Robert Cancro, M.D.

Differential regulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in a mouse model of aggression
Ginsberg SD; Che S; Hashim A; Zavadil J; Cancro R; Lee SH; Petkova E; Sershen HW; Volavka J
2011 Nov;216(4):347-356, Brain structure & function
This study was designed to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors in mice exposed to repeated interactions in their homecage with conspecifics. A resident-intruder procedure was employed whereby two males were allowed to interact for 10 min trials, and aggressive and/or submissive behaviors (e.g., degree of attacking, biting, chasing, grooming, rearing, or upright posture) were assessed. Following 10 days of behavioral trials, brains were removed and dissected into specific regions including the cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, pons, and striatum. Gene expression analysis was performed using real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (qPCR) for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Compared to naive control mice, significant up regulation of COMT expression of residents was observed in the cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and striatum; in all of these brain regions the COMT expression of residents was also significantly higher than that of intruders. The intruders also had a significant down regulation (compared to naive control mice) within the hippocampus, indicating a selective decrease in COMT expression in the hippocampus of submissive subjects. Immunoblot analysis confirmed COMT up regulation in the midbrain and hippocampus of residents and down regulation in intruders. qPCR analysis of TH expression indicated significant up regulation in the midbrain of residents and concomitant down regulation in intruders. These findings implicate regionally- and behaviorally-specific regulation of COMT and TH expression in aggressive and submissive behaviors. Additional molecular and cellular characterization of COMT, TH, and other potential targets is warranted within this animal model of aggression
— id: 137055, year: 2011, vol: 216, page: 347, stat: Journal Article,

Imaging of thalamocortical dysrhythmia in neuropsychiatry
Schulman, Joshua J; Cancro, Robert; Lowe, Sandlin; Lu, Feng; Walton, Kerry D; Llinas, Rodolfo R
2011 ;5:69-69, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Abnormal brain activity dynamics, in the sense of a thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD), has been proposed as the underlying mechanism for a subset of disorders that bridge the traditional delineations of neurology and neuropsychiatry. In order to test this proposal from a psychiatric perspective, a study using magnetoencephalography (MEG) was implemented in subjects with schizophrenic spectrum disorder (n = 14), obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 10), or depressive disorder (n = 5) and in control individuals (n = 18). Detailed CNS electrophysiological analysis of these patients, using MEG, revealed the presence of abnormal theta range spectral power with typical TCD characteristics, in all cases. The use of independent component analysis and minimum-norm-based methods localized such TCD to ventromedial prefrontal and temporal cortices. The observed mode of oscillation was spectrally equivalent but spatially distinct from that of TCD observed in other related disorders, including Parkinson's disease, central tinnitus, neuropathic pain, and autism. The present results indicate that the functional basis for much of these pathologies may relate most fundamentally to the category of calcium channelopathies and serve as a model for the cellular substrate for low-frequency oscillations present in these psychiatric disorders, providing a basis for therapeutic strategies
— id: 136950, year: 2011, vol: 5, page: 69, stat: Journal Article,

Kaplan & Sadock's pocket handbook of clinical psychiatry
Sadock, Benjamin J; Sadock, Virginia A; Cancro, Robert; Sussman, Norman; Ahmad, Samoon
Princeton NJ : Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic, 2008,
— id: 1487, year: 2008, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Long-term mortality experience of international cohorts of persons with schizophrenia and related psychoses
Craig, Thomas J; Tang, Dei-In; Sartorius, Norman; Laska, Eugene M; Cancro, Robert
Recovery from schizophrenia: An international perspective: A report from the WHO Collaborative Project, the international study of schizophrenia New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, 2007,
The mortality experience of persons with schizophrenia and related psychoses has been a topic of research interest for over a century (Simpson, 1988; Allebeck, 1989; Newman and Bland, 1991; Simpson and Tsuang, 1996). Usually, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) is used to compare mortality rates in such individuals with those of the general population. Despite the extensive literature on mortality among these patients, recent reviews (Simpson, 1988; Allebeck, 1989; Simpson and Tsuang, 1996) have identified a number of gaps in current knowledge. Simpson (1988) cites a lack of information about nonindustrialized societies where cultural issues and differences in medical care availability might result in mortality patterns that are different from those in industrialized societies. In addition, most reported studies involve patients who died before the 1980s, when diagnostic criteria were less standardized and medical and psychiatric treatments less advanced. Simpson and Tsuang (1996) also point to the need for larger sample sizes in order to analyze mortality experience in population subgroups. It is remarkable, as Allebeck (1989) states, that despite the use of varying methodological and diagnostic techniques, similar results have emerged from studies which were conducted over half a century (i.e., the 1920s to 1970s). However, none of these studies examined the pattern of mortality across diverse national and cultural settings using comparable methodology. We attempt to do so in this chapter.
— id: 4383, year: 2007, vol: , page: 61, stat: Chapter,

Electrophysiological subtypes of psychotic states
John, E R; Prichep, L S; Winterer, G; Herrmann, W M; diMichele, F; Halper, J; Bolwig, T G; Cancro, R
2007 Jul;116(1):17-35, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica
OBJECTIVE: This research sought neurobiological features common to psychotic states displayed by patients with different clinical diagnoses. METHOD: Cluster analysis with quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) variables was used to subtype drug-naive, non-medicated, and medicated schizophrenic, depressed and alcoholic patients with psychotic symptoms, from the USA and Germany. QEEG source localization brain images were computed for each cluster. RESULTS: Psychotic patients with schizophrenia, depression and alcoholism, and drug- naive schizophrenic patients, were distributed among six clusters. QEEG images revealed one set of brain regions differentially upregulated in each cluster and another group of structures downregulated in the same way in every cluster. CONCLUSION: Subtypes previously found among 94 schizophrenic patients were replicated in a sample of 390 non-schizophrenic as well as schizophrenic psychotics, and displayed common neurobiological abnormalities. Collaborative longitudinal studies using these economical methods might improve differential understanding and treatment of patients based upon these features rather than clinical symptoms
— id: 73413, year: 2007, vol: 116, page: 17, stat: Journal Article,

The underutilization of psychiatric rehabilitation
Cancro, Robert
2006 Oct;5(3):159-160, World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)
— id: 96120, year: 2006, vol: 5, page: 159, stat: Journal Article,

QEEG subtyping and source localization reveal the need for polypharmacy
John, ER; Prichep, LS; Cancro, R
2006 NOV 23 ;54(1):33-33, Neuropsychobiology
— id: 69292, year: 2006, vol: 54, page: 33, stat: Journal Article,

Prediction of longitudinal cognitive decline in normal elderly with subjective complaints using electrophysiological imaging
Prichep, L S; John, E R; Ferris, S H; Rausch, L; Fang, Z; Cancro, R; Torossian, C; Reisberg, B
2006 Mar;27(3):471-481, Neurobiology of aging
An extensive literature reports changes in quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) with aging and a relationship between magnitude of changes and degree of clinical deterioration in progressive dementia. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated QEEG differences between mild cognitively impaired (MCI) elderly who go on to decline and those who do not. This study focuses on normal elderly with subjective cognitive complaints to assess the utility of QEEG in predicting future decline within 7 years. Forty-four normal elderly received extensive clinical, neurocognitive and QEEG examinations at baseline. All study subjects (N = 44) had only subjective complaints but no objective evidence of cognitive deficit (evaluated using the Global Deterioration Scale [GDS] score, GDS stage = 2) at baseline and were re-evaluated during 7-9 year follow-up. Baseline QEEGs of Decliners differed significantly (p < 0.0001, by MANOVA) from Non-Decliners, characterized by increases in theta power, slowing of mean frequency, and changes in covariance among regions, especially on the right hemisphere. Using logistic regression, an R2 of 0.93 (p < 0.001) was obtained between baseline QEEG features and probability of future decline, with an overall predictive accuracy of 90%. These data indicate high sensitivity and specificity for baseline QEEG as a differential predictor of future cognitive state in normal, subjectively impaired elderly
— id: 63733, year: 2006, vol: 27, page: 471, stat: Journal Article,

"Psychological treatment of bipolar disorder"
Cancro R
2005 ;162(3):641-642, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 61287, year: 2005, vol: 162, page: 641, stat: Journal Article,

Replicated electrophysiological subtypes of schizophrenia
Cancro, R; John, ER; Winterer, G; Herrmann, WM
2005 APR ;31(2):450-450, Schizophrenia bulletin
— id: 55775, year: 2005, vol: 31, page: 450, stat: Journal Article,

A review of the concept of the schizophrenic disorders
Cancro, Robert
2005 Summer;33(2):241-247, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis & Dynamic Psychiatry
— id: 96121, year: 2005, vol: 33, page: 241, stat: Journal Article,

