Judith S Brook

Maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from early adolescence to adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2012 Jan;37(1):139-143, Addictive behaviors
This is the first study to examine maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood. Participants (N=806) are part of an on-going longitudinal psychosocial study of mothers and their children. Mothers were administered structured interviews when participants were adolescents, and participants were interviewed at six time waves, from adolescence to adulthood. Mothers and participants independently reported on their relationships when participants were X age 14.1 years. At each time wave, participants answered questions about their cigarette and marijuana use from the previous wave to the present. Latent growth mixture modeling determined the participants' membership in trajectory groups of comorbid smoking and marijuana use, from X ages 14.1 to 36.6 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal factors (when participants were adolescents) with participants' comorbid trajectory group membership. Findings showed that most maternal risk (e.g., mother-child conflict, maternal smoking) and protective (e.g., maternal affection) factors predicted participants' membership in trajectory groups of greater and lesser comorbid substance use, respectively. Clinical implications include the importance of addressing the mother-child relationship in prevention and treatment programs for comorbid cigarette smoking and marijuana use
— id: 141698, year: 2012, vol: 37, page: 139, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent Academic Adjustment Factors and the Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking from Adolescence to the Mid-thirties
Brook JS; Balka E; Zhang C; Pahl K; Brook DW
2011 Spring;40(1):7-21, International journal of mental health
Knowledge of early predictors which differentiate between various longitudinal smoking patterns might facilitate designing more effective interventions. Using data from 806 participants, we examined the association of three adolescent academic adjustment factors, Educational Aspirations and Expectations; Perception of School Achievement; and Trouble at School, to five trajectories of cigarette use covering 23 years from adolescence to adulthood. The five trajectory groups were: heavy/continuous smokers, late starters, quitter/decreasers, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Each academic factor predicted smoking trajectory group membership. Each academic factor was significantly associated with being a heavy/continuous smoker rather than a member of other trajectory groups. Behavioral academic factors also differentiated quitter/decreasers from late starters, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Adolescents manifesting academic maladjustment risk becoming early, chronic smokers. Prevention and intervention efforts targeting educational maladjustment may decrease cigarette smoking
— id: 148852, year: 2011, vol: 40, page: 7, stat: Journal Article,

Earlier Joint Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Low Perceived Self-control as Predictors of Later Poor Health for Women in their Mid-60s
Brook JS; Zhang C; Brook DW; Finch SJ
2011 Dec 21;:?-? #, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: The current study was designed to assess the prospective relationship between the earlier joint trajectories of cigarette smoking and low perceived self-control ($$\stackrel{-}{X}$$ age = 40-48) and later health problems ($$\stackrel{-}{X}$$ age = 65.2) within a community sample of understudied females. METHODS: The participants were given self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: The results of the growth mixture model suggested 5 joint trajectories of cigarette smoking and perceived self-control, which consisted of 1 at-risk group (chronic smoking and low perceived self-control), 1 low-risk group (infrequent or nonsmoking and high perceived self-control), and 3 intermediate groups (i.e., high on one factor and low on the other). The results from logistic regression analyses supported a model by which (a) women in the at-risk group, in comparison with the low-risk group, were more likely to report 5 or more diseases (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.81; p < .001) and poor or very poor general health (AOR = 5.98; p < .001); (b) women in the at-risk group as compared with women in the intermediate groups were also more likely to report 5 or more diseases (AOR = 2.36; p < .05) and poor or very poor general health (AOR = 2.86; p < .01); and (c) women in the intermediate group were more likely to report 5 or more diseases (AOR = 2.04; p < .05) and poor or very poor general health (AOR = 2.09; p < .05) than women in the low-risk group.Conclusions:The findings highlight the significance of targeting dispositional factors (e.g., perceived self-control) in conjunction with smoking in designing programs for promoting the health of women in midlife
— id: 148851, year: 2011, vol: , page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental associations between externalizing behaviors, peer delinquency, drug use, perceived neighborhood crime, and violent behavior in urban communities
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Saar, Naomi S
2011 Jul;37(4):349-361, Aggressive Behavior
This study examines the precursors of violent behavior among urban, racial/ethnic minority adults. Data are from an on-going study of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans, interviewed at four time waves, Time 1-Time 4 (T1-T4), from adolescence to adulthood. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the developmental pathways, beginning in mid-adolescence (T1; age = 14.0 years), to violent behavior in adulthood (T4; age = 29.2 years). The variables assessed were: components of externalizing behaviors (i.e., rebelliousness, delinquency; T1, T3); illicit drug use (T2); peer delinquency (T2); perceived neighborhood crime (T4); and violent behavior (T3, T4). Results showed that the participants' externalizing behaviors (rebelliousness and delinquency) were relatively stable from mid-adolescence (T1; age = 14.0 years) to early adulthood (T3; age = 24.4 years). The participants' externalizing behaviors in mid-adolescence also had a direct pathway to peer delinquency in late adolescence (T2; age = 19.1 years). Peer delinquency, in turn, had a direct pathway to the participants' illicit drug use in late adolescence (T2), and to externalizing behaviors in early adulthood (T3). The participants' illicit drug use (T2; age = 19.1 years) had both direct and indirect paths to violent behavior in adulthood (T4). The participants' externalizing behaviors in early adulthood (T3) were linked with violent behavior at T3, and perceived neighborhood crime (T4), both of which had direct pathways to violent behavior in adulthood (T4). The findings suggest developmental periods during which externalizing behaviors, exposure to delinquent peers, illegal drug use, and neighborhood crime could be targeted by prevention and intervention programs in order to reduce violent behavior. Aggr. Behav. 37:349-361, 2011. (c) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc
— id: 132881, year: 2011, vol: 37, page: 349, stat: Journal Article,

Environmental stressors, low well-being, smoking, and alcohol use among South African adolescents
Brook, David W; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Morojele, Neo K; Brook, Judith S
2011 May;72(9):1447-1453, Social science & medicine
This is the first study to examine the pathways from environmental stressors to substance use among a sample of South African adolescents (N = 2195). The study objective was to assess how environmental stressors might affect cigarette smoking and alcohol use among South African adolescents, and to focus on one mechanism, low well-being, which might mediate this association. Participants consisted of 2195 Black, mixed ancestry ('Colored'), Indian, and White youth, aged 12-17 years old (mean age = 14.6; SD = 1.8), recruited via a multi-stage stratified sampling procedure in Durban, Cape Town, and Johannesburg, South Africa. Data were collected via individual in-person structured interviews, administered by trained interviewers in the participant's preferred language. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the interrelationships of environmental stressors (violent victimisation, legal and illegal drug availability) and low well-being (depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, health problems) with respect to adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. The results supported our hypotheses: Environmental stressors were related to low well-being which, in turn, was linked to both adolescent smoking and alcohol use. There were also direct pathways from environmental stressors to both adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Smoking and alcohol use were significantly correlated. The findings suggest that environmental stressors may be associated with diminished psychological and physical well-being, as well as smoking and alcohol use, among South African adolescents. Longitudinal research is warranted to further understand the interrelationship of environmental stressors, low well-being, and adolescent substance use, so that these issues may be addressed by South African programmes and policies
— id: 132314, year: 2011, vol: 72, page: 1447, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial factors related to cannabis use disorders
Brook, Judith S; Lee, Jung Y; Finch, Stephen J; Koppel, Jonathan; Brook, David W
2011 Oct;32(4):242-251, Substance abuse
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to explore the association between psychosocial risk and protective factors and cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in a cohort of African American and Puerto Rican young adults. A representative sample (N = 838) from the East Harlem area of New York City was assessed at 4 points in time (at mean ages 14.1, 19.2, 24.5, and 29.2). The psychosocial measures came from 6 domains: personality attributes, family, peer, work, neighborhood, and substance use. The psychosocial measures were assessed at each of the first 3 waves of the study, and CUDs were assessed at the fourth and final wave of the study. Multivariate logistic regression and a cumulative risk analysis were conducted. Increased psychological symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39; P < .01), problems resulting from cannabis use (OR = 2.69; 95% CI, 1.33-5.46; P < .01), frequent arguments with one's partner (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.09-3.10; P < .05), high levels of deviance (OR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.21-2.71; P < .01), and frequent acts of violence directed toward the participant (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; P < .05) were all associated with an increased risk for CUDs. An increase in the number of risks was associated with an increase in the probability of having CUDs at the fourth wave (again, at a mean age of 29.2). A decrease in the number of risk factors may lead to a decrease in CUDs
— id: 139743, year: 2011, vol: 32, page: 242, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes
Brook, Judith S; Lee, Jung Yeon; Brown, Elaine N; Finch, Stephen J; Brook, David W
2011 Apr;108(2):339-357, Psychological reports
Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence into adulthood were examined for adverse life-course outcomes among African-Americans and Puerto Ricans. Data for marijuana use were analyzed at four points in time and on participants' personality attributes, work functioning, and partner relations in adulthood using growth mixture modeling. Each of the three marijuana-use trajectory groups (maturing-out, late-onset, and chronic marijuana-users) had greater adverse life-course outcomes than a nonuse or low-use trajectory group. The chronic marijuana-use trajectory group was highly associated with criminal behavior and partners' marijuana use in adulthood. Treatment programs for marijuana use should also directly address common adverse life-course outcomes users may already be experiencing
— id: 134465, year: 2011, vol: 108, page: 339, stat: Journal Article,

