing : a practical guide for the clinician
Carr, Ronald E.; Siegel, Irwin M
Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, c1982,
— id: 123, year: 1982, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Subtle disturbances of vision with compressive lesions of the anterior visual pathway measured by contrast sensitivity
Kupersmith MJ; Siegel IM; Carr RE
1982 Jan;89(1):68-72, Ophthalmology
Contrast thresholds were determined for patients with compressive lesions of the chiasm or optic nerve but whose visual acuity was 20/20 on the Snellen scale. A generalized loss of contrast sensitivity for spatial frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 6.4 cycles per degree was found even in patients with normal color vision and full visual fields. After surgery was performed, improvements in the fields and color vision were seen in those patients who also showed a significant increase in their postoperative contrast sensitivity scores. Contrast sensitivity is shown to be a useful procedure for evaluating very mild visual complaints as well as for establishing early diagnosis and evaluation of surgical therapy in patients with compressive lesions of the anterior visual pathway
— id: 65719, year: 1982, vol: 89, page: 68, stat: Journal Article,

Pathologic myopia
Noble KG; Carr RE
1982 Sep;89(9):1099-1100, Ophthalmology
— id: 63340, year: 1982, vol: 89, page: 1099, stat: Journal Article,

Arteriovenous anastomoses
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1982 Feb;89(2):183-185, Ophthalmology
— id: 92120, year: 1982, vol: 89, page: 183, stat: Journal Article,

Branch vein occlusion
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1982 Jan;89(1):86-88, Ophthalmology
— id: 92119, year: 1982, vol: 89, page: 86, stat: Journal Article,

Idiopathic preretinal gliosis
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1982 May;89(5):521-523, Ophthalmology
— id: 92121, year: 1982, vol: 89, page: 521, stat: Journal Article,

Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1982 Nov;89(11):1289-1290, Ophthalmology
— id: 92122, year: 1982, vol: 89, page: 1289, stat: Journal Article,

Disorders of the fundus. Albinism
Carr RE; Noble KG; Siegel IM
1981 Apr;88(4):377-378, Ophthalmology
— id: 63273, year: 1981, vol: 88, page: 377, stat: Journal Article,

Retinitis pigmentosa
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1981 Feb;88(2):169-172, Ophthalmology
— id: 92117, year: 1981, vol: 88, page: 169, stat: Journal Article,

Reduced contrast sensitivity in compressive lesions of the anterior visual pathway
Kupersmith MJ; Siegel IM; Carr RE
1981 May;31(5):550-554, Neurology
A clinical procedure for determining contrast sensitivity was performed on patients with suspected sella area masses. The test consisted of a series of six plates, each containing a bar pattern of fixed sinusoidal spatial frequency in which contrast varies along the length of the bar. Patients with compressive lesions of the chiasm of optic nerve showed loss of contrast sensitivity over the whole range of spatial frequencies. The general loss in contrast was evident even in patients with 20/20 Snellen acuity. After surgery, contrast sensitivity improved, as did other measures of vision, but significant contrast deficits remained. Contrast sensitivity is a sensitive indicator for the diagnosis and evaluation of compressive lesions of the chiasm
— id: 65721, year: 1981, vol: 31, page: 550, stat: Journal Article,

Visual evoked potentials in chiasmal gliomas in four adults
Kupersmith MJ; Siegel IM; Carr RE; Ransohoff J; Flamm E; Shakin E
1981 Jun;38(6):362-365, Archives of neurology
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from four patients with surgically verified chiasmal gliomas. Despite good visual acuity, 6/12(20/40) or better in each eye, these patients showed substantially reduced VEP amplitudes to a diffuse flash stimulus and hardly detectable responses to a highly textured checkerboard-pattern stimulus. The dissociation between evoked electrical activity and visual acuity is noteworthy; this differs from previously reported findings in patients with extrinsic compressing lesions of the chiasm or with lesions of demyelinating disease, which usually reduce VEP amplitude and increase conduction time in rough proportion to a loss of visual acuity
— id: 65720, year: 1981, vol: 38, page: 362, stat: Journal Article,

Disorders of the fundus. 4. Drusen of the optic nerve
Carr RE; Noble KG
1980 Apr;87(4):359-361, Ophthalmology
— id: 65729, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 359, stat: Journal Article,

1. Juvenile macular degeneration
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 Jan;87(1):83-85, Ophthalmology
— id: 92110, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 83, stat: Journal Article,

5. Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 May;87(5):455-457, Ophthalmology
— id: 92113, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 455, stat: Journal Article,

Angioid Streaks
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 Mar;87(3):263-265, Ophthalmology
— id: 92112, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 263, stat: Journal Article,

Central serous chorioretinopathy (central serous retinopathy)
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 Aug;87(8):841-846, Ophthalmology
— id: 92114, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 841, stat: Journal Article,

Disorders of the fundus. 2. Choroideremia
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 Feb;87(2):169-171, Ophthalmology
— id: 92111, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 169, stat: Journal Article,

Disorders of the fundus. 8. Geographic (serpiginous) choroidopathy
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 Oct;87(10):1065-1068, Ophthalmology
— id: 92116, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 1065, stat: Journal Article,

Retinal angiomatosis
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1980 Sep;87(9):956-9, 961, Ophthalmology
— id: 92115, year: 1980, vol: 87, page: 956, stat: Journal Article,

Electrodiagnostic and psychophysical testing in retinal disease
Siegel, I M; Carr, R E
1980 Spring;20(1):21-38, International ophthalmologic clinics
— id: 92109, year: 1980, vol: 20, page: 21, stat: Journal Article,

Retinitis pigmentosa
Carr, R E
1979 1980 Winter;49(4):147-155, Sightsaving review
— id: 92107, year: 1979, vol: 49, page: 147, stat: Journal Article,

VITAMIN-A AND OXALATE LEVELS IN FUNDUS ALBIPUNCTATUS
Carr, RE; Margolis, S; Siegel, IM
1979 ;3(2-4):85-95, Metabolic & pediatric ophthalmology
— id: 27932, year: 1979, vol: 3, page: 85, stat: Journal Article,

Stargardt's disease and fundus flavimaculatus
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1979 Jul;97(7):1281-1285, Archives of ophthalmology
A study of 67 patients with a diagnosis of Stargardt's disease (juvenile macular degeneration) or fundus flavimaculatus showed that, apart from the ophthalmoscopic appearance, there is no clear distinction between these two disorders. The disease is an autosomal recessive macular degeneration that is bilateral and symmetrical in appearance, with diminished central vision as the hallmark symptom. The onset of symptoms usually occurred in the first or second decade, but a substantial number of patients were asymptomatic until the fourth or fifth decade. Psychophysical and electrophysiologic tests indicated that this is a localized and not a generalized retinal dystrophy. While the initial vision in the better eye was 6/12 (20/40) or better in one third of the patients, follow-up studies showed progression to levels between 6/30 (20/100) and 6/60 (20/400)
— id: 92108, year: 1979, vol: 97, page: 1281, stat: Journal Article,

Hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy
Carr, R E; Noble, K G; Nasaduke, I
1978 Mar;85(3):318-328, American journal of ophthalmology
Four members of a family with dominantly inherited macular dystrophy demonstrated the essential features of hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy. They reported decreased visual acuity in the third decade and eventually developed bilateral disease. Fundus evaluations revealed hemorrhagic and exudative maculopathy associated with pigment atrophy, pigment clumping, and eventual glial scar formation. Early stages of the disease manifested a macular subretinal neovascular network. Photocoagulation treatment of subretinal neovascularization was successful in Case 3, unsuccessful in Case 1. Follow-up of these four brothers lasted over a period of two to 12 years. After they reached the cicatricial phase, the size of the lesion and visual symptoms remained stable. Visual function tests in the early and late stages indicated a local or geographic disease. We differentiated this dystrophy from other hereditary causes for subretinal neovascularization. We recommend early obliteration of the subretinal neovascular network with intense photocoagulation because the outcome of untreated hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy is legal blindness
— id: 92102, year: 1978, vol: 85, page: 318, stat: Journal Article,

METABOLIC CHANGES IN FUNDUS ALBIPUNCTATUS
Carr, RE; Margolis, S; Siegel, IM
1978 ;2(1):73-73, Metabolic ophthalmology
— id: 29790, year: 1978, vol: 2, page: 73, stat: Journal Article,