Commentary on "Integrating the psychoanalytic and neurobiological views of panic disorder."
Cancro, Robert
2005 ;7(2):164-165, Neuro-psychoanalysis
Comments on 'Integrating the psychoanalytic and neurobiological views of panic disorder' by B. Alexander, S. Feigelson, and J. M. Gorman (see record 2005-16563-002). In recent years, there has been a greater emphasis on psychoanalytic treatment as a process of unlearning and relearning. In this model, the intense, safe relationship permits the individual to become more open to looking at the conditions surrounding earlier adaptations and to offer newer ways of dealing with the problems of living. The authors state that early traumatic experiences are stored in the amygdala and that reactivation through talk therapy can ameliorate the effect of those early memories. The psychopharmacologic revolution has at times emphasized biology in a manner that is reductionistic. In a very real sense, the two revolutionary camps have become somewhat overzealous and have difficulty communicating with each other, let alone appreciating what each has to offer. The authors are to be commended for making an attempt to create a truce between these frequently warring camps. While the attempt at peacemaking is often met with dismissiveness, the authors deserve congratulations on an effort that has much to be praised.
— id: 64402, year: 2005, vol: 7, page: 164, stat: Journal Article,

Kaplan & Sadock's pocket handbook of clinical psychiatry
Sadock, Benjamin J; Sadock, Virgina A; Cancro, Robert; Sussman, Norman; Ahmad, Samoon
Philadelphia PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005,
— id: 908, year: 2005, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Predictors of aggression on the psychiatric inpatient service
Serper, Mark R; Goldberg, Brett R; Herman, Kristine G; Richarme, Danielle; Chou, James; Dill, Charles A; Cancro, Robert
2005 Mar-Apr;46(2):121-127, Comprehensive psychiatry
Patients with severe mental illness are at increased risk to commit acts of aggression in the inpatient hospital setting. Aggressive behaviors have severe negative consequences for the patient, victims, clinical staff, and the therapeutic community as a whole. While risk factors of community and inpatient aggression overlap, many predictive factors diverge between the two settings. For example, while medication noncompliance has been a robust predictor of community aggression, this factor has little predictive value for inpatient settings where patients' pharmacotherapy is closely monitored. Relatively fewer investigators have examined a wide range of predictive factors associated with aggressive acts committed on the psychiatry inpatient service, often with conflicting results. The present study examined demographic, clinical, and neurocognitive performance predictors of self, other, object, and verbal aggressiveness in 118 acute inpatients. Results revealed that the arrival status at the hospital (voluntary vs involuntary), female gender, and substance abuse diagnosis were predictors of verbal aggression and aggression against others. Impaired memory functioning also predicted object aggression. Fewer symptoms, combined with higher cognition functioning, however, were significant predictors of self-aggressive acts committed on the inpatient service. The need for relating predictors of specific types of aggressiveness in schizophrenia is discussed
— id: 55995, year: 2005, vol: 46, page: 121, stat: Journal Article,

Mental health impact of September 11
Cancro, R
2004 ;9(12):1055-1056 Dec, Molecular psychiatry
Editorial discussing the mental health impact of the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11 and the compelling need to undertake psychological studies. There was concern about air pollution from asbestos, dust, and other particulate matter after the attack, however, inadequate attention paid to the psychological consequences of the event. Violence of human design has a greater impact on mental health than comparable natural or technological disasters. The most common psychiatric sequelae after the event were post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive states. Psychological sequelae to the attacks were not restricted to those exposed to the event, but who were aware of the event through the media only. The effects on children is deserving of particular attention. There are over 3000 children who lost a parent. The children showed markedly elevated symptoms of PTSD, agoraphobia, conduct disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. The mental health community has not made an adequate response to develop appropriate interventions for this large cohort. There is a profound need for more research into the appropriate methods of intervening following such an event to reduce and prevent handicap and disability.
— id: 48098, year: 2004, vol: 9, page: 1055, stat: Journal Article,

Cocaine craving and attentional bias in cocaine-dependent schizophrenic patients
Copersino, Marc L; Serper, Mark R; Vadhan, Nehal; Goldberg, Brett R; Richarme, Danielle; Chou, James C-Y; Stitzer, Maxine; Cancro, Robert
2004 Oct 30;128(3):209-218, Psychiatry research
Cocaine craving has been implicated as a major factor underlying addiction and drug relapse. From a cognitive viewpoint, craving may reflect, in part, attentional processing biased in favor of drug-related cues and stimuli. Schizophrenic individuals (SZ), however, abuse cocaine in high numbers but typically manifest baseline cognitive deficits that impair their ability to selectively allocate their attentional resources. In this study, we examined the relationship between attentional bias and craving in patients with cocaine dependence (COC; n=20), schizophrenic patients comorbid for cocaine dependence (COC+SZ; n=23), as well as two other comparison groups using a modified version of the Stroop test to include cocaine-relevant words. Results revealed that only the COC patients demonstrated Stroop interference on the cocaine-related words. Moreover, COC patients' attentional processing biases were significantly associated with their cocaine craving severity ratings. COC+SZ patients, in contrast, did not demonstrate Stroop interference and manifested significantly fewer craving symptoms than their COC counterparts. These results suggest that COC+SZ patients' inability to selectively encode their drug-use experience may limit and shape their subjective experience of craving cocaine and motivation for cocaine use
— id: 64110, year: 2004, vol: 128, page: 209, stat: Journal Article,

Prolactin elevation with ziprasidone
Lusskin, Shari I; Cancro, Robert; Chuang, Linda; Jacobson, Jessica
2004 Oct;161(10):1925-1925, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 45323, year: 2004, vol: 161, page: 1925, stat: Journal Article,

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia in schizoaffective disorder
Schulman, JJ; Cancro, R; Llinas, R
2004 APR 15 ;55(5):22S-22S, Biological psychiatry
— id: 46646, year: 2004, vol: 55, page: 22S, stat: Journal Article,

"Ethics, culture, and psychiatry: international perspectives"
Cancro R
2003 ;160(9):1712-1712, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 61281, year: 2003, vol: 160, page: 1712, stat: Journal Article,

"The difficult-to-treat psychiatric patient"
Cancro R
2003 ;160(1):201-201, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 61282, year: 2003, vol: 160, page: 201, stat: Journal Article,

The schizophrenic disorders
Cancro, R
2003 APR ;16(2-3):S3-S7, Current opinion in psychiatry
This paper represents an effort to review the history of the various conceptualizations of schizophrenia as a mental disorder, and to summarize issues concerning diagnosis and etiology. The question of biologically based diagnosis is considered
— id: 37197, year: 2003, vol: 16, page: S3, stat: Journal Article,

Neuropsychiatric thalamocortical dysrhythmia: surgical implications
Jeanmonod, D; Schulman, J; Ramirez, R; Cancro, R; Lanz, M; Morel, A; Magnin, M; Siegemund, M; Kronberg, E; Ribary, U; Llinas, R
2003 Apr;14(2):251-265, Neurosurgery clinics of North America
Clearly, more clinical experience must be amassed to define in detail the possibilities of this surgical approach in disabling neuropsychiatric disorders. We propose, however, that the evidence for benign and efficient surgical intervention against the neuropsychiatric TCD syndrome is already compelling. The potential appearance of strong postoperative reactive manifestations requires a close association between surgery and psychotherapy, with the latter providing support for the integration of the new situation as well as the resolution of old unresolved issues
— id: 40100, year: 2003, vol: 14, page: 251, stat: Journal Article,

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia in schizoaffective disorder
Schulman, J. J.; Ramirez, R. R.; Cancro, R.; Ribary, U.; Llinas, R. R.
2003 ;2003:?-?, Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer & Itinerary Planner
Ongoing studies indicate that the conjunction of spontaneous thalamocortical activity, at low-(theta; 4-8Hz) and high-(gamma; 25-50Hz) frequencies serves as the physiological basis for a set of disorders we have termed the thalamocortical dysrhythmia syndromes (TCD). Elements in this set are proposed to include Parkinson's disease, tinnitus, central pain, OCD, depression and schizoaffective (SA) disorder. The common denominator is a prominent theta-range oscillation underlying negative symptoms, in temporal coherence with gamma band activity relating to positive symptoms. Results demonstrate that localization of TCD activity is possible and add a more direct functional dimension to results obtained with other imaging techniques.Continuous neuromagnetic activity was recorded with whole-head MEG (4D Neuroimaging) from 6 subjects with SA disorder and 8 healthy controls. Multitaper spectral estimation was used to calculate frequency spectra, and independent components (ICs) were derived with EEGlab software. Selected ICs were localized in a probabilistic sourcespace. A recursive weighted minimum norm algorithm was used to calculate solutions for current density localization.Power spectra from controls demonstrated typical occipital alpha rhythm, while spectra from SA subjects showed an increase in theta power localized in mediofrontal supraorbital and temporal areas. These results support a model in which deinactivation of thalamic T-type Ca++ currents leads to localized oscillatory changes. The presence of both frontal and temporal activity in individual ICs suggests functional synchronization between these areas in SA disorder and corroborates findings of low-frequency oscillation with metabolic hypofrontality in PET studies.It is concluded that ICA may identify and localize abnormal TC dynamics in SA disorder and that MEG represents an important tool in the investigation of TCD patients
— id: 92294, year: 2003, vol: 2003, page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Subtyping of psychiatric disorders: implications for drug development
Cancro, Robert; E Roy, John; Chabot, Robert; Prichep, Leslie
2002 Dec;4(4):329-335, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
Psychiatric diagnosis suffers from being based on phenomenology and not on pathophysiology. Data are presented showing that psychiatric patients reveal consistent quantitative electroencephalographic abnormalities, such that they can be separated from normals and from each other. Clustering these pathophysiological groupings reveals an underlying variability, which permits useful subtyping. Data are presented relating subtyping to pharmacological treatment
— id: 140532, year: 2002, vol: 4, page: 329, stat: Journal Article,