A Three-Generational Study of Risk Factors for Childhood Externalizing Behavior among African Americans and Puerto Ricans
Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W; Rosenberg, Gary
2011 Jun;88(3):493-506, Journal of urban health
This is the first prospective study to examine the precursors of child externalizing behavior across three generations of African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Participants comprised a community cohort of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans (N = 366, [Formula: see text] age = 29.4 years), who are part of an ongoing study of drug use and problem behaviors, and who had a child. Data were collected at four time waves, spanning the participants' adolescence to adulthood. Questionnaires were initially self-administered in schools in East Harlem, NY, USA (time 1). Subsequently, structured interviews were conducted by trained interviewers (times 2 and 3), and self-administered via mail (time 4). The independent variables consisted of the participants' prospective reports of their (a) relationships with their parents during adolescence, (b) depressive mood and drug use (adolescence to adulthood), (c) relationship with their oldest child between the ages of 6-13, and (d) perceptions of neighborhood crime and deterioration (in adulthood). The dependent variable was externalizing behavior in the participant's oldest child ([Formula: see text] age = 9.6 years; SD = 2.0). Structural equation modeling showed that the parent-child relationship during participants' adolescence was linked with the participants' depressive mood and drug use which, in turn, were associated with the participants' relationship with their own child, as well as with neighborhood crime and deterioration when participants were adults. The participants' depressive mood, and relationship with their own child, as well as neighborhood crime and deterioration, each had a direct pathway to externalizing behavior in the participant's child. Findings suggest that intervention programs and public policy should address parental attributes, neighborhood factors, and, especially, parenting skills, to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior
— id: 134716, year: 2011, vol: 88, page: 493, stat: Journal Article,

Antisocial behavior at age 37: developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2011 Nov;20(6):509-515, American journal on addictions
This investigation studied the association between developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to age 32 and later antisocial behavior at age 37. Semi-parametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Five distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: never-users, quitters/decreasers, occasional users, chronic users, and increasing users. Being either a chronic user or an increasing marijuana user was associated with an increase in the risk of exhibiting antisocial behavior in adulthood. Both chronic and increasing use of marijuana may serve as predictors of adult antisocial behavior. Treatment programs to prevent antisocial behavior across the life course should include a component to address earlier and concurrent marijuana use. (Am J Addict 2011;20:509-515)
— id: 139477, year: 2011, vol: 20, page: 509, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personal predictors
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2011 Jan;165(1):55-60, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between early adolescent personal characteristics and the developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from early adolescence to adulthood. DESIGN: This study used a longitudinal design. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires administered by trained interviewers. SETTING: Interviews were conducted in the participants' homes in upstate New York. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were drawn from a randomly selected cohort and were studied prospectively since 1975 (T1) at a mean age of 6 years. The follow-up data used for this study were collected at 6 time points when the participants were aged between 14 and 37 years in 1983 (T2), 1985-1986 (T3), 1992 (T4), 1997 (T5), 2002 (T6), and 2005-2006 (T7). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Developmental trajectories of marijuana use. RESULTS: Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The following 5 distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: nonusers or experimenters, occasional users, quitters or decreasers, increasing users, and chronic users. Chronic users compared with other groups studied (nonusers or experimenters, occasional users, quitters or decreasers, and increasing users) reported low self-control, externalizing behavior, and an orientation to sensation seeking. CONCLUSIONS: Personal attributes of low self-control, externalizing behavior, and an orientation to sensation seeking have long-term predictive power for distinct trajectories of marijuana use over time. The importance of these findings for prevention and treatment programs is discussed
— id: 117353, year: 2011, vol: 165, page: 55, stat: Journal Article,

Trajectories of marijuana use and psychological adjustment among urban African American and Puerto Rican women
Pahl, K; Brook, J S; Koppel, J
2011 Aug;41(8):1775-1783, Psychological medicine
BACKGROUND: The current longitudinal study examined the developmental patterns of marijuana use and their relationship with subsequent psychological adjustment in a community-based sample of urban African American and Puerto Rican women.MethodParticipants were interviewed five times over a period ranging from adolescence (mean age 14.0 years) to adulthood (mean age 32.5 years). Outcome measures included depressive symptoms, anger/hostility and the presence of a substance use disorder (abuse/dependence). RESULTS: Three distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: non-users, increasers and quitters. Increasers reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and anger/hostility than did non-users and were more likely to meet criteria for a substance use disorder at age 32.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that early-starting long-term use of marijuana is associated with psychological maladjustment among women. Prevention efforts should emphasize the long-term cost associated with marijuana use, and that the best psychological health is reported by those who abstain from the drug
— id: 134906, year: 2011, vol: 41, page: 1775, stat: Journal Article,

Unexpected benefits: pathways from smoking restrictions in the home to psychological well-being and distress among urban black and puerto rican americans
Pahl, Kerstin; Brook, Judith S; Koppel, Jonathan; Lee, Jung Yeon
2011 Aug;13(8):706-713, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: This study examined the pathways from smoking policies in the home (no ban, partial ban, and total ban on smoking) to psychological well-being (e.g., self-esteem) and psychological symptoms (e.g., depressive symptoms) as mediated by a healthy lifestyle (engaging in exercise, eating healthful foods, and sleeping enough) and cigarette smoking among a sample of urban Black and Puerto Rican Americans. METHODS: Questionnaire data were collected from 816 participants (mean age = 32 years). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the pathways of restrictions on smoking in the home to a healthy lifestyle, cigarette smoking, psychological well-being, and psychological distress. RESULTS: The SEM showed mediational pathways linking higher levels of restrictions on smoking in the home with a healthy lifestyle, which in turn was related negatively to psychological distress and positively to psychological well-being. Higher levels of restrictions on smoking in the home were also related inversely to cigarette smoking, which was related positively to psychological distress and negatively to psychological well-being. Conclusions: Findings show that higher levels of restrictions on smoking in the home are associated with a healthier lifestyle and less cigarette smoking, which in turn are associated with better psychological functioning. Greater restrictions on smoking in the home may thus support positive lifestyle choices, including exercise and nutrition, as well as psychological functioning
— id: 136508, year: 2011, vol: 13, page: 706, stat: Journal Article,

A longitudinal study of sexual risk behavior among the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Finch, Stephen J
2010 Mar;46(3):224-231, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: This is a longitudinal study of the precursors of sexual risk behavior among a cohort of adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing or drug-dependent fathers. METHODS: Individual structured interviews were administered to 296 drug-abusing or drug-dependent fathers, 43% of whom were HIV positive, and an adolescent child of each father (mean age = 16.3 years; SD = 2.8). Adolescents were reinterviewed approximately 1 year later, at Time 2. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling showed multiple direct and indirect pathways from psychosocial factors to adolescent sexual risk behavior (sexually active, number of sexual partners, and frequency of condom use). Greater paternal drug addiction and infection with HIV/AIDS, and the youth's perception of environmental hostility (discrimination and victimization), were both related to increased adolescent maladjustment and substance use. Greater paternal drug addiction and infection with HIV/AIDS also were associated with a weaker father-child mutual attachment, which was linked with increased adolescent maladjustment and substance use. Greater perceived environmental hostility (discrimination and victimization), a weak father-child relationship, and greater adolescent maladjustment and substance use had direct pathways to adolescent sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest complex interrelationships among paternal, environmental, social, personal, and substance use factors as longitudinal predictors of sexual risk behavior in children whose fathers abuse or are dependent upon drugs. The importance of perceived environmental hostility, the father-child relationship, and adolescent maladjustment and substance use may have implications for public policy as well as prevention and treatment programs
— id: 107775, year: 2010, vol: 46, page: 224, stat: Journal Article,

Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and substance use disorders in adulthood
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Koppel, Jonathan
2010 Oct;164(10):930-934, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence is related to substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood and whether conduct disorder (CD) mediates this relationship. DESIGN: A prospective design incorporating 5 assessments in participants spanning the mean ages of 14 to 37 years. Two baseline assessments were taken at ages 14 and 16 years, and 3 outcome assessments were taken between ages 27 and 37 years. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: A community sample of individuals initially drawn from upstate New York in 1975 and observed to a mean age of 37 years. INTERVENTIONS: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was used to assess ADHD and CD and the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess SUDs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A diagnosis of SUDs given to participants in adulthood. RESULTS: The odds ratios for ADHD and CD in adolescence as related to SUDs in adulthood were 1.9 and 3.5, respectively. The association between ADHD and SUDs, however, was indirect because CD served as a mediator between ADHD and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians should focus on adolescent ADHD when it progresses to CD because CD is a major predictor of SUDs in adulthood
— id: 113739, year: 2010, vol: 164, page: 930, stat: Journal Article,

Trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to young adulthood as predictors of obesity in the mid-30s
Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, Judith S; Finch, Stephen J
2010 Mar;12(3):263-270, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between two major health problems, smoking and obesity, and to determine to what extent trajectories of cigarette smoking from early adolescence to young adulthood are related to obesity in the mid-30s. METHODS: Participants (N = 806) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire at 6 points in time over a period of 23 years. Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The main outcome measure was obesity, assessed by body mass index in the mid-30s. RESULTS: Five distinct trajectories of tobacco use were identified (N = 806): heavy/continuous smokers, late starters, quitters/decreasers, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy/continuous smokers or late starters had a significantly lower likelihood of obesity. Also, compared with nonsmokers or occasional smokers, heavy/continuous smokers or late starters had a significantly lower likelihood of being overweight or obese. DISCUSSION: Smoking cessation programs should focus on weight control methods, such as physical exercise and learning healthy habits. In addition, weight control programs should incorporate smoking cessation efforts as integral components
— id: 107771, year: 2010, vol: 12, page: 263, stat: Journal Article,

The Relationship between Parental Alcohol Use, Early and Late Adolescent Alcohol Use, and Young Adult Psychological Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Crossman, Andrya M; Dermatis, Helen; Galanter, Marc; Brook, David W
2010 Nov;19(6):534-42, American journal on addictions
We tested the hypothesis that there is a mediational pathway from parental alcohol use during the participants' adolescence to the participants' psychological symptoms in young adulthood. This pathway includes the participants' alcohol use and their psychological symptoms, both during adolescence. The participants are inner city African American and Puerto Rican early adolescents followed until young adulthood. They reported their own and their parents' behavior. Structural equation modeling showed that parental alcohol use was related to early adolescent alcohol use, which was associated with late adolescent alcohol use. Late adolescent alcohol use was related to psychological symptoms in late adolescence, which predicted young adult psychological symptoms. Males reported more alcohol use and more psychological symptoms than females in late adolescence and more psychological symptoms in young adulthood. Findings suggest that parents' and adolescents' alcohol use should be a focus in interventions designed to prevent or treat psychological symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1-9)
— id: 113952, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 534, stat: Journal Article,