Leber's congenital amaurosis. A retrospective study of 33 cases and a histopathological study of one case
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1978 May;96(5):818-821, Archives of ophthalmology
This report is a retrospective study of 33 patients seen over a 16-year period in whom a diagnosis of Leber's congenital amaurosis was made. The findings of an autosomal recessive heredity in 33%, connatal blindness (visual acuity less than 20/200) in 95%m nystagmus in 75%, and a markedly abnormal electroretinogram in 100% is in agreement with the findings of previously published large series. The difficulty in making the correct diagnosis initially was related to the wide variety of fundus findings and a high association (30%) of central nervous system disease. In the differential diagnosis of connatal blindness, only Leber's congenital amaurosis exhibits an absent or markedly diminished response on electroretinogram. The histopathologic findings in a 6-month-old infant with this disorder are compared with those of previously published reports
— id: 92104, year: 1978, vol: 96, page: 818, stat: Journal Article,

Peripapillary pigmentary retinal degeneration
Noble, K G; Carr, R E
1978 Jul;86(1):65-75, American journal of ophthalmology
We studied four patients with peripapillary pigmentary retinal degeneration, an asymptomatic disorder that was probably benign and nonprogressive. The ophthalmoscopic appearance showed a segmental, grayish metallic sheen in association with bone spicule pigmentation, which radiated from the disk along the temporal vessel arcades and joined temporal to the macula. The optic disk, retinal vessels, periphery, and macula were normal in all patients. Visual function tests and fluorescein angiography indicated a segmental disease of the retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex
— id: 92105, year: 1978, vol: 86, page: 65, stat: Journal Article,

Familial foveal retinoschisis associated with a rod-cone dystrophy
Noble, K G; Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1978 Apr;85(4):551-557, American journal of ophthalmology
A brother and sister born of a consanguinous marriage had bilateral foveal retinoschisis and a generalized rod-cone dysfunction. This was associated with nyctalopia, hyperopia, minimal vitreous opacities in the sister, a paramacular tapetal sheen reflex, normal retinal vessels, an abnormal electroretinogram, and a normal electro-oculogram in the less affected brother. Foveal retinoschisis is not pathognomonic for x-chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis. It may be seen as a manifestation of a macular dystrophy or associated with a generalized tapetoretinal dystrophy
— id: 92103, year: 1978, vol: 85, page: 551, stat: Journal Article,

Polymorphous presentations in vitelliform macular dystrophy: subretinal neovascularisation and central choroidal atrophy
Noble, K G; Scher, B M; Carr, R E
1978 Aug;62(8):561-570, British journal of ophthalmology
Two dominantly inherited macular dystrophies demonstrate the difficulty in establishing a diagnosis based on the fundus appearance. In 1 family the propositus presented with unilateral retinal haemorrhage associated with subretinal choroidal neovascularisation which remained unilateral over an 8-year period. In the other family the propositus presented with bilateral central choroidal atrophy. All affected family members had an abnormal electro-oculogram and a normal electroretinogram, suggesting the diagnosis of vitelliform macular dystrophy. Since vitelliform macular dystrophy has a wide range of expressivity, with polymorphous appearances of the fundus, the diagnosis is best made by the presence of a dominant mode of inheritance and an abnormal electro-oculogram
— id: 92106, year: 1978, vol: 62, page: 561, stat: Journal Article,

Pseudoinflammatory macular dystrophy
Carr, R E; Noble, K G
1977 ;75:255-271, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
A family with pseudoinflammatory macular dystrophy (PMD) is presented. This dominantly inherited macular dystrophy has its onset in the 3rd to 5th decades with the earliest manifestation being a macular subretinal neovascular network. Visual function tests (ERG, EOG, visual fields, retinal sensitivity) in the early and late stages indicates this is local or geographic disease. This dystrophy should be differentiated from other hereditary causes for subretinal neovascularization (angioid streaks, vitelliform dystrophy, dominant drusen of Bruch's membrane, optic nerve drusen and myopia). It is suggested that treatment be directed at early obliteration of the subretinal neovascularization with intense photocoagulation since the outcome in virtually all cases of untreated PMD is legal blindness
— id: 92097, year: 1977, vol: 75, page: 255, stat: Journal Article,

LOOK THEM IN INJURED EYE
Carr, RE
1977 ;9(11):53-5?, Emergency medicine
— id: 29517, year: 1977, vol: 9, page: 53, stat: Journal Article,

Macular colobomas in Leber's congenital amaurosis
Margolis, S; Scher, B M; Carr, R E
1977 Jan;83(1):27-31, American journal of ophthalmology
Two siblings with Leber's congenital amaurosis had the unusual association of bilateral macular colobomas. In addition to the colobomas, the patients also had deafmutism, severe myopia, large corneas, and an unusual discrete area of peripapillary tapetoretinal sheen. Electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with congenitally poor visual ascuity and a central retinal defect differentiated a localized loss of funciton from a degeneration involving the entire retina
— id: 92098, year: 1977, vol: 83, page: 27, stat: Journal Article,