Neuroticism, major depression and gender: a population-based twin study
Fanous, A; Gardner, CO; Prescott, CA; Cancro, R; Kendler, KS
2002 May;32(4):719-728, Psychological medicine
Background. A portion of the genetic risk factors for the personality trait neuroticism (N) may also increase risk for major depression (MD). Females have both higher levels of N and higher rates of MD than males, suggesting that these traits may be more genetically correlated in females. Methods. Structured interviews, including a lifetime assessment for MD by DSM-III-R criteria, were administered to 863 male-male MZ (monozygotic), 649 male-male DZ (dizygotic), 506 female-female MZ, 345 female- female DZ, and 1408 opposite-sex twin pairs. N was assessed using the short-form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. A sex-limited Cholesky model was fitted which allowed us to decompose into additive genetic, common environmental, and individual-specific environmental components two main classes of correlations: within-sex between-variable and between-sex within-variable. Results. Our best-fitting model contained only additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors for both N and MD. The within-sex genetic correlations between N and MD were estimated at + 0.68 in men and + 0.49 in women. This model fitted only slightly better than one in which the N- MD within-sex genetic correlation was constrained to be equal across the sexes, and estimated at +0.55. There may be sex- specific genes influencing both N and MD. Conclusion. Our best- fitting model failed to establish a significant sex difference in the genetic correlation between N and MD. These results, as well as evidence for sex-specific genetic factors for both traits, have implications for the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of the affective disorders, and molecular genetic approaches to the study of these traits
— id: 28189, year: 2002, vol: 32, page: 719, stat: Journal Article,

Synopsis de psychiatrie : sciences du comportement, psychiatrie clinique
Kaplan, Harold I; Sadock, Benjamin J; Cancro, Robert
Paris : Pradel, 2002,
— id: 963, year: 2002, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Deregulation of membrane and receptor mediated signaling by THC: therapeutic implications
Nahas GG; Harvey D; Sutin KM; Turndorf H; Cancro R
Biology of marijuana : from gene to behavior New York : Taylor & Francis, 2002,
— id: 2783, year: 2002, vol: , page: 431, stat: Chapter,

A molecular basis of the therapeutic and psychoactive properties of cannabis (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
Nahas, Gabriel; Harvey, David J; Sutin, Kenneth; Turndorf, Herman; Cancro, Robert
2002 May;26(4):721-730, Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
All of the therapeutic properties of marihuana (analgesic, antiemetic, appetite stimulant, antiglaucoma) have been duplicated by the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) molecule or its synthetic derivatives. Today, the molecular mechanisms of action of these compounds have led to a general understanding of the pharmacological effects of marihuana and of its therapeutic properties. These mechanisms involve the specific binding of THC to the 7-transmembrane (7TM) domain G protein-linked receptor, a molecular switch which regulates signal transduction in the cell membrane. The natural ligand of the 7TM receptor is an eicosanoid, arachidonylethanolamide (AEA), generated in the membrane and derived from arachidonic acid. THC acts as a substitute ligand to the 7TM receptor site of AEA. THC would deregulate the physiological function of the 7TM receptor and of its ligand AEA. As a result, the therapeutic effects of the drug may not be separated from its adverse psychoactive and cardiovascular effects. The binding of THC to the 7TM receptor site of AEA induces allosteric changes in the receptor sites of neurotransmitter and opiates resulting in variable interactions and pharmacological responses. The pharmacokinetics of THC with its prolonged storage in fat and its slow release result in variable and delayed pharmacological response, which precludes precise dosing to achieve timely therapeutic effects. The experimental use of THC and of its synthetic analogues, agonists, and antagonists has provided novel information in the nature of molecular signaling in the cell membrane. As a result, the relationships between allosteric receptor responsiveness, molecular configuration of proteins, and physiological regulation of cellular and organ function may be further investigated
— id: 39411, year: 2002, vol: 26, page: 721, stat: Journal Article,

MEG OF THALAMOCORTICAL DYSRHYTHMIA IN OBSESSIVE - COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Schulman, J. J.; Ramirez, R. R.; Ribary, U.; Kronberg, E.; Horenstein, C.; Cancro, R.; Llinas, R.
2002 ;2002:?-?, Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer & Itinerary Planner
Thalamocortical dysrhythmias (TCD) may underlie a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. (1,2) In TCD, pathological theta-range activity from thalamic deafferentation or disfacilitation is hypothesized to trigger thalamocortical (TC) domains to oscillate at low frequency, underlying negative symptoms, surrounded by areas of gamma-band activity, creating an 'edge effect' leading to some positive symptoms. TC connectivity and neuronal properties can distribute and sustain this pathological equilibrium. Spontaneous neuromagnetic activity was recorded from patients (n=5) with refractory OCD and from controls (n=4). Recordings were performed with whole-head MEG (4D Neuroimaging), for 5-10 min (0.1-508Hz) with subjects' eyes closed. Coherence, multitaper-based spectral and independent component analyses (ICA) were performed using Matlab (Mathworks) and in-house software. Power spectra from control recordings demonstrated typical alpha rhythms, while spectra from OCD subjects showed robust activity in the theta range and increased total power. In addition, cross-correlations of spectral amplitude from controls displayed activation of discrete frequencies; patterns from OCD subjects showed high coherence over a wider spectral range. Furthermore, ICA revealed components with theta-range spectral properties and dipolar positions consistent with aberrant resting cortical and basal ganglia oscillations. The conception of TCD may serve as a template for the study and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. 1.Llinas,R et al (1999) PNAS 96:15222-7 2.Llinas,R et al (2001) Thal Rel Sys 1:237-44
— id: 92301, year: 2002, vol: 2002, page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Catatonia in pervasive developmental disorders
Brasic JR; Barnett JY; Kowalik S; Prichep L; John ER; Nadrich RH; Will MV; Bronson B; Ahmad R; Kurz L; Brathwaite C; Cancro R.
2001 ;16(Suppl 1):S46-S47, Movement disorders
— id: 25540, year: 2001, vol: 16, page: S46, stat: Journal Article,

Arnold J. Friedhoff, MD (1924-2001) - Obituary
Cancro, R; Zitrin, A
2001 DEC ;58(12):1177-1177, Archives of general psychiatry
— id: 54790, year: 2001, vol: 58, page: 1177, stat: Journal Article,

Volumetric analysis of the pre-frontal regions: findings in aging and schizophrenia
Convit A; Wolf OT; de Leon MJ; Patalinjug M; Kandil E; Caraos C; Scherer A; Saint Louis LA; Cancro R
2001 Aug 25;107(2):61-73, Psychiatry research
Frontal lobe dysfunction is thought to be involved in schizophrenia and age-associated cognitive decline. Frontal lobe volume changes have been investigated in these conditions using MRI, but results have been inconsistent. Few volumetric MRI protocols exist that divide the pre-frontal cortex into its sub-regions. In the present article, we describe a new method, which allows assessment of the superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, as well as the orbitofrontal and cingulate regions. The method uses multiple planes to help guide the anatomical decisions and combines this with a geometric approach utilizing readily apparent anatomical landmarks. Using this protocol, the frontal lobe volumes in young healthy subjects were contrasted with those of young schizophrenic patients and elderly healthy subjects (nine male subjects per group). The results showed that the method could be reproduced with high reliability (r(icc)> or =0.88-0.99). Schizophrenic as well as old subjects had specific significant reductions in the superior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal regions compared with the young group. However, old and schizophrenic subjects did not differ from each another. No volume differences were observed in the other three regions assessed. Whether or not these volume reductions reflect a common pathological process remains to be investigated in future studies
— id: 26623, year: 2001, vol: 107, page: 61, stat: Journal Article,

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia II: Clinical and surgical aspects
Jeanmonod D; Magnin M; Morel A; Siegemund M; Cancro R; Lanz M; Llinas R; Ribary U; Kronberg E; Schulman JJ; Zonenshayn M
2001 ;1:245-254, Thalamus & related systems
— id: 33843, year: 2001, vol: 1, page: 245, stat: Journal Article,