Course of comorbidity of tobacco and marijuana use: psychosocial risk factors
Brook, Judith S; Lee, Jung Yeon; Finch, Stephen J; Brown, Elaine N
2010 May;12(5):474-482, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial factors associated with the comorbidity of pairs of tobacco and marijuana use trajectories from adolescence extending into adulthood in two ethnic groups, Blacks and Puerto Ricans. METHODS: Data on psychosocial functioning and tobacco and marijuana use at four points in time were obtained. RESULTS: The association between the trajectories of tobacco and marijuana use was quite high. Pairs of comorbid trajectories of tobacco and marijuana use may share at least three kinds of influence: (a) a constellation of externalizing personality risk factors, (b) Depressive Mood and low Ego Integration, and (c) identification with certain group values. DISCUSSION: Knowledge of the risk and protective factors for pairs of comorbid trajectories of use may strengthen the foundation for individual and group targets for prevention and treatment programs
— id: 109561, year: 2010, vol: 12, page: 474, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent attributes and young adult smoking cessation behavior
Brook, Judith S; Marcus, Stephen E; Zhang, Chenshu; Stimmel, Matthew A; Balka, Elinor B; Brook, David W
2010 Nov;45(13):2172-2184, Substance Use & Misuse
This study collected data five times between 1983 and 2002 from 400 participants who originally came from upstate New York. These participants completed structured interviews as did their mothers three times. LISREL analysis generally supported the hypothesized model. The results indicated that having parents who smoked and having low educational aspirations and expectations were associated with being unconventional, which, in turn, was related to having low emotional control and reporting more internalizing behaviors. Internalizing behaviors were directly associated with a lower likelihood of smoking cessation, as was parental smoking. Research and clinical implications are discussed and the limitations noted
— id: 114167, year: 2010, vol: 45, page: 2172, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental pathways from parental substance use to childhood academic achievement
Brook, Judith S; Saar, Naomi S; Brook, David W
2010 May;19(3):270-276, American journal on addictions
This cross-sectional study examined the pathways to childhood academic achievement in 209 African American and Puerto Rican children and their mothers. There were three pathways to childhood academic achievement: (a) the mother-child relationship and the child's personality mediated between low parental substance use and childhood academic achievement; (b) the child's personality mediated between high parental education and childhood academic achievement; and (c) there was a direct relationship between the child's gender and childhood academic achievement. Policy and clinical implications suggest the importance of increasing educational opportunities for all parents by providing substance use treatment and self-esteem workshops
— id: 110100, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 270, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent pathways to adult smoking: ethnic identity, peer substance use, and antisocial behavior
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Finch, Stephen J; Brook, David W
2010 Mar 1;19(2):178-186, American journal on addictions
African-Americans and Puerto Ricans were interviewed during adolescence, in their early twenties, and then again in their mid-twenties. Results indicated that earlier adolescent smoking, family conflict, and weak ethnic identity were significantly related to antisocial behavior, which in turn was related to associating with friends who smoked and/or used illegal drugs, and ultimately, to their own smoking. Results further indicate that early interventions in the development of tobacco use should focus on decreasing parental and adolescent smoking and parent-child conflict. If intervention occurs at a later time point, the emphasis should be on increasing ethnic identity and decreasing antisocial behavior. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1-9)
— id: 107292, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 178, stat: Journal Article,

Nicotine dependence and problem behaviors among urban South African adolescents
Pahl, Kerstin; Brook, David W; Morojele, Neo K; Brook, Judith S
2010 Apr;33(2):101-109, Journal of behavioral medicine
Tobacco use and its concomitant, nicotine dependence, are increasing in African countries and other parts of the developing world. However, little research has assessed nicotine dependence in South Africa or other parts of the African continent. Previous research has found that adolescent problem behaviors, including tobacco use, tend to cluster. This study examined the relationship between nicotine dependence and adolescent problem behaviors in an ethnically diverse sample of urban South African adolescents. A community sample (N = 731) consisting of 'Black,' 'White,' 'Coloured,' and 'Indian' youths aged 12-17 years was drawn from the Johannesburg metropolitan area. Structured interviews were administered by trained interviewers. Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence. Logistic regression analyses showed that higher levels of nicotine dependence significantly predicted elevated levels of violent behavior, deviant behavior, marijuana and other illegal drug use, binge drinking, early sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use, despite control on the adolescents' demographic characteristics, peer smoking, conflict with parents, peer deviance, and the availability of legal and illegal substances. These relationships were robust across ethnicity and gender. The findings indicate the need for policy makers and prevention and intervention programs in South Africa to consider adolescent nicotine dependence in conjunction with comorbid problem behaviors, including other substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and deviant behaviors
— id: 108788, year: 2010, vol: 33, page: 101, stat: Journal Article,

The Relationship Between Receptivity to Media Models of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among South African Adolescents
Brook JS; Pahl K; Morojele NK
2009 Oct 1;17(5):493-503, Addiction Research & Theory
The purpose of this study is to determine the association of receptivity to media models of smoking and nicotine dependence among South African adolescents from four ethnic groups. A stratified random sample of 731 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (mean=14. 55, SD=1.68) was drawn from Johannesburg, South Africa. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants in their homes by trained interviewers. Receptivity to media models of smoking was assessed with a three-item Likert scale. The dependent variable, nicotine dependence, was assessed with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Regression analyses showed a positive relationship between media receptivity and nicotine dependence, with control on demographic variables and hours of TV watched by the adolescent. This relationship was found to be strongest among White adolescents and weakest among Black adolescents. Though equally receptive to media models of smoking, Black adolescents have lower FTND scores than their peers from other South African ethnic groups. This may be related to the low prevalence of images in South Africa depicting Black people smoking cigarettes. Cultural norms against smoking among Black adolescents may also serve as a protective factor
— id: 138365, year: 2009, vol: 17, page: 493, stat: Journal Article,

Ecology and drug use: universal predictors across time and place
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Kats, Nataliya; Arencibia-Mireles, Orlando; Finch, Stephen J
2009 Jun;104(3):989-1006, Psychological reports
The interrelation of ecological and psychosocial risk factors and adolescent marijuana use is examined in this three-sample longitudinal data analysis. Participants included (a) white children from the northeast of the USA, (b) African-American and Puerto Rican adolescents from New York City, and (c) adolescents living in Colombia, South America. Adolescents were interviewed in their homes. Independent measures were from the ecological, personality, peer, and family domains. Logistic regression analysis showed that the majority of ecological variables was related to adolescent marijuana use. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the ecological domain was directly and indirectly related to adolescent marijuana use (via the family, peer, and personality domains). Intervention programs should focus on adolescents' unique ecological settings while targeting universal risk factors (e.g., low ego integration, low parental identification) which predict adolescents' marijuana use. Similarities among the ecological predictors of adolescents' marijuana use in three samples, across time and place, allow a more universal approach to the prevention of substance use
— id: 101903, year: 2009, vol: 104, page: 989, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways from adolescent parent-child conflict to substance use disorders in the fourth decade of life
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia
2009 May-Jun;18(3):235-242, American journal on addictions
This 24-year community longitudinal study provides important information regarding parent-child conflict in adolescence (mean ages 14-16), vulnerable personality attributes and peer deviance in the twenties (mean age 22), and marital conflict and partner's illicit drug use in the late twenties and early thirties (mean ages 27-32) as related to a later diagnosis of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the thirties (mean ages 32-37). A community-based sample was interviewed between 1975 and 2007. Results based in structural equation modeling indicated that a weak parent-child bond was related to the development of drug-conducive personality traits, which was associated with the selection of drug-using peers and partners, which in turn, predicted SUDs. Both peer deviance and partner's illicit drug use had the greatest effects on SUDs. The findings should aid in formulating prevention and treatment programs targeting specific risk factors in adolescents, young adults, and adults
— id: 100421, year: 2009, vol: 18, page: 235, stat: Journal Article,

Predictors of DSM and Fagerstrom-defined nicotine dependence in african american and puerto rican young adults
Brook, Judith S; Koppel, Jonathan; Pahl, Kerstin
2009 ;44(6):809-822, Substance Use & Misuse
This study examined the psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence, as defined by a variant of the criteria employed in the DSM-IV-specifically that of the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview (UM-CIDI)-and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The study was conducted with a community sample of African American and Puerto Rican young adults (N = 475; mean age = 26). Predictor variables included physiologically based psychosocial (i.e., depressive symptoms and family problems with smoking) as well as social-behavioral psychosocial (i.e., rebelliousness and partner's problems with smoking) predictors of nicotine dependence. Using multiple regression analyses, UM-CIDI-defined dependence was predicted by each of the four psychosocial variables, while FTND-defined dependence was predicted only by the social-behavioral variables. These findings bear out the disparate dimensions of nicotine dependence each measure taps. Research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed, and the study's limitations are noted
— id: 99019, year: 2009, vol: 44, page: 809, stat: Journal Article,