Leber's congenital amaurosis
Mizuno, K; Takei, Y; Sears, M L; Peterson, W S; Carr, R E; Jampol, L M
1977 Jan;83(1):32-42, American journal of ophthalmology
An early stage of Leber's congenital amaurosis, characterized by white spots or lines in the fundus, occurred in two children. Light microscopic examination of eyes obtained from one child, a 16-month-old Japanese girl, revealed subretinal deposits corresponding to the white spots and lines in the fundus deposits. Light and electron microscopic examination of the eye showed distinctive changes in the outer retinal layers and choroid, while the inner retinal layers were nearly normal. Characteristic early lesions of congenital amaurosis appeared to be produced by deposits consisting of loose outer segments and apical processes of the pigmental epithelial cell and macrophages. Undifferentiation in the nuclei of the photoreceptor cell, the inner segment, the pigment epithelial cell, and the choriocapillaris were likely characteristics of the early changes of congenital amaurosis
— id: 92099, year: 1977, vol: 83, page: 32, stat: Journal Article,

Fluorescein angiography of the hereditary choroidal dystrophies
Noble, K G; Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1977 Jan;61(1):43-53, British journal of ophthalmology
The hereditary choroidal dystrophies are divided into (1) geographic choroidal dystrophies (central areolar, peripapillary, generalised), (2) gyrate atrophy, and (3) choroideremia. Each of these disorders is discussed with regard to mode of inheritance, age of onset, symptoms, fundus appearance, and visual function testing. A typical case history of each disorder is presented together with fluorescein angiography, and the fluorescein angiographic findings are related to our present understanding of these diseases. Fluorescein angiography was found to be most helpful in diagnosing the early cases, by confirming the absence of the choriocapillaris, and in demonstrating either a local or general abnormality. The role of fluorescein angiography in understanding the aetiology of choroidan dystrophies is discussed
— id: 92100, year: 1977, vol: 61, page: 43, stat: Journal Article,

Pigment epithelial dystrophy
Noble, K G; Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1977 May;83(5):751-757, American journal of ophthalmology
— id: 92101, year: 1977, vol: 83, page: 751, stat: Journal Article,

Abetalipoproteinemia and the eye
Carr, R E
1976 ;12(3):385-408, Birth defects original articles series
— id: 92092, year: 1976, vol: 12, page: 385, stat: Journal Article,

Fluorescein angiography and vitamin A and oxalate levels in fundus albipunctatus
Carr, R E; Margolis, S; Siegel, I M
1976 Oct;82(4):549-558, American journal of ophthalmology
Two patients had fundus albipunctatus, one of the variants of congenital stationary night blindness. Neither the white dots in the retinas of these patients nor the retarded course of dark adaptation characteristically associated with the disease could be attributed to vitamin A deficiency or raised oxalate levels since both substances were present in normal amounts. Fluorescin angiography showed multiple discrete lesions in the pigment epithelium not coincident with the ophthalmoscopically visible changes. Since the pigment epithelium is the storage site for bleached visual pigment, these findings suggest abnormalities that underlie the major functional deficit in this disease, that is, the slow recovery of retinal sensitivity
— id: 92096, year: 1976, vol: 82, page: 549, stat: Journal Article,

Cone dysfunctions in man
Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1976 Jul-Aug;81(4 Pt 1):OP653-OP658, Transactions (Section on Ophthalmology. American Academy of Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology)
— id: 92094, year: 1976, vol: 81, page: OP653, stat: Journal Article,

1,000 cholecystectomies, extraductal palpation, and operative cholangiography
Mullen, J T; Carr, R E; Rupnik, E J; Knapp, R W
1976 Jun;131(6):672-675, American journal of surgery
Operative cholangiography and extraductal palpation are both accurate means of demonstrating common duct stones. When used in combination, accuracy was 94.4%. Routine extraductal palpation and selective cholangiography will prevent excessive and fruitless common duct exploration
— id: 92093, year: 1976, vol: 131, page: 672, stat: Journal Article,

Detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium at the posterior pole
Noble KG; Levitzky MJ; Carr RE
1976 Aug;82(2):246-251, American journal of ophthalmology
Multiple vitelliform cysts of the retina, a disorder of unknown cause in which there are multiple detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium at the posterior pole, occurred in five patients. In four patients all lesions were located outside the parafoveal area while one patient showed bilateral foveal elevations associated with more eccentric detachments. Several patients showed slow resolution of some of the detachments with mild disturbances of the pigment epithelium
— id: 22336, year: 1976, vol: 82, page: 246, stat: Journal Article,

Congenital total external ophthalmoplegia associated with infantile spinal muscular atrophy. Fine structure of extraocular muscle
Pachter BR; Pearson J; Davidowitz J; Reuben R; Boal D; Carr r; Breinin GM
1976 Apr;15(4):320-324, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. IOVS
A case of total congenital external ophthalmoplegia associated with infantile spinal muscular atrophy is presented. In the first 29 months of life, ophthalmoplegia has remained complete. Ultrastructure of lateral rectus extraocular muscle indicates a neurogenic process as the basis of the ophthalmoplegia. Light microscopy alone is insufficient to distinguish primary 'myopathic' from 'neurogenic' disease in external eye muscles
— id: 18237, year: 1976, vol: 15, page: 320, stat: Journal Article,

Choroidal abiotrophies
Carr, R E; Mittl, R N; Noble, K G
1975 Nov-Dec;79(6):OP796-OP816, Transactions (Section on Ophthalmology. American Academy of Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology)
— id: 92091, year: 1975, vol: 79, page: OP796, stat: Journal Article,

Congenital stationary nightblindness
Carr, R E
1974 ;72:448-487, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
— id: 92089, year: 1974, vol: 72, page: 448, stat: Journal Article,

Saturday night retinopathy
Jayam, A V; Hass, W K; Carr, R E; Kumar, A J
1974 Aug;22(4):413-418, Journal of the neurological sciences
— id: 92090, year: 1974, vol: 22, page: 413, stat: Journal Article,

Retinal function in patients treated with indomethacin
Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1973 Feb;75(2):302-306, American journal of ophthalmology
— id: 92087, year: 1973, vol: 75, page: 302, stat: Journal Article,

Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa
Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1973 Jul;90(1):21-26, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92088, year: 1973, vol: 90, page: 21, stat: Journal Article,

Symposium: pigmentary retinopathy summing-up
Carr, R E
1972 ;92:289-301, Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the UK
— id: 92086, year: 1972, vol: 92, page: 289, stat: Journal Article,

Achromatopsia in Pingelap Islanders. Study of a genetic isolate
Carr, R E; Morton, N E; Siegel, I M
1971 Oct;72(4):746-756, American journal of ophthalmology
— id: 92085, year: 1971, vol: 72, page: 746, stat: Journal Article,

Retinitis pigmentosa in abetalipoproteinemia: Effects of vitamin A
Gouras, P; Carr, R E; Gunkel, R D
1971 Oct;10(10):784-793, Investigative ophthalmology
— id: 92084, year: 1971, vol: 10, page: 784, stat: Journal Article,

Optics and visual physiology
Carr, R E
1970 Aug;84(2):238-251, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92081, year: 1970, vol: 84, page: 238, stat: Journal Article,

Pingelap eye disease
Carr, R E; Morton, N E; Siegel, I M
1970 Sep 26;2(7674):667-667, Lancet
— id: 92082, year: 1970, vol: 2, page: 667, stat: Journal Article,

Action spectrum of the human early receptor potential
Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1970 Jan 3;225(5227):88-89, Nature
— id: 92080, year: 1970, vol: 225, page: 88, stat: Journal Article,

The vitreo-tapeto-retinal degenerations
Carr, R E; Siegel, I M
1970 Oct;84(4):436-41 passim, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92083, year: 1970, vol: 84, page: 436, stat: Journal Article,

Optics and visual physiology
Carr, R E
1969 Aug;82(2):269-288, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92079, year: 1969, vol: 82, page: 269, stat: Journal Article,

The night-blinding disorders
Carr, R E
1969 Winter;9(4):971-1003, International ophthalmologic clinics
— id: 92078, year: 1969, vol: 9, page: 971, stat: Journal Article,

Cholangiography vs extraductal palpation
Rupnik, E J; Carr, R E; Williams, E L
1969 Mar;134(3):169-176, Military medicine
— id: 92095, year: 1969, vol: 134, page: 169, stat: Journal Article,

Chloroquine and organic changes in the eye
Carr, R E
1968 Mar;29(3):Suppl:36-Suppl:39, Diseases of the nervous system
— id: 92075, year: 1968, vol: 29, page: Suppl:36, stat: Journal Article,