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia I: Functional and imaging aspects
Llinas R; Ribary U; Jeanmonod D; Cancro R; Kronberg E; Schulman JJ; Zonenshayn M; Magnin M; Morel A; Siegemund M
2001 ;1:237-244, Thalamus & related systems
— id: 33842, year: 2001, vol: 1, page: 237, stat: Journal Article,

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Schulman, J. J.; Ramirez, R. R.; Horenstein, C.; Ribary, U.; Kronberg, E.; Cancro, R.; Jeanmonod, D.; Llinas, R.
2001 ;27(1):308-308, Abstracts (Society for Neuroscience)
Thalamocortical dysrhythmias (TCD) may underlie a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. In TCD, pathological theta-range (4-8 Hz) activity from thalamic deafferentation or disfacilitation has been hypothesized to trigger thalamocortical (TC) domains to function at low frequency, surrounded by areas of gamma-band activity. This intersection has been viewed as creating an 'edge effect' which underlies some positive symptoms. TC properties could also maintain and distribute TCD. Spontaneous neuromagnetic activity was recorded from patients suffering from refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or major depression (MD) and from healthy controls. Recordings were performed with a whole-head magnetoencephalogram (MEG) (4-D Neuroimaging) in a shielded room. Activity was recorded for 5-10 min while subjects rested with eyes closed. Spectral analysis using a multitaper technique and cross-correlations between spectral amplitudes were calculated using Matlab (Mathworks, Inc.) and in-house software on a Linux cluster computer system. Power spectra from control recordings demonstrated typical alpha-rhythms, while spectra from OCD and MD subjects showed robust activity in the theta range and increased total power compared to controls. Coherence patterns from controls displayed activation of discrete frequency ranges, while patterns from OCD and MD subjects showed high coherence over a wide range of frequencies. This may reflect theta-range recursive corticothalamic activation
— id: 92309, year: 2001, vol: 27, page: 308, stat: Journal Article,

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Schulman, JJ; Horenstein, CI; Ribary, U; Kronberg, E; Cancro, R; Jeanmonod, D; Llinas, RR
2001 JUN ;13(6):S1004-S1004, Neuroimage
— id: 54964, year: 2001, vol: 13, page: S1004, stat: Journal Article,

Convergent validity and neuropsychological correlates of the schedule for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) attention subscale
Vadhan NP; Serper MR; Harvey PD; Chou JC; Cancro R
2001 Sep;189(9):637-641, Journal of nervous & mental disease
Cognitive deficits have come to be viewed as a hallmark feature of schizophrenic illness. Although laboratory based assessment of patients' cognitive deficits has been well investigated, few studies to date have examined the utility of clinical ratings of cognitive symptoms using the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) attention subscale. In this report, we examined the convergence between clinical ratings of cognitive impairment using the SANS attention subscale and performance on a variety of neurocognitive tests designed to measure attentional impairment, as well as other cognitive constructs such as working memory and executive functioning. A total of 56 acute schizophrenic inpatients were clinically rated with the SANS and completed the Continuous Performance Test, Digit Span Distraction Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and the Trailmaking Test. A series of correlational and regression analyses were conducted to test the concurrent and discriminant validity of the SANS attention subscale. Performance measures of attention, but not working memory or executive functioning, were significantly correlated with and moderately predicted the severity of SANS rated inattention. Additionally, the attention subscale was discriminated from the other SANS negative symptom subscales in predicting a laboratory measure of attentional functioning. The SANS attention subscale demonstrated both concurrent and discriminant validity. These data indicate that attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia can be meaningfully rated and interpreted using the SANS
— id: 23931, year: 2001, vol: 189, page: 637, stat: Journal Article,

Clinical manifestations of progressive catatonia
Brasic JR; Zagzag D; Kowalik S; Prichep L; John ER; Barnett JY; Bronson B; Nadrich RH; Cancro R; Buchsbaum M; Brathwaite C
2000 ;3:13-14, German journal of psychiatry
Background: Individuals with pervasive developmental disorders are vulnerable to the occurrence of catatonia and persistent functional deterioration. Objective: To facilitate the recognition of the clinical diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder and catatonia, we describe the manifestations of a patient with a pervasive developmental disorder who exhibited progressive catatonia. Method: A young man with a pervasive developmental disorder who developed progressive catatonia at the age of 14 years was videotaped participating in a structured movement assessment battery over 9 sessions between 16 years 8 months and 19 years 9 months of age. Results: Mutism, social withdrawal, blepharospasm, grimacing, and inability to perform the activities of daily living progressively increase during the course of the illness. Conclusion: Pervasive developmental disorder and catatonia can be diagnosed and monitored in outpatient settings by the use of structured assessment protocols
— id: 20745, year: 2000, vol: 3, page: 13, stat: Journal Article,

The introduction of neuroleptics: a psychiatric revolution
Cancro R
2000 Mar;51(3):333-335, Psychiatric services
In the commentary below, Robert Cancro, M.D., discusses the article on page 327, reprinted from the February 1956 issue of Mental Hospitals, describing how hospitals were dealing with clinical and administrative issues surrounding the use of neuroleptic drugs. Although Dr. Cancro considers the introduction of neuroleptics one of the great psychiatric revolutions of the 20th century, he believes that the changes in patient care and treatment following their introduction have not always been positive
— id: 11826, year: 2000, vol: 51, page: 333, stat: Journal Article,

QEEG subtyping of schizophrenics predicts response to medication
John, ER; Prichep, LS; Cancro, R; Herrmann, W; Winterer, GW; Valdes-Sosa, P
2000 JAN 3 ;41(1):142-142, Schizophrenia research
— id: 54757, year: 2000, vol: 41, page: 142, stat: Journal Article,

Doctors in peril : how they cope
Nicklin, George; Cancro, Robert
Pine Plains, NY : Swan Books, c2000,
— id: 712, year: 2000, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Learning and memory impairment in cocaine-dependent and comorbid schizophrenic patients
Serper MR; Bergman A; Copersino ML; Chou JC; Richarme D; Cancro R
2000 Feb 14;93(1):21-32, Psychiatry research
Impairments in verbal learning and memory functioning have been found to be cardinal features among individuals with schizophrenia as well as among non-schizophrenic cocaine abusers. Cognitive deficits in these areas, moreover, have been associated with poor treatment response and short-term outcome. Little is known, however, about the acute effects of cocaine abuse on schizophrenic patients' learning and memory functioning. Consequently, a potentially reversible and treatable source of cognitive impairment has been virtually ignored. The present study examined the extent of verbal learning and memory impairment in a group of cocaine-dependent schizophrenic patients (n=42) and a group of non-schizophrenic cocaine-dependent patients (n=21) within 72 h of the last cocaine use using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Schizophrenic patients (n=34) without any substance-use disorders were also tested in an identical time frame and served as a comparison group. Results revealed that all groups demonstrated significant learning and memory impairment relative to CVLT published age and gender corrected norms. Both cocaine-dependent and non-substance abusing schizophrenic groups presented a very similar pattern of impaired learning and recall performance across all CVLT task domains. Comorbid patients, in contrast, presented with marked deficits in their ability to learn and recall verbal information relative to either schizophrenic or cocaine-only groups. Moreover, the cocaine-abusing schizophrenic patients showed significant forgetfulness of the information that they did acquire during delayed recall conditions. The performance deficits exhibited by cocaine-abusing schizophrenic patients differed not only in relative severity of impairment, but also qualitatively in their increased rates of forgetfulness of acquired information. These results are interpreted in terms of the neurobiological substrates of learning and memory and the neurobiological impact of cocaine on schizophrenic patients' cognition during the early phase of inpatient hospitalization. These results suggest that comorbid patients should be targeted for specialized remediation efforts at the beginning phases of inpatient treatment
— id: 23935, year: 2000, vol: 93, page: 21, stat: Journal Article,

Neurocognitive functioning in recently abstinent, cocaine-abusing schizophrenic patients
Serper MR; Copersino ML; Richarme D; Vadhan N; Cancro R
2000 ;11(2):205-213, Journal of substance abuse
PURPOSE: This report examined a broad range of cognitive functioning in a group of recently abstinent, cocaine-abusing schizophrenic patients (CA + SZ). METHODS: Measures of selective and sustained attention, learning and memory, and executive functioning were administered to CA + SZ patients within 72 h of last cocaine use. A comparison group of non-substance-abusing schizophrenic patients (SZ) presenting for inpatient psychiatric treatment were also examined in an identical time frame. We hypothesized that the neurobiological impact of cocaine abuse and acute abstinence would cause CA + SZ to manifest deficits in all domains of cognitive functioning relative to non-abusing SZ patients. RESULTS: Results revealed that CA + SZ displayed significant memory impairment relative to their non-abuser SZ counterparts. No group differences, however, were detected on any other neurocognitive measure. CA + SZ were able to selectively process digit strings during the presence and absence of distracting stimuli, sustain attention, and perform executive functions at performance levels equal to their non-abuser SZ counterparts. IMPLICATIONS: These results are consistent with many past studies that have found CA + SZ patients to manifest memory impairment but have relatively well preserved functioning in other cognitive domains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological concomitants of cocaine abuse and acute abstinence in schizophrenia
— id: 23934, year: 2000, vol: 11, page: 205, stat: Journal Article,