Familial and non-familial smoking: effects on smoking and nicotine dependence
Brook, Judith S; Saar, Naomi S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2009 Apr 1;101(1-2):62-68, Drug & alcohol dependence
BACKGROUND: This study examined the relative impact of familial and non-familial smoking on participant smoking and nicotine dependence. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study of 838 African American and Puerto Rican participants who were interviewed four times in their homes over a 15-16-year period (1990, 1994-1996, 2000-2001, and 2004-2006). RESULTS: Parental smoking during adolescence had a direct positive path to peer smoking during adolescence, which in turn had a direct positive path to participant smoking during the mid-twenties. In addition to the direct path between participant smoking in the mid-twenties and participant nicotine dependence during the late twenties, there was an indirect effect mediated by the partner's problems resulting from smoking during the late twenties. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates the key role the social environment plays in smoking and nicotine dependence. Both familial and non-familial smoking were significantly related to smoking and nicotine dependence. Public health implications suggest the importance of targeting prevention and treatment policies based on the participants' stage of development. During adolescence the focus should be on parental and peer smoking, whereas during the twenties attention might be paid to their own smoking and that of their partners
— id: 94117, year: 2009, vol: 101, page: 62, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial antecedents and adverse health consequences related to substance use
Brook, Judith S; Saar, Naomi S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2009 Mar;99(3):563-568, American journal of public health. AJPH
OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between psychosocial antecedents in earlier adolescence and problems related to substance use and related adverse health consequence (e.g., respiratory diseases, neurocognitive symptoms, and general malaise) in adulthood. We specifically focused on parent-child bonding in earlier adolescence and internalizing behaviors in later adolescence and their effects on problems related to substance use in the mid-20s and health problems in the mid-30s. METHODS: Our team interviewed a community-based sample of 502 participants over a 30-year period (1975, 1983, 1985-1986, 1997, 2002, and 2005). RESULTS: We found a strong relationship between internalizing behaviors in later adolescence and adverse health consequences in the mid-30s. Internalizing behaviors in later adolescence served as a mediator between low parent-child bonding in earlier adolescence and later adverse health consequences. Problems related to substance use in the late 20s and early 30s were related directly to later adverse health consequences and indirectly as mediators between earlier psychosocial difficulties (i.e., internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, poor ego integration, and maladaptive coping) and later adverse health consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Policies and programs that address parent-child bonding and internalizing behaviors should be created to reduce problems related to substance use and, ultimately, later health problems
— id: 94118, year: 2009, vol: 99, page: 563, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial predictors, higher body mass index, and aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Saar, Naomi S; Brook, David W
2009 Feb;108(1):181-195, Perceptual & motor skills
This longitudinal (22 yr.) study examined several psychosocial predictors of higher than normal recommended Body Mass Index and aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction in a community-based sample of 470 participants interviewed in private during childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Included were 5 psychosocial measures: Internalizing Behaviors (i.e., symptoms of internal distress), Educational Expectations and Aspirations (i.e., components of cognitive functioning), Impulsivity (i.e., emotional control), Body Mass Index (a measure of weight by height), and Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction (e.g., memory). Results, based on Structural Equation Modeling, indicated that earlier Internalizing Behaviors, Low Educational Expectations and Aspirations, and Impulsivity predict greater Body Mass Index. Greater than normal Body Mass Index in the early 30s is associated with later Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction in the middle 30s. Adolescent Internalizing Behaviors are also associated with Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction in the middle 30s. Public health implications suggest increasing education about diet, health, and exercise to lessen or avoid aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction. Clinical implications suggest the importance of providing appropriate prevention and intervention for people with internalizing behaviors, impulsivity, and greater than recommended Body Mass Index
— id: 98903, year: 2009, vol: 108, page: 181, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal precursors of young adult light smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans
Fagan, Pebbles; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2009 Feb;11(2):139-147, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: Studies have consistently documented the importance of examining light smoking among African American and Latino adolescent and adult smokers. Little is known, however, about the psychosocial antecedents of adolescent and young adult light smoking in these racial/ethnic minority groups. METHODS: This study examined the longitudinal interrelationships and pathways leading to light smoking among African Americans (n = 288) and Puerto Ricans (n = 262). Specifically, we assessed parental factors, perceived discrimination, peer smoking, personality factors, and light smoking in late adolescence as precursors to light smoking among African American and Puerto Rican young adults. RESULTS: The results of structural equation modeling showed that a history of greater parental smoking, less parental educational attainment, and more perceived discrimination were each mediated by peer smoking and the youth's maladaptive personality and behavior in late adolescence. The youth's maladaptive personality and behavioral characteristics and light smoking in late adolescence, in turn, predicted light smoking in young adulthood. There were no significant racial/ethnic or gender differences in the pathways to light smoking. DISCUSSION: Findings highlight the longitudinal pathways to light smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The results suggest that effective prevention and cessation programs must address peer and parental social influences, perceived discrimination, and especially, emotional and behavioral problems in late adolescence to reduce light smoking among late adolescents and young adults in these racial/ethnic groups
— id: 94116, year: 2009, vol: 11, page: 139, stat: Journal Article,

Risk factors for distress in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers
Brook, D W; Brook, J S; Rubenstone, E; Zhang, C; Castro, F G; Tiburcio, N
2008 Jan;20(1):93-100, AIDS Care
In contrast to previous research on parental drug abuse, the present study examined comorbid drug addiction and HIV infection in the father as related to his adolescent child's psychological distress. Individual structured interviews were administered to 505 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers and one of their children, aged 12-20. Structural equation modelling tested an hypothesized model linking paternal latent variables, ecological factors and adolescent substance use to adolescent distress. Results demonstrated a direct pathway between paternal distress and adolescent distress, as well as an indirect pathway; namely, paternal distress was linked with impaired paternal teaching of coping skills to the child, which in turn was related to adolescent substance use and, ultimately, to the adolescent's distress. There was also an association between paternal drug addiction/HIV and adolescent distress, which was mediated by both ecological factors and adolescent substance use. Findings suggest an increased risk of distress in the adolescent children of fathers with comorbid drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, which may be further complicated by paternal distress. Results suggest several opportunities for prevention and treatment programmes for the children of drug-abusing fathers
— id: 78736, year: 2008, vol: 20, page: 93, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to the early thirties: personality and behavioral risk factors
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Whiteman, Martin; Cohen, Patricia; Finch, Stephen J
2008 Aug;10(8):1283-1291, Nicotine & tobacco research
The purpose of this study was to identify distinct trajectories of cigarette smoking from ages 14 to 32, and to examine adolescent personality factors that distinguish trajectories of smoking behavior. Participants (N = 975) were randomly selected and followed prospectively since 1975. Follow-up data on cigarette use and personality and behavioral attributes were collected at five points in time, using structured interviews given in private by trained interviewers. Of these subjects, 746 comprised the cohort used in this study. Growth mixture modeling identified five smoking trajectory groups: nonsmokers, occasional smokers, late starters, quitters, and heavy/continuous smokers. Adolescent personality and behavioral risk factors such as lower ego integration, more externalizing behavior, and lower educational aspirations distinguished the trajectory groups. No gender differences were noted. The findings supported the hypotheses indicating multiple distinct trajectory groups of smoking behavior. Smoking behavior appeared in early adolescence and most often continued into adulthood. Emotional difficulties (i.e., lower ego integration), externalizing behavior, and lower educational aspirations in early adolescence were associated both with smoking at an early age and with continuing to smoke into the thirties. To be more effective, smoking prevention programs should target personality and behavioral variations before smoking becomes habitual, particularly focused on characteristics reflecting behavioral problems as manifested in emotional difficulties, externalizing behavior, and low educational aspirations in early adolescence. The implications for research, prevention, and treatment are discussed
— id: 91484, year: 2008, vol: 10, page: 1283, stat: Journal Article,

Earlier violent television exposure and later drug dependence
Brook, David W; Saar, Naomi S; Brook, Judith S
2008 Jul-Aug;17(4):271-277, American journal on addictions
This research examined the longitudinal pathways from earlier violent television exposure to later drug dependence. African American and Puerto Rican adolescents were interviewed during three points in time (n = 463). Exposure to violent television programs in late adolescence predicted exposure to violent television programs in young adulthood, which in turn was related to tobacco/marijuana use, nicotine dependence, and later drug dependence. Some policy and clinical implications suggest regulating the times when violent television programs are broadcast, creating developmentally targeted prevention/treatment programs, and recognizing that watching violent television programs may serve as a cue regarding increased susceptibility to nicotine and drug dependence
— id: 86550, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 271, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence in Black and Puerto Rican adults: a longitudinal study
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu
2008 Jun;10(6):959-967, Nicotine & tobacco research
This study examined the psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence in Blacks and Puerto Ricans. A longitudinal, prospective study design was employed. Data on five psychosocial domains were obtained from a four-wave study of tobacco use and smoking behavior; data were analyzed using logistic regression. Participants (N = 475) included adult Blacks and Puerto Ricans initially recruited from urban public schools in New York City and interviewed when they were mean age 14 years, and then again when they were mean ages 19, 24, and 26 years. Structured interviews were administered at four points in time over a period of 12 years. Nicotine dependence was measured using a DSM-IV adapted version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview nicotine dependence measure. Logistic regression analyses showed that factors in each of five psychosocial domains (personality, drug use behavior, family, peer, and environment) significantly predicted nicotine dependence. The pattern of results was similar for both Black and Puerto Rican samples. Factors that protected against nicotine dependence included achievement, ego-integration, and a positive school climate. The findings indicate that a variety of risk factors contribute to the occurrence of nicotine dependence. When examining the causes of nicotine dependence, it is important to investigate an array of biopsychosocial and environmental factors
— id: 93327, year: 2008, vol: 10, page: 959, stat: Journal Article,

The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and smoking in adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Duan, Tao; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia R; Brook, David W
2008 Jan-Feb;17(1):54-59, American journal on addictions
This longitudinal study examined the interrelationships between early and/or middle adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), middle adolescent conduct disorder (CD), and later adult smoking behavior. This is a prospective longitudinal study. Data were collected via structured interviews of representative families in the northeastern United States (N = 641). The mean ages of the offspring were as follows: 14 years (T2, 1983), 17 years (T3, 1985-1986), and 32 years (T6, 2002). The dependent variable was the participants' daily cigarette smoking in their early thirties. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the relationship between ADHD and daily smoking behavior was mediated by CD with control on gender, age, SES, and adolescent smoking. CD had a direct effect on daily smoking in adulthood. Our findings suggest that ADHD is related to CD, which in turn is associated with daily smoking. Therefore, interventions with ADHD adolescents who have ADHD at an early age might lead to some reduction in later smoking provided that the intervention has a positive effect on CD. For those adolescents who never had ADHD, our findings suggest that prevention or treatment aimed at reducing CD may be most successful in reducing daily smoking later in adulthood
— id: 78354, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 54, stat: Journal Article,