Optics and visual physiology
Carr, R E
1968 Aug;80(2):280-299, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92076, year: 1968, vol: 80, page: 280, stat: Journal Article,

Ocular toxicity of antimalarial drugs. Long-term follow-up
Carr, R E; Henkind, P; Rothfield, N; Siegel, I M
1968 Oct;66(4):738-744, American journal of ophthalmology
— id: 92077, year: 1968, vol: 66, page: 738, stat: Journal Article,

Clinical electroretinography
Carr, R E; Gouras, P
1966 Oct 3;198(1):173-176, JAMA
— id: 92074, year: 1966, vol: 198, page: 173, stat: Journal Article,

Chloroquine retinopathy. Early detection by retinal threshold test
Carr, R E; Gouras, P; Gunkel, R D
1966 Feb;75(2):171-178, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92070, year: 1966, vol: 75, page: 171, stat: Journal Article,

Rhodopsin and visual thresholds in congenital night blindness
Carr, R E; Ripps, H; Siegel, I M
1966 Oct;186(2):103P-104P, Journal of physiology
— id: 92073, year: 1966, vol: 186, page: 103P, stat: Journal Article,

Rhodopsin and the electrical activity of the retina in congenital night blindness
Carr, R E; Ripps, H; Siegel, I M; Weale, R A
1966 Oct;5(5):497-507, Investigative ophthalmology
— id: 92071, year: 1966, vol: 5, page: 497, stat: Journal Article,

Visual functions in congenital night blindness
Carr, R E; Ripps, H; Siegel, I M; Weale, R A
1966 Oct;5(5):508-514, Investigative ophthalmology
— id: 92072, year: 1966, vol: 5, page: 508, stat: Journal Article,

CENTRAL AREOLAR CHOROIDAL DYSTROPHY
CARR, R E
1965 Jan;73:32-35, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92064, year: 1965, vol: 73, page: 32, stat: Journal Article,

FUNDUS FLAVIMACULATUS
CARR, R E
1965 Aug;74:163-168, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92069, year: 1965, vol: 74, page: 163, stat: Journal Article,

OGUCHI'S DISEASE
CARR, R E; GOURAS, P
1965 May;73:646-656, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92065, year: 1965, vol: 73, page: 646, stat: Journal Article,

CONE ACTIVITY IN THE LIGHT-INDUCED DC RESPONSE OF MONKEY RETINA
GOURAS, P; CARR, R E
1965 Jun;4:318-321, Investigative ophthalmology
— id: 92068, year: 1965, vol: 4, page: 318, stat: Journal Article,

LIGHT-INDUCED DC RESPONSES OF MONKEY RETINA BEFORE AND AFTER CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY INTERRUPTION
GOURAS, P; CARR, R E
1965 Jun;4:310-317, Investigative ophthalmology
— id: 92067, year: 1965, vol: 4, page: 310, stat: Journal Article,

MESODERMAL DYSGENESIS OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT: RIEGER'S ANOMALY
HENKIND, P; SIGEL, I M; CARR, R E
1965 Jun;73:810-817, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92066, year: 1965, vol: 73, page: 810, stat: Journal Article,

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF SEVERAL RETINAL DISEASES
CARR, R E; SIEGEL, I M
1964 Jul;58:95-107, American journal of ophthalmology
— id: 92063, year: 1964, vol: 58, page: 95, stat: Journal Article,

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN EARLY RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
GOURAS, P; CARR, R E
1964 Jul;72:104-110, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92062, year: 1964, vol: 72, page: 104, stat: Journal Article,

EARLY CHLOROQUINE RETINOPATHY: CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL FINDINGS
HENKIND, P; CARR, R E; SIEGEL, I M
1964 Feb;71:157-165, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92061, year: 1964, vol: 71, page: 157, stat: Journal Article,

RETINAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH SERUM HYPERVISCOSITY
CARR, R E; HENKIND, P
1963 Jul;56:23-31, American journal of ophthalmology
— id: 92060, year: 1963, vol: 56, page: 23, stat: Journal Article,

Ocular manifestations of ethambutol, Toxic amblyopia after administration of an experimental antituberculous drug
CARR, R E; HENKIND, P
1962 May;67:566-571, Archives of ophthalmology
— id: 92059, year: 1962, vol: 67, page: 566, stat: Journal Article,