Progressive catatonia
Brasic JR; Zagzag D; Kowalik S; Prichep L; John ER; Liang HG; Klutchko B; Cancro R; Sheitman BB; Buchsbaum M; Brathwaite C
1999 Feb;84(1):239-246, Psychological reports
We present the case of a young man with a diagnosis of a childhood-onset pervasive developmental disorder who developed a progressive neurologic deterioration with persistent catatonia and right hemiparesis. On his initial evaluation approximately three years after the onset of mutism, he manifested right hemiparesis and catalepsy. Two years later, although catalepsy had subsided, motor function had deteriorated so that he could not use his hands to feed or dress himself. Oral-facialbuccal dyskinesia manifested by blepharospasm and grimacing were present constantly during waking hours. Quantitative electroencephalography demonstrated markedly decreased amplitude, a finding associated with catatonia. Left sural nerve biopsy indicated large axon cylinder degeneration. Left deltoid biopsy demonstrated perimysial fibrosis and type II fiber predominance. Although magnetic resonance imaging of the head without contrast was normal, positron emission tomography indicated hypometabolism of the right cerebral and the right cerebellar hemispheres. The patient continues to deteriorate despite a course of 25 electroconvulsive treatments. He continues to manifest criteria for catatonia including motoric immobility, mutism, and peculiarities of voluntary movement such as prominent grimacing. We suspect an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. Since catatonia is a treatable condition frequently associated with medical and neurological diseases, examination for the features of catatonia must be included in the assessment of patients with progressive brain degeneration. This report is an attempt to clarify the traits of a serious variant of progressive brain degeneration
— id: 6085, year: 1999, vol: 84, page: 239, stat: Journal Article,

Overview of citalopram
Lippa, AS; Beer, B; Cancro, R
1999 OCT ;19(5):1S-3S, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology
— id: 53948, year: 1999, vol: 19, page: 1S, stat: Journal Article,

Symptomatic overlap of cocaine intoxication and acute schizophrenia at emergency presentation
Serper MR; Chou JC; Allen MH; Czobor P; Cancro R
1999 ;25(2):387-394, Schizophrenia bulletin
Cocaine intoxication and acute abstinence alter brain dopaminergic functioning, resulting in behavioral changes closely mimicking the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In emergency room settings, recent cocaine abuse can be mistaken for schizophrenia and may cause inappropriate diagnosis and in some instances medical mismanagement. Schizophrenia patients presenting with recent cocaine abuse may also present with significant diagnostic and treatment dilemmas. This study attempts to distinguish between cocaine and schizophrenic psychosis by examining patients who present with both recent cocaine abuse and acute schizophrenia (CA+SZ), cocaine intoxication without schizophrenic illness (CA), and acute schizophrenia with no comorbid substance abuse (SZ) within the first 24 hours after arrival at the Bellevue psychiatric emergency service. Clinical assessment included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Both cocaine abusing groups were required to have positive urine toxicology screens for inclusion in the study. Multivariate analysis of variance showed the CA+SZ patients present with a clinical profile that overlaps with CA patients on mood and negative symptom dimensions and overlaps with SZ patients on most positive symptoms. CA+SZ patients differed from both groups, however, by presenting with significantly more hallucinatory experiences than cocaine abusing or schizophrenia patient counterparts. Despite considerable overlap, each group of patients presented with a discernible cross-sectional symptom pattern
— id: 23936, year: 1999, vol: 25, page: 387, stat: Journal Article,

Effect of a haloperidol challenge on regional brain metabolism in neuroleptic-responsive and nonresponsive schizophrenic patients
Bartlett EJ; Brodie JD; Simkowitz P; Schlosser R; Dewey SL; Lindenmayer JP; Rusinek H; Wolkin A; Cancro R; Schiffer W
1998 Mar;155(3):337-343, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: The CNS metabolic response to a neuroleptic challenge in treatment-responsive and nonresponsive schizophrenic patients was measured in order to examine the relation between treatment outcome and the capacity to alter neurochemical function in response to acute receptor blockade. METHOD: Positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) were used to measure regional cerebral metabolism in seven schizophrenic patients judged to have been responsive to drug treatment previously and seven nonresponsive schizophrenic patients after a drug-free period of at least 3 weeks (baseline) and again 12 hours after administration of 5.0 mg of haloperidol. RESULTS: The haloperidol challenge caused widespread decreases in absolute metabolism in the nonresponsive patients but not the responsive patients. These group differences reflect the findings on the second (challenge) scans, since metabolic values at baseline were not statistically different in the two groups. The pattern of decreased metabolic activity in the nonresponders after the haloperidol challenge is similar to that previously observed in normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic response to drug challenge separates treatment responders from nonresponders and normal subjects. The results suggest that subtyping of schizophrenia (and other psychiatric disorders) can be achieved by measuring the physiologic response to a pharmacologic challenge in vivo with chemical brain-imaging techniques
— id: 7497, year: 1998, vol: 155, page: 337, stat: Journal Article,

Synopsis de psychiatrie, sciences du comportement, psychiatrie clinique = [Synopsis of psychiatry]
Kaplan, Harold I; Sadock, Benjamin J; Cancro, Robert; Louville, Patrice
Paris : Ed. Pradel, 1998,
— id: 946, year: 1998, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Symptomatic overlap of schizophrenia and cocaine intoxication at emergency presentation
Serper, M; Richarme, D; Arluck, J; Nazarian, R; Buzzanca, M; Copersino, M; Namdar, T; Chou, J; Cancro, R
1998 APR 15 ;43(9):114S-114S, Biological psychiatry
— id: 53509, year: 1998, vol: 43, page: 114S, stat: Journal Article,

Neurocognitive deficits in cocaine abusing schizophrenic patients
Serper, MR; Copersino, M; Richarme, D; Arluck, J; Allen, M; Chou, J; Cancro, R
1998 APR 15 ;43(9):114S-115S, Biological psychiatry
— id: 53510, year: 1998, vol: 43, page: 114S, stat: Journal Article,

Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in normal human subjects
Smith GS; Schloesser R; Brodie JD; Dewey SL; Logan J; Vitkun SA; Simkowitz P; Hurley A; Cooper T; Volkow ND; Cancro R
1998 Jan;18(1):18-25, Neuropsychopharmacology
Subanesthetic doses of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenic patients, and ketamine has significant abuse liability. These observations indicate that a secondary effect of ketamine may be to increase dopamine concentrations. The present study was undertaken using positron emission tomography (PET) and the dopamine (D2) radiotracer 11C-raclopride to determine whether ketamine would decrease D2 receptor availability, indicative of an increase in dopamine concentrations. Two scans were performed in seven male control subjects before and after administration of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v. infused over 20 min). Ketamine significantly increased cortisol levels and decreased dopamine receptor availability in the striatum (specific binding), but not in the cerebellum (nonspecific binding). In addition, the cerebellar binding subtracted from the striatal binding (to account for changes in nonspecific binding) was significantly decreased after ketamine administration. These results provide in vivo evidence for the ability of ketamine to increase striatal dopamine concentrations, consistent with the role of the NMDA receptor in modulating dopamine function
— id: 12191, year: 1998, vol: 18, page: 18, stat: Journal Article,

Clozapine-benzodiazepine interactions
Faisal I; lindenmayer JP; Taintor Z; Cancro R
1997 Dec;58(12):547-548, Journal of clinical psychiatry
— id: 60808, year: 1997, vol: 58, page: 547, stat: Journal Article,

Time-dependent effects of a haloperidol challenge on energy metabolism in the normal human brain
Bartlett EJ; Brodie JD; Simkowitz P; Dewey SL; Rusinek H; Volkow ND; Wolf AP; Smith G; Wolkin A; Cancro R
1996 Mar 29;60(2-3):91-99, Psychiatry research
Positron emission tomography and the fluorodeoxyglucose method were used to measure regional brain metabolism before and 2 h after haloperidol (5 mg, i.m.) in 11 young normal men. These data were compared with measures obtained from nine previously studied normal men who had received no drug intervention. Although a previously published study had demonstrated significantly decreased metabolism in whole brain, neocortex, limbic cortex, thalamus, and caudate nucleus 12 h after a 5-mg dose of haloperidol, the present 2-h study did not show significant metabolic changes despite the fact that significant extrapyramidal effects occurred. Taken together, these studies demonstrate differences in the temporal organization of behavioral and metabolic responses to haloperidol challenge
— id: 12632, year: 1996, vol: 60, page: 91, stat: Journal Article,