Associations between marijuana use during emerging adulthood and aspects of the significant other relationship in young adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Kerstin; Cohen, Patricia
2008 ;17(1):1-12 Feb, Journal of child & family studies
We used a prospective design to examine the association of marijuana use during the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood with reported relationship quality with significant other in the mid- to late twenties. The community-based sample consisted of 534 young adults (mean age = 27) from upstate New York. The participants were interviewed at four points in time at mean ages 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Marijuana use during the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood was associated with less relationship cohesion and harmony, and with more relationship conflict with control on variables reflecting the participants' early interpersonal adjustment and the quality of the relationships with their parents. Our findings suggest that marijuana use during emerging adulthood predicts diminished relationship quality with a partner in the mid- to late twenties. (journal abstract)
— id: 76120, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

Epidemiology of addiction
Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Kerstin; Rubenstone, Elizabeth
The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2008,
The epidemiology of substance use disorders (SUDs) focuses on how many people are affected by these disorders, who these people are (i.e., gender, race/ethnicity, age), and what other characteristics (e.g., personal attributes) are common to individuals with substance abuse or dependence. Epidemiologists distinguish between estimates of prevalence and incidence of a particular disease. Lifetime prevalence rates refer to cumulative estimates of the disease's occurrence in the lifetimes of the sampled individuals, up to the point in time at which the study is conducted. The authors first summarize findings about the lifetime prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use disorders from epidemiological studies conducted between 1980 and 1992, and from a more recent study conducted between 2001 and 2003; next, they look at findings about past-year prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use disorders from more recent large scale epidemiological studies conducted between 2000 and 2004; and, finally, they highlight some prevalence estimates of tobacco dependence in the United States.
— id: 4684, year: 2008, vol: , page: 29, stat: Chapter,

The association between earlier marijuana use and subsequent academic achievement and health problems: a longitudinal study
Brook, Judith S; Stimmel, Matthew A; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2008 Mar-Apr;17(2):155-160, American journal on addictions
In this prospective longitudinal study, the authors investigated the association between marijuana use over a period of 13 years and subsequent health problems at age 27. A community sample of 749 participants from upstate New York was interviewed at mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Marijuana use over time was significantly associated with increased health problems by the late twenties, including respiratory problems, general malaise, neurocognitive problems, and lower academic achievement and functioning. Effective prevention and intervention programs should consider the wide range of adverse physiological and psychosocial outcomes associated with marijuana use over time
— id: 79560, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 155, stat: Journal Article,

Exposure to parental cigarette smoking and child problem behaviors: A longitudinal study
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Fagan, Pebbles
2008 ;17(3):372-384 Jun, Journal of child & family studies
This study examined exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), a major public health problem. ETS has been found to be associated with an increased risk of adverse health effects in children. This study utilizes data from a community-based, longitudinal investigation examining the relation between children's exposure to ETS and later internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Interviews were administered to a representative community sample of participants from two New York State counties in 1983, with subsequent interviews in 1985-1986, 1992, 1997, and 2002-2003 (when the participants' mean age was 32). Data was collected on various personality and behavioral characteristics of the participants, and on internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors demonstrated by their children. Results indicated that children's exposure to ETS was associated with an increased risk for both internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. This relationship was maintained despite control on a number of parental psychosocial risk factors (e.g., demographic variables, personality and behavioral attributes) that have been found to be associated with both parental cigarette smoking and behavior problems among children. These data, which indicate an association between exposure to ETS and internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors among children, support public health policies to further restrict children's exposure to ETS. (journal abstract)
— id: 79167, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 372, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways from earlier marijuana use in the familial and non-familial environments to self-marijuana use in the fourth decade of life
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Koppel, Jonathan; Brook, David W
2008 Nov-Dec;17(6):497-503, American journal on addictions
We examined the longitudinal pathways from marijuana use in the familial environment (parents and siblings) and non-familial environment (peers and significant other), throughout adolescence and young adulthood, to the participants' own marijuana use in their fourth decade of life (n = 586). Longitudinal pathways to marijuana use were assessed using structural equation modeling. Familial factors were mediated by non-familial factors; sibling marijuana use also had a direct effect on the participants' marijuana use. In the non-familial environment, significant other marijuana use had only a direct effect, while peer marijuana use had direct as well as indirect effects on the participants' marijuana use. Results illustrate the importance of both modeling and selection effects in contributing to marijuana use. Regarding prevention and treatment, this study suggests the need to consider aspects of familial and non-familial social environments
— id: 91983, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 497, stat: Journal Article,

Parental concordance and offspring risk for anxiety, conduct, depressive, and substance use disorders
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2008 ;41(2):124-128 Dec, Psychopathology
Background: Although parental concordance for any psychiatric disorder is known to be associated with elevated risk for offspring disorder, little evidence is currently available from prospective longitudinal studies regarding the association of parental concordance with offspring risk for anxiety, conduct, depressive, and substance use disorders. Sampling and Methods: Psychiatric interviews were conducted with 593 mothers and their biological offspring at mean offspring ages 14, 16, 22, and 33. Results: Offspring risk for >=1 psychiatric disorder was significantly greater if both parents had a lifetime history of psychiatric disorder than if only one parent had a lifetime history of disorder. Parental concordance for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was associated with a significant increase in offspring risk for anxiety disorders, above and beyond the risk attributable to having one affected parent. In addition, parental concordance for GAD was associated with elevated risk for offspring depressive disorders, and parental concordance for substance use disorders was associated with elevated offspring risk for conduct disorder. Conclusions: Parental concordance for GAD may be associated with elevated risk for offspring anxiety disorder, above and beyond the risk associated with having one affected parent. (journal abstract)
— id: 76121, year: 2008, vol: 41, page: 124, stat: Journal Article,

Psychiatric disorders in adolescence and early adulthood and risk for child-rearing difficulties during middle adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2008 ;29(2):210-233 Feb, Journal of family issues
Data from a community-based longitudinal study were used to investigate the associations of parental psychiatric disorders evident by early adulthood with child-rearing behavior during middle adulthood. A series of psychiatric assessments was conducted during the adolescence (mean ages 14 and 16) and early adulthood (mean age 22) of 153 males and 224 females. Child-rearing behavior was assessed at mean parental age 33 and mean offspring age 8. Parental anxiety, depressive, disruptive, substance use, and personality disorders evident by mean age 22 were each associated with more than one type of problematic child-rearing behavior at mean age 33, after parental and offspring age and sex and co-occurring parental disorders were controlled statistically. Antisocial, borderline, dependent, paranoid, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood were independently associated with the overall level of problematic child-rearing behavior at mean age 33. (journal abstract)
— id: 75841, year: 2008, vol: 29, page: 210, stat: Journal Article,

Trajectories of cigarette smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans from adolescence to young adulthood: associations with dependence on alcohol and illegal drugs
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Ning, Yuming; Brook, David W
2007 May-Jun;16(3):195-201, American journal on addictions
This study predicts that heterogeneous smoking trajectories covering four time points pose differential risks for dependence on alcohol and illegal drugs in young adulthood in an African American and Puerto Rican community sample (N = 475). The trajectory analysis yielded four smoking groups: nonsmokers, maturing out smokers, late-starting smokers, and early-starting continuous smokers. The early starting continuous group was more likely to become both alcohol- and drug-dependent in young adulthood than the other groups. Late-starting smokers were at higher risk than nonsmokers for drug dependence. Interventions are necessary from preadolescence through late adolescence to reduce the numbers of early and late smokers and their specific risks for substance dependence
— id: 73303, year: 2007, vol: 16, page: 195, stat: Journal Article,

Growing up in a violent society: longitudinal predictors of violence in Colombian adolescents
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Whiteman, Martin
2007 Sep;40(1-2):82-95, American journal of community psychology
Although violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America than the US, the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the interrelation of domains of personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in a community sample of adolescents from various self-reported ethnic groups in Colombia. The sample consisted of 1,151 male adolescents selected from three Colombian cities. The participants were surveyed using structured interviews at two points in time over a 2-year interval. Data were collected concerning adolescent personal attributes, family characteristics, peer, and ecological factors, including drug availability and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the self-reported frequency of the adolescent's violent behavior. The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently over time with a number of risk factors from several domains. Evidence for the hypothesized mediated effects of the familial monitoring and bonding domain, the peer domain, the ecological domain, and prior victimization related to personal attributes and contemporaneous violence and the adolescent's violent behavior 2 years later was also found. The findings suggest the use of specific intervention procedures with adolescents to prevent their subsequent violent behavior
— id: 74166, year: 2007, vol: 40, page: 82, stat: Journal Article,