Pocket handbook of psychiatric drug treatment
Kaplan, Harold I.; Sadock, Benjamin J.; Kaplan, Harold I.; Cancro, Robert; Sussman, Norman
Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins, c1996,
— id: 527, year: 1996, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Interpersonal relatedness and paranoid schizophrenia
Sobel, W; Wolski, R; Cancro, R; Makari, GJ.
1996 ;153(8):1084-1087 Aug, American journal of psychiatry
Examines diagnostic and therapeutic questions in the analysis of a 33-yr-old male with a 10-yr history of psychosis and an imaginary companion. The S carried a past diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia. He responded quickly to neuroleptics and was noted to be an easily engageable person. The author argues that despite his first-rank Schneiderian symptoms, the S may not best be conceptualized as having schizophrenia. Specific treatment recommendations are made, predicated on this S's developmental history, his attachment and separation behavior, and his response to a structured social milieu. (PsycIN
— id: 45427, year: 1996, vol: 153, page: 1084, stat: Journal Article,

Diminished cerebral metabolic response to motor stimulation in schizophrenics: a PET study
Guenther, W; Brodie, J D; Bartlett, E J; Dewey, S L; Henn, F A; Volkow, N D; Alper, K; Wolkin, A; Cancro, R; Wolf, A P
1994 ;244(3):115-125, European archives of psychiatry & clinical neuroscience
Positron emission tomography (PET) and the deoxyglucose method were used to measure cerebral metabolism in 14 normals and 13 schizophrenics at rest and during performance of simple and complex finger-movement sequences. The normals, but not the schizophrenics, showed significant metabolic activation in mesial frontal and contralateral sensorimotor and premotor regions during the complex movement. The relative metabolism of schizophrenics was significantly lower than normal in frontal regions and higher than normal in thalamus and basal ganglia under all scanning conditions. The results suggest that schizophrenics may have a brain dysfunction which limits their capacity to produce a focal metabolic response to stimulation in several functionally distinct brain regions
— id: 76242, year: 1994, vol: 244, page: 115, stat: Journal Article,

Quantitative electrophysiological characteristics and subtyping of schizophrenia
John ER; Prichep LS; Alper KR; Mas FG; Cancro R; Easton P; Sverdlov L
1994 Dec 15;36(12):801-826, Biological psychiatry
Quantitative descriptors of resting electroencephalogram (EEG) (QEEG) and event-related potentials (QERP) to visual and auditory stimuli were obtained from normal subjects and 94 chronic schizophrenic patients on medication, 25 chronic schizophrenics off medication, and 15 schizophrenics with no history of medication. These schizophrenic groups showed a high incidence of neurometric features that were significantly deviant from normative values. Multivariate discriminant analysis using these features successfully separated the schizophrenic patients from normals with high accuracy in independent replication. The data from the medicated group were subjected to cluster analysis. Newly developed algorithms were used for objective selection of the most effective set of variables for clustering and the optimum number of clusters to be sought. Five clusters were obtained, containing roughly equivalent proportions of the sample with markedly different QEEG profiles. The whole sample was then classified into these clusters. Each cluster contained patients both on and off medication, but patients who had never been medicated were classified into only three of these clusters. No significant clinical or demographic differences were found between members of the five clusters; however, clear differences in QERP profiles were seen. These results are described in detail and possible physiological and pharmacological implications are discussed
— id: 6653, year: 1994, vol: 36, page: 801, stat: Journal Article,

Quantitative EEG correlates of cognitive deterioration in the elderly [published erratum appears in Neurobiol Aging 1994 May-Jun;15(3):391]
Prichep LS; John ER; Ferris SH; Reisberg B; Almas M; Alper K; Cancro R
1994 Jan-Feb;15(1):85-90, Neurobiology of aging
We report on the quantitative analysis of the EEG (QEEG), using the Neurometric method, in large samples of normal elderly; normal subjectively impaired elderly; patients with mild cognitive impairment; patients presenting with a continuum of primary cognitive deterioration from mild to moderately severe as measured by the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), compatible with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). Neurometric QEEG measures were found to be a sensitive index of degree of cognitive impairment, especially reflected in increased absolute and relative power in the theta band, with delta increasing in later stages of deterioration. While these abnormalities were widespread, neither localized or lateralized, MANOVA's for GDS and relative power in theta reached highest significance in a bilateral temporo-parietal arc. A possible relationship between hippocampal dysfunction, cognitive deterioration, and theta abnormalities is discussed in relation to these findings. The results suggest that Neurometric QEEG features are sensitive to the earliest presence of subjective cognitive dysfunction and might be useful in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected dementia, as well as in estimating the degree of cognitive deterioration in DAT patients
— id: 6488, year: 1994, vol: 15, page: 85, stat: Journal Article,

"Topographic brain mapping: Applications and pitfalls": Commentary
Cancro R
1993 ;9(2):68-69, Integrative psychiatry
Comments on J. B. Welch's (see PA, Vol 82:17554) article on topographic brain mapping, emphasizing the disagreements between neurologists and psychiatrists regarding its usefulness. It is argued that psychiatrists are best able to assess the utility of these techniques for the practice of psychiatry. However, it is clear that to use EEG findings as a method of diagnosis reveals a failure to understand what the data show.
— id: 8161, year: 1993, vol: 9, page: 68, stat: Journal Article,

The necessity of physiologic subtyping in schizophrenia
Cancro R
1992 ;15 Suppl 1 Pt A:21A-22A, Clinical neuropharmacology
— id: 13766, year: 1992, vol: 15 Suppl 1 Pt A, page: 21A, stat: Journal Article,

Spatial low frequency pattern analysis in positron emission tomography: a study between normals and schizophrenics
Levy, A V; Gomez-Mont, F; Volkow, N D; Corona, J F; Brodie, J D; Cancro, R
1992 Feb;33(2):287-295, Journal of nuclear medicine
Using the two-dimensional Fourier transform and the brain's centroidal principal axis, a method is developed for the analysis of PET metabolic brain images without the use of predefined anatomic regions of interest. We applied the method to images from a group of 11 normal and 12 medicated schizophrenics tested under resting conditions and under a visual task. A cortical/subcortical spatial pattern was found to be significant in two directions; anterior/posterior and chiasmatic (left-anterior/right-posterior). The best individual clinical classification (Jackknife classification) occurred under visual task at two axial brain levels: at the basal ganglia with correct classification rates of 91% and 84%, while the cerebellum had rates of 82% and 92%. These high classification rates were obtained using only the four coefficients of the lowest spatial frequency. These results point to the generalized brain dysfunction of regional glucose metabolism in chronic medicated schizophrenics both at rest and at a visual image-tracking task
— id: 144614, year: 1992, vol: 33, page: 287, stat: Journal Article,

Low cerebellar metabolism in medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia
Volkow, N D; Levy, A; Brodie, J D; Wolf, A P; Cancro, R; Van Gelder, P; Henn, F
1992 May;149(5):686-688, American journal of psychiatry
Because of the frequent association of cerebellar structural defects with schizophrenia, the authors reanalyzed the metabolic brain images of patients with chronic schizophrenia to assess if they had abnormalities in cerebellar metabolism. They used carbon-11-2-deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography to study 18 medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia and 12 normal comparison subjects. Patients with schizophrenia showed significantly lower absolute and relative metabolism in the cerebellum than normal subjects
— id: 144613, year: 1992, vol: 149, page: 686, stat: Journal Article,

Integrative approaches to the treatment of the schizophrenic disorders
Cancro R
1991 Feb;11(1):61-64, Yakubutsu, seishin, kodo = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology
— id: 14147, year: 1991, vol: 11, page: 61, stat: Journal Article,