Fathers who abuse drugs and their adolescent children: longitudinal predictors of adolescent aggression
Brook, Judith S; Duan, Tao; Brook, David W
2007 Sep-Oct;16(5):410-417, American journal on addictions
This longitudinal study examines the relationship between earlier paternal drug abuse, environmental factors, paternal child-rearing practices, and adolescent vulnerable personality attributes and later adolescent aggressive behavior. Data were collected at two points in time, one year apart, via individual, structured interviews. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to assess the interrelationship of the earlier factors with respect to later adolescent aggression. Interviews took place in an inner-city community, within the schools and the participants' homes. Participants included low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic adolescents (N = 296) whose fathers abused drugs. The fathers were recruited from drug-abuse treatment programs in several U.S. cities. The outcome measure was adolescent aggressive behavior at Time 2 (T2). The findings showed that paternal drug abuse, environmental factors, and paternal child-rearing practices were mediated by the adolescent's vulnerable personality attributes. The adolescent's vulnerable personality attributes were the most proximal constructs to later adolescent aggressive behavior. Both paternal drug abuse and environmental factors were mediated by paternal child-rearing practices. The findings suggest that earlier environmental stresses, paternal drug abuse, paternal child-rearing practices, and adolescent vulnerable personality attributes are associated with later adolescent aggression
— id: 75710, year: 2007, vol: 16, page: 410, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways to nicotine dependence in African American and Puerto Rican young adults
Brook, Judith S; Duan, Tao; Brook, David W; Ning, Yuming
2007 Nov-Dec;16(6):450-456, American journal on addictions
This investigation examined the pathways to nicotine dependence among a sample of inner city African-American and Puerto Rican young adults (mean age = 26.1 years, SD = 1.4 years). Four hundred and seventy-five young adults were interviewed. The findings based on structural equation models showed that family conflicts, parental tobacco use, and weak ethnic identity were associated with vulnerable personality attributes and drug use, which in turn were related to nicotine dependence. Prevention strategies in young adults aimed at family conflicts, parental tobacco use, vulnerable personality attributes, drug use, weak ethnic identity, and socioeconomic status should be effective in reducing risks for nicotine dependence
— id: 75615, year: 2007, vol: 16, page: 450, stat: Journal Article,

Grandmother and parent influences on child self-esteem
Brook, Judith S; Ning, Yuming; Balka, Elinor B; Brook, David W; Lubliner, Erika H; Rosenberg, Gary
2007 Feb;119(2):e444-e451, Pediatrics
OBJECTIVES: This study tests a model of intergenerational influences on childhood self-esteem that proposes paths from grandmothers' drug problems to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' drug problems and parental adaptive child rearing and from grandmothers' maternal acceptance to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' unconventionality and adaptive child rearing. METHODS: This longitudinal study uses data obtained from interviews with a New York City sample of black and Puerto Rican children (N = 149) and 1 of their parents and from mailed questionnaires or comparable interviews with those parents' mothers. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model. RESULTS: The LISREL analysis found that, with 3 exceptions, all of the hypothesized paths were significant. The total effects analysis indicated that parents' adaptive child rearing was the strongest latent construct, a finding that was consistent with this construct's proximal position in the model. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that mothers' drug problems are not just near-term risks for their children, but also pose long-term risks for their children's future functioning as parents and thereby for their grandchildren. The relative strength of parents' adaptive child rearing in this intergenerational model indicates that this area should be the focus of therapeutic intervention efforts, but addressing future grandmothers' drug problems may have positive effects on multiple generations
— id: 71149, year: 2007, vol: 119, page: e444, stat: Journal Article,

Cultural traditions as "Protective factors" among Latino children of illicit drug users
Castro, Felipe Gonzalez; Garfinkle, Julie; Naranjo, Diana; Rollins, Maria; Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W
2007 ;42(4):621-642 Jun, Substance Use & Misuse
Family bonding was examined among Hispanic adolescents whose fathers are illicit drug users to ascertain whether such adolescents maintain close affective family ties or alienate themselves from their families given their father's use of illicit drugs and referral to a drug screening and treatment program. It was hypothesized that high levels of paternal drug use would he associated with the youth's alienation from the family. In addition, it was postulated that the adolescent's endorsement of traditional cultural values and social responsibility would protect her or him against this effect in relation to family bonding. These hypotheses are based on prior research that suggests that youth bonding to prosocial institutions, such as family, school, church, and community organizations, can be 'protective' against drug use. More specifically, our analyses examined the role of level of acculturation in middle school, family traditionalism, American orientation, Latino orientation, and social responsibility in predicting adolescents' family bonding. Results indicated that the father's level of marijuana and/or methamphetamine use was unrelated to youth family bonding. Additionally, Latino and American cultural orientations and level of acculturation in middle school were not associated with family bonding. By contrast, social responsibility (the youth's citizenship and responsibility to the community) and family traditionalism (endorsing conservative cultural values regarding the maintenance of family traditions and respect for elders and family) were significantly associated with family bonding. In other words, among children of Latino illicit drug users, the youth's conservative family values and a responsible attitude toward community traditions were dual factors related to family bonding, perhaps operating also as sources of 'protection' against youth problem behaviors. (journal abstract)
— id: 73251, year: 2007, vol: 42, page: 621, stat: Journal Article,

Personality disorders in early adolescence and the development of later substance use disorders in the general population
Cohen, Patricia; Chen, Henian; Crawford, Thomas N; Brook, Judith S; Gordon, Kathy
2007 ;88(1):S71-S84 Apr, Drug & alcohol dependence
Assessments of personality disorder (PD) and conduct disorder (CD) in a random community sample at mean age 13 were employed to predict subsequent substance abuse disorder (SUD), trajectories of symptoms of abuse or dependence on alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit substances, and hazard of initiating marijuana use over the subsequent decade. Personality disorders and conduct disorder were associated with diagnoses and symptoms of SUDs in every model and their effects were independent of correlated family risks, participant sex, and other Axis I disorders. Specific elevated PD symptoms in early adolescence were also associated with differential trajectories of already initiated SUD symptoms as well as elevated risk for future onset of SUD symptoms. For several models the greatest of these effects were shown for borderline PD and for conduct disorder, the predecessor of adult antisocial PD. Passive-aggressive PD also showed independent elevation effects on substance use symptoms for alcohol and marijuana. Analyses over 30 years suggest that Cluster B PD (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic) are independent risks for development of SUD and warrant clinical attention. (journal abstract)
— id: 71029, year: 2007, vol: 88, page: S71, stat: Journal Article,

Comorbid personality disorder and treatment use in a community sample of youths: A 20-year follow-up
Kasen, S; Cohen, P; Skodol, A. E; First, M. B; Johnson, J. G; Brook, J. S; Oldham, J. M
2007 ;115(1):56-65 Jan, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica
Objective: The impact of comorbid personality disorder (PD) on subsequent treatment and psychotropic drug use was examined in a representative sample of over 700 individuals. Method: Axis I disorders and PD were assessed by self- and mother-report at mean ages 13 and 22 years, and by self-report at mean age 33. Mothers reported treatment use by participants before mean age 33; participants reported treatment and psychotropic drug use at mean age 33. Results: Individuals with multiple axis I disorders without PD, axis I disorder-PD comorbidity, and single disorders were compared simultaneously to individuals not diagnosed. Overall, odds of subsequent and past year treatment or psychotropic drug use or both were highest when PD co-occurred with a mood, an anxiety, a disruptive, or a substance use disorder. Conclusion: Co-occurring personality pathology may contribute to elevated mental health service use, including use of psychotropic drugs, among young adults in the community.
— id: 97954, year: 2007, vol: 115, page: 56, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways to smoking cessation among African American and Puerto Rican young adults
Marcus, Stephen E; Pahl, Kerstin; Ning, Yuming; Brook, Judith S
2007 Aug;97(8):1444-1448, American journal of public health. AJPH
OBJECTIVES: We examined the pathways to smoking cessation between late adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS: We obtained data from a sample of urban African American and Puerto Rican young adults (N=242), mean age 19 years, who reported tobacco use and determined cessation rates between late adolescence and young adulthood. We used structural equation modeling to examine the pathways of positive family relations, family smoking, maladaptive personality attributes, and substance use to smoking cessation. RESULTS: A mediational pathway linked the absence of positive family relations with maladaptive personality attributes, both of which were related to substance use and ultimately smoking cessation. Substance use mediated the path between family smoking and smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a positive relationship with one's parents, less smoking in the family, conventional personality attributes, and little or no other substance use facilitate smoking cessation among young adults
— id: 75606, year: 2007, vol: 97, page: 1444, stat: Journal Article,

Aggressive behaviors in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu
2006 ;32(3):399-413, American journal of drug & alcohol abuse
This study examined aggressive behaviors in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers. Data were collected via individual structured interviews of low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic, father-child dyads (N = 415). Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the interrelationship of several latent constructs with respect to adolescent aggression. Results showed a mediational model linking paternal attributes (including HIV status) and ecological factors with the father-child relationship, which impacted peer influences and the adolescent's vulnerable personality, which was the most proximal construct to aggressive behaviors. Ecological factors were also mediated by peer influences and directly linked with adolescent aggression
— id: 67858, year: 2006, vol: 32, page: 399, stat: Journal Article,

Cigarette smoking in the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Gerochi, Connie
2006 Apr;117(4):1339-1347, Pediatrics
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the longitudinal predictors of cigarette smoking in a sample of at-risk adolescents whose fathers were drug abusers (N = 296). METHODS: At time 1, structured interviews were administered, separately and in private, to male and female youth (X age = 16.3) and their fathers; adolescents were reinterviewed approximately 1 year later (at time 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the interrelationship of time 1 paternal tobacco and illicit drug use, father-child relations, adolescent psychological adjustment, and peer group factors and adolescent smoking at time 2. A supplementary analysis assessed the same model with control on the adolescent's age, gender, frequency of contact with the father, and the father's treatment status. RESULTS: The structural equation model showed a mediational pathway linking paternal tobacco and drug use to a weak and conflictual father-child relationship, which was associated with greater adolescent maladjustment, which in turn was related to deviant peer affiliations, which predicted adolescent smoking at time 2. There was also a direct path from paternal tobacco and drug use to adolescent time 2 smoking. The supplementary analysis found no significant differences between the models with and without control. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence of the mechanisms that underlie the association between paternal drug use characteristics and smoking in the adolescent child. Clinical implications suggest the importance of the father-child relationship to smoking prevention programs for at-risk youth
— id: 64165, year: 2006, vol: 117, page: 1339, stat: Journal Article,

South African adolescents: pathways to risky sexual behavior
Brook, David W; Morojele, Neo K; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, Judith S
2006 Jun;18(3):259-272, AIDS education & prevention
This study tested a developmental model of pathways to risky sexual behavior among South African adolescents. Participants comprised 633 adolescents, 12-17 years old, recruited from households in Durban, South Africa. Data were collected using in-person interviews. Topics included adolescents' sexual behaviors, household poverty levels, vulnerable personality and behavioral attributes, parent-child relations, and deviant peers. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the pathways to risky sexual behavior among the adolescents. The goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .93. One major pathway indicated that family poverty was associated with difficulty in the parent-child relationship. This was related to vulnerable personality and behavioral attributes and to association with deviant peers, which, in turn, were related to risky sexual behavior. Findings suggest that poverty, parent-child relations, personality and behavioral vulnerabilities, and peer influences should be among factors addressed by prevention and intervention programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors by South African adolescents
— id: 66463, year: 2006, vol: 18, page: 259, stat: Journal Article,

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and child aggressive behavior
Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Rosenberg, Gary; Brook, Judith S
2006 Nov-Dec;15(6):450-456, American journal on addictions
This study's objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood aggressive behavior in African-American and Puerto Rican children, as well as the relationship between maternal unconventional behavior, low maternal affection, and offspring aggression. Participants consisted of African-American and Puerto Rican children (N = 203; mean age = 8.6, SD = 0.87) and their mothers living in an inner city community. An interview consisting of a structured questionnaire was administered to the mothers and their children. Scales with adequate psychometric properties were adapted from previous validated measures. They included maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, unconventionality, and warmth. Controlling for demographic factors, maternal unconventional behavior, and low maternal warmth, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with having offspring who were aggressive. Maternal unconventionality and warmth were independently related to childhood aggression. Although causal limitations are noted, it may be that a decrease in smoking during pregnancy is associated with a reduction in aggression in the offspring
— id: 71146, year: 2006, vol: 15, page: 450, stat: Journal Article,

Personal, interpersonal, and cultural predictors of stages of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Johannesburg, South Africa
Brook, J S; Morojele, N K; Brook, D W; Zhang, C; Whiteman, M
2006 Jun;15 Suppl 1:i48-i53, Tobacco control
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the personal, parental, peer, and cultural predictors of stage of smoking among South African urban adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was employed. A stratified random approach based on census data was used to obtain the sample. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. SETTING: The study took place in communities in and around Johannesburg, South Africa. SUBJECTS: Participants consisted of 731 adolescents in the age range of 12-17 years old. The sample was 47% male and 53% female, and contained four ethnic classifications: white, black, Indian, and 'coloured' (a South African term for mixed ancestry). METHODS: A structured, in-person interview was administered to each participant in private by a trained interviewer, after obtaining consent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The dependent variables consisted of three stages of smoking: non-smoking, experimental smoking, and regular smoking. The independent measures were drawn from four domains: personal attributes, parental, peer, and cultural influences. RESULTS: Factors in all four domains significantly predicted three different stages of smoking. Personal attributes (internalising and externalising) distinguished among the three stages. Parental factors (for example, affection) reduced the odds of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker, but did not differentiate experimental smokers from non-smokers. Findings from the peer domain (for example, peer substance use) predicted an increase in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker. In the cultural domain, ethnic identification predicted a decrease in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker, whereas discrimination and victimisation predicted an increase in the risk of being an experimental smoker compared with a non-smoker. CONCLUSIONS: All the domains were important for all four ethnic groups. Four psychosocial domains are important in distinguishing among the three stages of smoking studied. Some predictors differentiated all stages of smoking, others between some of the stages of smoking. Therefore, intervention and prevention programmes which are culturally and linguistically sensitive and appropriate should consider the individual's stage of smoking
— id: 64481, year: 2006, vol: 15 Suppl 1, page: i48, stat: Journal Article,

The Effects of Parental Tobacco and Marijuana Use and Personality Attributes on Child Rearing in African-American and Puerto Rican Young Adults
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Fei, Kezhen; Whiteman, Martin
2006 ;15(2):157-168 Apr, Journal of child & family studies
We assessed the effect of the interrelationship of mothers' and fathers' tobacco and marijuana use with their personality attributes on some of their child rearing behaviors. We used a longitudinal design to analyze the data of 258 males and females who were seen four times over a 13-year period from early adolescence through young adult parenthood. Thirty-one percent of the multiple regression analyses revealed significant interactions between the effect of tobacco or marijuana use and a personality attribute on child rearing. The majority of these significant interactions suggested that protective personality characteristics were offset by substance use risks resulting in less adequate child rearing. If these results are substantiated in an experimental intervention, it suggests that having resilient personality attributes does not protect against the negative effects of tobacco or marijuana use on child rearing. (journal abstract)
— id: 64798, year: 2006, vol: 15, page: 157, stat: Journal Article,

Smoking involvement during adolescence among African Americans and Puerto Ricans: risks to psychological and physical well-being in young adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Ning, Yuming; Whiteman, Martin; Finch, Stephen J
2006 Oct;99(2):421-438, Psychological reports
The major aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between adolescent smoking involvement and self-reported psychological and physical outcomes in young adulthood. Participants included 333 African Americans and 329 Puerto Ricans who were surveyed in 1990 in their New York City schools and interviewed in 1995 and 2000-2001, primarily in their homes. The psychological outcomes included ego integration, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and interpersonal difficulty. The physical health measures included a general health rating, number of illnesses, and symptoms of ill health. Also, three scales measured problems due to alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use. Smoking involvement varied by age, sex, and ethnicity but not by socioeconomic status nor by late adolescent parental status. Analysis showed that the relationships between adolescent smoking involvement and psychological and physical health problems in young adulthood remained significant even with control on demographic factors, earlier levels of the outcome variables, and marijuana use. The relationships between smoking behavior and problems with alcohol, marijuana and other illicit drug use were particularly strong. Thus, adolescent smoking seems to have a wide range of clinical implications for young adulthood
— id: 70159, year: 2006, vol: 99, page: 421, stat: Journal Article,

Predictors of rebellious behavior in childhood parental drug use, peers, school environment, and child personality
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Balka, Elinor B; Rosenberg, Gary
2006 ;25(2):77-87, Journal of addictive diseases
This study assesses the interrelationships among several sets of variables and rebellious behavior in a sample of Puerto Rican and African American elementary school-aged children. The independent sets of variables (domains) were child personality attributes, parental attributes, including parental marijuana use, peer factors, school environment, and ethnic identification and discrimination. The dependent or outcome variable was children's rebellious behavior. Children and their mothers were interviewed in their homes. Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the extent to which the independent variables were related to the children's rebellious behavior. Each of the domains was associated with children's rebellious behavior without control on the remaining domains. With control on the remaining domains, child personality accounted for the most variance in childhood rebellious behavior. With control on child personality, only the school environment remained significant. Children with personality traits that are associated with rebellious behavior may have parents who exhibit antisocial behavior and use marijuana. Furthermore, these children may be at risk for other problem behaviors, including legal drug use, and would benefit from interventions which address primarily their personality characteristics, but also their school environments
— id: 67859, year: 2006, vol: 25, page: 77, stat: Journal Article,

The relationship of personality and behavioral development from adolescence to young adulthood and subsequent parenting behavior
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Ning, Yuming; Whiteman, Martin; Finch, Stephen J
2006 Aug;99(1):3-19, Psychological reports
The purpose of the study was to examine the association of parental personality, behavior, and substance use during adolescence and adulthood as related to the later parent-offspring relationship. The sample consisted of 297 parents (M age 32 yr.), who were first interviewed at earlier points in their lives in childhood and early adolescence at six points in time, extending from 1983 to 2002. Multiple regression models showed that parents with certain earlier personality and behavioral attributes, e.g., more rebelliousness and more frequent tobacco use, had a more difficult relationship with their children. Findings indicated an association between the cumulative number of psychosocial risk factors in the parents and difficulties in the parent-child relationship. The findings suggested that interventions designed to decrease youths' substance abuse may increase the likelihood that later when they are parents they will form nurturing relationships with their children
— id: 69083, year: 2006, vol: 99, page: 3, stat: Journal Article,

The developmental context for adolescent substance abuse intervention
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Pahl, Kerstin
Adolescent substance abuse: Research and clinical advances New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2006,
(from the chapter) The first purpose of this chapter is to identify the risk and protective factors related to adolescent drug use, emphasizing the importance of the parent-child relationship. The framework is derived from family interactional theory. Operating within a developmental perspective, we explore the interrelations of risk and protective factors related to drug use. A second goal of the chapter is to elucidate the protective factors that mitigate adolescents' vulnerability to drug use, as well as enhance other protective factors. Finally, we consider the implications of etiological research on the risk and protective factors and their interactions for prevention and treatment based on a number of major studies undertaken since the mid-1990s.
— id: 4627, year: 2006, vol: , page: 25, stat: Chapter,

Predictors of drug use among South African adolescents
Brook, Judith S; Morojele, Neo K; Pahl, Kerstin; Brook, David W
2006 Jan;38(1):26-34, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: To determine the association of frequency of illegal drug use with five groups of factors: environmental stressors, parental drug use, parental child rearing, peer drug use, and adolescent personal attributes. METHODS: 1468 male (45%) and female (55%) adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years (mean 14.76, SD 1.51), were interviewed at home in Durban and Capetown, South Africa. Independent measures assessed environmental stressors, parental child rearing, parental drug use, peer drug use, and adolescent personal attributes. The dependent variable was the adolescents' frequency of illegal drug use. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that personal attributes and peer substance use explained the largest percentage of the variance in the adolescents' frequency of illegal drug use. In addition, both of the parental factors and the environmental stressors contributed to the explained variance in adolescent drug use above and beyond the two more proximal domains at a statistically significant level. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the contribution of more proximal vs. more distal risk factors for illegal drug use is useful for prioritizing targets for interventions. Targeting changes in the more proximal predictors (e.g., adolescent personal attributes) may be more effective as well as more feasible than trying to produce changes in the more distal factors, such as environmental stressors
— id: 62813, year: 2006, vol: 38, page: 26, stat: Journal Article,