Comprehensive glossary of psychiatry and psychology
Kaplan, Harold I; Sadock, Benjamin J; Cancro, Robert
Baltimore, MD, US: Williams & Wilkins Co, 1991,
(from the preface) The authors have attempted to provide definitions in a concise, simple, and lucid manner and, when necessary, to include clinical examples and facts to make definitions as meaningful as possible. In addition, cross-references are often used to refer the reader to other entries as an aid to fuller comprehension and understanding. /// The terms used herein are consistent with the revised third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (DSM-III-R). The various diagnostic categories of mental illness listed in DSM-III-R are printed on the inside front and back covers for easy reference. The authors have also included appendices covering psychotherapeutic drugs used in psychiatry, including a list of drugs that are commonly abused. A unique feature of this book is the Psychotherapeutic Drug Identification Guide, four pages of colored plates indicating both the forms in which these drugs are commercially available and their dose ranges to help in conveniently recognizing and prescribing these medications. The glossary also incorporates relevant research, neurologic, and statistical terms as well as information about the different psychoanalytic schools of psychiatry and psychology. /// This glossary can serve as an excellent study guide to the busy student or clinician who requires a quick and ready reference to both classical and innovative terms in the psychiatric and psychological literature. It will also be useful to mental health professionals, scientific writers, nurses, members of the legal profession, and others who need to be knowledgeable of the terms used by psychiatrists and psychologists.
— id: 917, year: 1991, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Neurobiology of schizophrenic syndromes
Garza-Trevino, E S; Volkow, N D; Cancro, R; Contreras, S
1990 Sep;41(9):971-980, Hospital & community psychiatry
The development of imaging technologies for investigating the living human brain has expanded knowledge about schizophrenia and is providing clues about biological factors associated with the disorder. Drawing on these and other developments in the last two decades, the authors review selected structural, functional, neurochemical, immunological, and infectious factors associated with the schizophrenic syndrome. Many of the biological alterations reported have also been found in other psychiatric, neurological, and medical conditions; therefore, the findings have little specificity for schizophrenia and in fact support the heterogeneity of the disorder
— id: 144623, year: 1990, vol: 41, page: 971, stat: Journal Article,

"SCHIZOPHRENIA AND AGING - MILLER,NE, COHEN,GD"
Cancro, R
1989 Nov;177(11):706-707, Journal of nervous & mental disease
— id: 31661, year: 1989, vol: 177, page: 706, stat: Journal Article,

THE ART OF TURF CREATION
Cancro, R
1989 Feb;46(2):191-192, Archives of general psychiatry
— id: 31748, year: 1989, vol: 46, page: 191, stat: Journal Article,

THE ART OF TURF CREATION - REPLY
Cancro, R
1989 Feb;46(2):194-194, Archives of general psychiatry
— id: 31749, year: 1989, vol: 46, page: 194, stat: Journal Article,

Regional glucose metabolism in chronic schizophrenia
Brodie JD; Wolkin A; Wolf AP; Volkow N; Russell JA; Van Gelder P; Jaeger J; Fowler J; Rotrosen J; Cancro R
1988 ;3(1):54-54, American journal of physiologic imaging
— id: 11210, year: 1988, vol: 3, page: 54, stat: Journal Article,

Getting well staying well : a patient guide to emotional illness
Cancro, Robert
[New York] : Roerig, 1988,
— id: 1056, year: 1988, vol: , page: , stat: ,

The mind of the aging and the elderly : a family guide to organic mental disorders
Cancro, Robert
[New York] : Roerig, 1988,
— id: 1057, year: 1988, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Depression and mania
Georgotas, Anastasios; Cancro, Robert
New York : Elsevier, c1988,
— id: 65, year: 1988, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Brain interactions in chronic schizophrenics under resting and activation conditions
Volkow, N D; Wolf, A P; Brodie, J D; Cancro, R; Overall, J E; Rhoades, H; Van Gelder, P
1988 Jan-Feb;1(1):47-53, Schizophrenia research
The metabolic patterns of correlation among brain images obtained during resting conditions and during an eye tracking task were investigated in 12 controls and 18 chronic schizophrenics using positron emission tomography (PET) and deoxy[11C]glucose. Analyses of the interaction between brain regions revealed highly significant differences between groups under both test conditions. Schizophrenics showed lower correlations between anterior and posterior areas and between thalamus and cortical areas than the normals and less change between the baseline and the task than the normals. The schizophrenic subjects showed derangements in the pattern of interactions among brain areas, both under baseline and under activation as compared to the control group
— id: 144634, year: 1988, vol: 1, page: 47, stat: Journal Article,

Low frontal glucose utilization in chronic schizophrenia: a replication study
Wolkin A; Angrist B; Wolf A; Brodie JD; Wolkin B; Jaeger J; Cancro R; Rotrosen J
1988 Feb;145(2):251-253, American journal of psychiatry
Frontal/posterior ratios of cerebral glucose metabolism as determined by positron emission tomography were significantly lower in 13 chronic schizophrenic patients than in eight normal control subjects, as were absolute metabolic rates in both the frontal and posterior regions. The differences were not accounted for by cerebral atrophy
— id: 11197, year: 1988, vol: 145, page: 251, stat: Journal Article,

Phenomenological correlates of metabolic activity in 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia
Volkow, N D; Wolf, A P; Van Gelder, P; Brodie, J D; Overall, J E; Cancro, R; Gomez-Mont, F
1987 Feb;144(2):151-158, American journal of psychiatry
Using [11C]-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography (PET), the authors measured brain metabolism in 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia to assess which of the metabolic measures from two test conditions was more closely related to the patients' differing clinical characteristics. The two conditions were resting and activation, and an eye tracking task was used. Patients with more negative symptoms showed lower global metabolic rates and more severe hypofrontality than did the patients with fewer negative symptoms. Differences among the patients were distinguished by the task: sicker patients failed to show a metabolic activation response. These findings suggest that cerebral metabolic patterns reflect clinical characteristics of schizophrenic patients
— id: 144637, year: 1987, vol: 144, page: 151, stat: Journal Article,

Effects of amphetamine on local cerebral metabolism in normal and schizophrenic subjects as determined by positron emission tomography
Wolkin A; Angrist B; Wolf A; Brodie J; Wolkin B; Jaeger J; Cancro R; Rotrosen J
1987 ;92(2):241-246, Psychopharmacology
The effects of d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg PO) on regional cerebral glucose utilization were measured with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Subjects included ten chronic schizophrenics and six controls who received amphetamine, and six chronic schizophrenics and nine controls who received placebo or no treatment. Amphetamine decreased glucose metabolism in all regions studied (frontal, temporal, and striatal) in normal and schizophrenic subjects. The metabolic effects of amphetamine were correlated with plasma level of the drug. Cortical atrophy was associated with a blunted metabolic response
— id: 23614, year: 1987, vol: 92, page: 241, stat: Journal Article,

MADNESS AND CLARITY
WOLKIN, A; CANCRO, R
1987 JUN ;10(2):225-226, Behavioral & brain sciences
— id: 41669, year: 1987, vol: 10, page: 225, stat: Journal Article,

EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINE ON LOCAL CEREBRAL METABOLISM IN NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC SUBJECTS AS DETERMINED BY POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY USING [C-11-1] 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE (C-11-2DG)
BRODIE, JD; WOLKIN, A; ANGRIST, B; WOLF, AP; JORDAN, B; JAEGER, J; CANCRO, R; ROTROSEN, J
1986 JUN ;27(6):901-901, Journal of nuclear medicine
— id: 41433, year: 1986, vol: 27, page: 901, stat: Journal Article,

DEVELOPMENTAL CHOICE POINTS - NEW DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHIATRIC GENETIC RESEARCH
Cancro, R
1986 Dec;31(1-4):39-39, International journal of neuroscience
— id: 31291, year: 1986, vol: 31, page: 39, stat: Journal Article,

Brain metabolism in patients with schizophrenia before and after acute neuroleptic administration
Volkow, N D; Brodie, J D; Wolf, A P; Angrist, B; Russell, J; Cancro, R
1986 Oct;49(10):1199-1202, Journal of neurology neurosurgery & psychiatry
Positron emission tomography (PET) with 11C-2-deoxyglucose (11DG) was used to compare regional brain metabolism in four patients with chronic schizophrenia who had no history of psychotropic medication and in 12 normal controls. Patients had a second PET scan after an injection of thiothixene to evaluate the effects of acute neuroleptics on glucose metabolism. The patients showed higher glucose metabolic values than the normals and did not show the metabolic hypofrontality reported in chronic medicated patients with schizophrenia. Administration of the neuroleptic did not have a significant effect in the metabolic pattern of the patients. These results give support to the hypothesis that prolonged medication may contribute to the metabolic hypofrontal pattern seen in patients with schizophrenia
— id: 106693, year: 1986, vol: 49, page: 1199, stat: Journal Article,

Brain organization in schizophrenia
Volkow, N D; Brodie, J D; Wolf, A P; Gomez-Mont, F; Cancro, R; Van Gelder, P; Russell, J A; Overall, J
1986 Aug;6(4):441-446, Journal of cerebral blood flow & metabolism
Brain metabolism was measured with positron emission tomography and [11C]deoxyglucose during baseline and during a visual task in 12 normal subjects and 18 schizophrenic patients. Global measures of metabolism for 11 brain regions were transformed into relative values by dividing them by the metabolic value for whole brain. Factor analysis was accomplished on the matrix of intercorrelations among the relative regional values for the normal and for the schizophrenic patients under baseline and under the task. Four factors that revealed independently varying metabolism in frontal, occipital, left-versus-right hemisphere, and subcortical structures were obtained. The frontal and subcortical factors discriminated between normal subjects and schizophrenic patients, whereas the occipital factor discriminated between baseline and task. Although activity in these individual regions varied significantly, it was the pattern of differences in regional metabolic activity that best discriminated between diagnostic groups and testing conditions
— id: 144640, year: 1986, vol: 6, page: 441, stat: Journal Article,

Research in the schizophrenic disorders : the Stanley R. Dean award lectures
Cancro, Robert; Dean, Stanley R
Jamaica, N.Y. : SP Medical and Scientific Books, c1985,
— id: 28, year: 1985, vol: , page: , stat: ,

BIOAVAILABILITY OF SOME ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF LATE LIFE DEPRESSIVE STATES
CAZZULLO, CL; ALTAMURA, AC; BAN, TA; CANCRO, R; SIMPSON, G; GOTTSCHALK, LA
1985 ;3(3):S50-S57, Integrative psychiatry
— id: 41171, year: 1985, vol: 3, page: S50, stat: Journal Article,

Persistence of cerebral metabolic abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia as determined by positron emission tomography
Wolkin A; Jaeger J; Brodie JD; Wolf AP; Fowler J; Rotrosen J; Gomez-Mont F; Cancro R
1985 May;142(5):564-571, American journal of psychiatry
Local cerebral metabolic rates were determined by positron emission tomography and the deoxyglucose method in a group of 10 chronic schizophrenic subjects before and after somatic treatment and in eight normal subjects. Before treatment, schizophrenic subjects had markedly lower absolute metabolic activity than did normal controls in both frontal and temporal regions and a trend toward relative hyperactivity in the basal ganglia area. After treatment, their metabolic rates approached those seen in normal subjects in nearly all regions except frontal. Persistence of diminished frontal metabolism was manifested as significant relative hypofrontality. These findings suggest specific loci of aberrant cerebral functioning in chronic schizophrenia and the utility of positron emission tomography in characterizing these abnormalities
— id: 23625, year: 1985, vol: 142, page: 564, stat: Journal Article,

REGIONAL GLUCOSE-METABOLISM IN CHRONIC-SCHIZOPHRENIA
Brodie, JD; Wolkin, A; Wolfe, AP; Jaeger, J; Fowler, J; Rotrosen, J; Cancro, R
1984 ;2(3):226-226, International journal of psychophysiology
— id: 30978, year: 1984, vol: 2, page: 226, stat: Journal Article,

REGIONAL BRAIN GLUCOSE-METABOLISM IN CHRONIC-SCHIZOPHRENIA - A POSITRON EMISSION TRANSAXIAL TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY
FARKAS, T; WOLF, AP; JAEGER, J; BRODIE, JD; CHRISTMAN, DR; FOWLER, JS; MACGREGOR, RR; DELEON, MJ; DEFINA, P; GOLDMAN, A; YONEKURA, Y; BRILL, AB; SCHWARTZ, M; LOGAN, J; CANCRO, R
1984 ;41(3):293-300, Archives of general psychiatry
— id: 41102, year: 1984, vol: 41, page: 293, stat: Journal Article,

"SCHIZOPHRENIA - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OR MORAL VERDICT - SARBIN,TR, MANCUSO,JC"
CANCRO, R
1983 ;171(8):516-517, Journal of nervous & mental disease
— id: 40642, year: 1983, vol: 171, page: 516, stat: Journal Article,

AUTISTIC THINKING ABOUT SCHIZOPHRENIA
CANCRO, R
1983 ;34(4):293-293, Hospital & community psychiatry
— id: 40699, year: 1983, vol: 34, page: 293, stat: Journal Article,

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC- SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Cancro, R
1983 ;37(4):493-501, American journal of psychotherapy
— id: 30591, year: 1983, vol: 37, page: 493, stat: Journal Article,

EDITORS COLUMN - WHAT ARE WE TALKING ABOUT
Taintor, Z; Cancro, R
1983 ;7(4):315-315, Journal of psychiatric education
— id: 30914, year: 1983, vol: 7, page: 315, stat: Journal Article,

EXPERIENCE WITH A NEW RAPID-ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANT - AMOXAPINE
CANCRO, R
1982 ;32(4):121-124, Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology
— id: 40972, year: 1982, vol: 32, page: 121, stat: Journal Article,

OFFICE MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS
CANCRO, R
1982 ;12(6):583-&, Psychiatric annals
— id: 50568, year: 1982, vol: 12, page: 583, stat: Journal Article,

THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE COUNTY PSYCHIATRIC-SERVICE
KATZ, SE; CANCRO, R
1982 ;33(9):728-731, Hospital & community psychiatry
— id: 40391, year: 1982, vol: 33, page: 728, stat: Journal Article,

PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HISPANIC DEPRESSED-PATIENTS - CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS
Marcos, LR; Cancro, R
1982 ;36(4):505-512, American journal of psychotherapy
— id: 30297, year: 1982, vol: 36, page: 505, stat: Journal Article,

MEDICAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF SIDE-EFFECTS FROM NEUROLEPTIC DRUGS - A ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION
Cancro, R; Davis, JM; Klawans, H; Tancredi, L
1981 ;42(2):78-82, Journal of clinical psychiatry
— id: 30285, year: 1981, vol: 42, page: 78, stat: Journal Article,

CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF GENETIC STUDIES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Cancro, R
1979 ;9(1):103-10?, Psychiatric annals
— id: 29750, year: 1979, vol: 9, page: 103, stat: Journal Article,

GENETIC-EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF SUBGROUPS OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC-SYNDROME
Cancro, R
1979 ;5(3):453-459, Schizophrenia bulletin
— id: 29978, year: 1979, vol: 5, page: 453, stat: Journal Article,

NATURE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA - NEW APPROACHES TO RESEARCH AND TREATMENT
Cancro, R
1979 ;136(12):1624-1624, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 30066, year: 1979, vol: 136, page: 1624, stat: Journal Article,

SCHREBER CASE - REPLY
Cancro, R
1979 ;9(8):387-387, Psychiatric annals
— id: 30089, year: 1979, vol: 9, page: 387, stat: Journal Article,

Progress in the functional psychoses
Cancro, Robert; Shapiro, Lester E.; Kesselman, Martin S
New York : SP Medical and Scientific Books, c1979,
— id: 175, year: 1979, vol: , page: , stat: ,

MEDICAL-STUDENTS ATTITUDINAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PSYCHIATRIC CLERKSHIP
Eagle, PF; Marcos, LR; Cancro, R
1979 ;3(2):180-188, Journal of psychiatric education
— id: 29971, year: 1979, vol: 3, page: 180, stat: Journal Article,

"INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHOANALYSIS, AND NEUROLOGY - WOLMAN,BB"
Cancro, R
1978 ;135(11):1443-1444, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 29764, year: 1978, vol: 135, page: 1443, stat: Journal Article,

MEGAVITAMIN THERAPY - IN REPLY TO AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION TASK-FORCE REPORT ON MEGA-VITAMINS AND ORTHOMOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY - HOFFER,A, OSMOND,H, REGINA,MB
Cancro, R
1978 ;135(10):1252-1252, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 29768, year: 1978, vol: 135, page: 1252, stat: Journal Article,

Genetic and environmental factors in schizophrenia
Cancro, Robert
[New York] : Social Psychiatry Research Institute, 1978,
— id: 1058, year: 1978, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Annual review of the schizophrenic syndrome
Cancro, Robert
New York : Brunner/Mazel, 1972-1977,
— id: 340, year: 1977, vol: , page: , stat: ,

IMPLICATIONS OF GENETIC STUDIES FOR TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Cancro, R
1976 ;36(2):99-104, American journal of psychoanalysis
— id: 28697, year: 1976, vol: 36, page: 99, stat: Journal Article,

Strategic intervention in schizophrenia; current developments in treatment. Edited by Robert Cancro, Norma Fox [and] Lester E. Shapiro
Cancro, Robert; Fox, Norma; Shapiro, Lester E
New York, Behavioral Publications [1974],
— id: 317, year: 1974, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Intelligence: genetic and environmental influences. Edited by Robert Cancro
Cancro, Robert
New York, Grune & Stratton [1971],
— id: 303, year: 1971, vol: , page: , stat: ,

The schizophrenic reactions: a critique of the concept, hospital treatment, and current research; the proceedings. Robert Cancro, editor
Cancro, Robert
New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1970,
— id: 291, year: 1970, vol: , page: , stat: ,

A comparison of process and reactive schizophrenia
Cancro, Robert
[S.l. : s.n.], 1962,
— id: 1055, year: 1962, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Psychologic studies in geriatric hemiplegia
LORENZE, E J; CANCRO, R; SOKOLOFF, M A
1961 Jan;9:39-47, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
— id: 77857, year: 1961, vol: 9, page: 39, stat: Journal Article,

Role of nondirective play therapy as a technic of psychotherapy in cerebral palsy
LORENZE, E J; CANCRO, R
1955 Aug;36(8):523-529, Archives of physical medicine & rehabilitation
— id: 77865, year: 1955, vol: 36, page: 523, stat: Journal Article,