Personality risk factors associated with trajectories of tobacco use
Brook, Judith S; Ning, Yuming; Brook, David W
2006 Nov-Dec;15(6):426-433, American journal on addictions
The purpose of this longitudinal, prospective study was to evaluate trajectories of smoking in a cohort of African-American and Puerto Rican young adults and describe personality and behavioral factors associated with specific smoking trajectory group membership. Participants consisted of African-American and Puerto Rican male and female young adults (N = 451, mean age 26) from an inner-city community. Data were collected at four time points over a period of 13 years using structured interviews. Interviews took place within the schools and the participants' homes. Scales with adequate psychometric properties were adapted from previously validated measures. Variables that were examined for this study came from the domains of internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, drug use, and demographic information. Data were analyzed using latent growth mixture modeling to explore discrete smoking trajectories. Logistic regression analyses were then used to examine the risk factors associated with the various smoking trajectory groups. Four trajectory groups were determined to best fit the data: nonsmokers, maturing-out smokers, late-starting smokers, and early-starting continuous smokers. Subjects who were unconventional, experienced intrapersonal distress, and used alcohol and illegal drugs were more likely to belong to one of the smoking trajectory groups than to the nonsmoking group. The early-starting continuous group scored highest on these personal risk attributes. The long-term impact of unconventional behavior, intrapersonal distress, and drug use on developmental trajectories of smoking support the importance of early intervention and prevention
— id: 71145, year: 2006, vol: 15, page: 426, stat: Journal Article,

Peer and parental influences on longitudinal trajectories of smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans
Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Kerstin; Ning, Yuming
2006 Oct;8(5):639-651, Nicotine & tobacco research
The purpose of this study was to identify distinct trajectories of smoking behavior during a period extending from adolescence (mean age = 14 years) to young adulthood (mean age = 26 years) among African American and Puerto Rican adolescents/young adults, to examine ethnic and gender differences in group membership, and to assess the ability of peer and parental smoking to distinguish among trajectory groups. A community-based sample of 451 African American and Puerto Rican adolescents was interviewed four times during adolescence and in early adulthood, covering a span of 12 years. For both ethnic/racial groups, four distinct trajectories were identified: Nonsmokers, maturing-out smokers, late-starting smokers, and early-starting continuous smokers. Compared with Puerto Ricans, African Americans were over-represented in the nonsmoking group, whereas Puerto Ricans were over-represented in the early-starting continuous group. Females were more likely than males to be early-starting continuous smokers than late starters. Adolescents who were exposed to peer and parental smoking in early adolescence were more likely to belong to trajectory groups characterized by higher levels of smoking. These findings show that exposure to peer and parental smoking in early adolescence constitutes a risk factor for engaging in elevated levels of smoking behavior at an early age and for continued smoking into adulthood for urban African Americans and Puerto Ricans. To be most effective, smoking prevention programs should address peer group and family influences on adolescent smoking
— id: 69691, year: 2006, vol: 8, page: 639, stat: Journal Article,

Paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors as predictors of youth stage of substance use a longitudinal study
Castro, Felipe Gonzalez; Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Rubenstone, Elizabeth
2006 ;25(2):65-75, Journal of addictive diseases
This longitudinal study examined paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors at Time 1 (T1) (e.g., substance use, violent victimization, parental rules) as predictors of the stage of substance use in the adolescent child at Time 2 (T2). Participants (N = 296) consisted of drug-abusing fathers and one of their adolescent children, aged 12 to 20 years. Fathers and youths were each administered structured interviews separately and in private. Adolescents were re-interviewed approximately one year later. Pearson correlation analyses showed that the paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors were significantly related to adolescent stage of substance use at T2. With an increase in risk factors, there was an increase in T2 stage of substance use in the child. Findings imply that father-oriented treatment programs should focus on how paternal behaviors, such as illegal drug use, inadequate parenting skills, and a poor father-child relationship contribute to youth problem behaviors, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use
— id: 67860, year: 2006, vol: 25, page: 65, stat: Journal Article,

Current affairs and the public psyche: American anxiety in the post 9/11 world
Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Chen, Henian; Gordon, Kathy; Berenson, Kathy; Brook, Judith; White, Thomas
2006 Apr;41(4):251-260, Social psychiatry & psychiatric epidemiology
BACKGROUND: The most recent wave of interviews in a longitudinal study spanned the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This unintended 'natural experiment' allows examination of effects of traumatic events in ways impossible in studies conducted solely after the event and in populations not previously studied. METHODS: Participants were 610 members of the randomly selected Children in the Community cohort studied longitudinally for over 25 years and between ages 27 and 38 at the time of the current in-home interviews. Symptoms of generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, dissociation, and depression were assessed with an adaptation of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis. Changes in self-reported symptoms from an assessment 10 years earlier were related to the date of interview between 7/2001 and 12/2003 by polynomial regression methods, including demographic and design controls. Diagnoses based on clinical follow-up were also examined. RESULTS: In contrast to other data on this cohort where timing effects were absent, levels of symptoms were related to time of interview. The months following 9/11/2001 and the two anniversary periods in 2002 and 2003 showed significant elevation in anxiety symptoms (t = 2.50, df = 608, P = 0.013) with some evidence of elevated anxiety disorder as well (Fisher's exact test P = 0.096). Similar patterns were seen for specific anxiety and depressive symptom groups. Effects of religious participation, patriotism, having offspring, and media exposure on anxiety symptoms tended to differ by season, but the effect of community involvement did not. Proximity to New York City was not significantly related to symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that young Americans showed symptomatic and, possibly, diagnostic anxiety reactions to the events of 9/11 that persisted in response to heightened awareness of ongoing threat during anniversary periods
— id: 138034, year: 2006, vol: 41, page: 251, stat: Journal Article,

Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood
Johnson, JG; Cohen, P; Chen, HN; Kasen, S; Brook, JS
2006 MAY ;63(5):579-587, Archives of general psychiatry
Context: Research has suggested that some types of parental child-rearing behavior may be associated with risk for offspring personality disorder (PD), but the association of parenting with offspring PD has not been investigated comprehensively with prospective longitudinal data. Objective: To investigate the association of parental child-rearing behavior with risk for offspring PD during adulthood. Design: The Children in the Community study, a prospective longitudinal investigation. Setting and Participants: A community-based sample of 593 families interviewed during childhood (mean age, 6 years), adolescence (mean ages, 14 and 16 years), emerging adulthood (mean age, 22 years), and adulthood (mean age, 33 years) of the offspring. Main Outcome Measure: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Results: Ten types of parenting behavior that were evident during the child-rearing years were associated with elevated offspring risk for PD during adulthood when childhood behavioral or emotional problems and parental psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically. Parental behavior in the home during the child-rearing years was associated with elevated risk for offspring PD at mean ages of 22 and 33 years. Risk for offspring PD at both assessments increased steadily as a function of the number of problematic parenting behaviors that were evident. Low parental affection or nurturing was associated with elevated risk for offspring antisocial (P = .003), avoidant (P = .01), borderline (P = .002), depressive (P = .02), paranoid (P = .002), schizoid (P = .046), and schizotypal (P < .001) PDs. Aversive parental behavior (eg, harsh punishment) was associated with elevated risk for offspring borderline (P = .001), paranoid (P = .004), passive-aggressive (P = .046), and schizotypal (P = .02) PDs. Conclusions: Parental behavior during the child-rearing years may be associated with risk for offspring PD that endures into adulthood. This risk may not be attributable to offspring behavioral and emotional problems or parental psychiatric disorder, and it may not diminish over time. Low parental nurturing and aversive parental behavior during child rearing may both be associated with elevated risk for offspring PDs
— id: 64176, year: 2006, vol: 63, page: 579, stat: Journal Article,

Personality and risk disorder traits evident by early adulthood for eating and weight problems during middle adulthood
Johnson, JG; Cohen, P; Kasen, S; Brook, JS
2006 APR ;39(3):184-192, International journal of eating disorders
Objective: The current article investigates the association of personality disorder (PD) with the subsequent development of eating and weight problems. Method: Psychiatric interviews were administered to a community-based sample of 658 individuals at mean ages 14, 16, 22, and 33 years. Results: individuals with PD by age 22 were at an elevated risk for eating disorders at mean age 33 years. PDs were associated with risk for onset of binge eating, purging, daily dietary restriction, and obesity among individuals without a history of these problems. Borderline and histrionic PD symptoms were associated with recurrent hinging and purging at mean age 33 years. Antisocial and schizotypal symptoms were associated with recurrent binging and obesity at mean age 33 years. Depressive PD symptoms were associated with recurrent binging and dietary restriction at mean age 33 years. Conclusion: PD symptoms, evident by early adulthood, may be associated with the risk for the development of eating and weight problems by middle adulthood. (c) 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc
— id: 98077, year: 2006, vol: 39, page: 184, stat: Journal Article,

Substance use and multiple victimisation among adolescents in South Africa
Morojele, Neo K; Brook, Judith S
2006 ;31(7):1163-1176 Jul, Addictive behaviors
The aims of the study were to examine the relationship between multiple victimisation and drug use, and the role of drug use and other intra-personal, peer, parental and environmental factors in predicting multiple victimisation among adolescents in South Africa. A cross-sectional design was employed. The participants comprised 1474 male and female adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years, from Durban and Cape Town. They completed questionnaire measures assessing demographic characteristics; self, peer and parental drug use; self and peer delinquency; parental child-centredness and rules; and community drug availability and exposure to violence on television. A measure of multiple victimisation assessed whether or not the respondents had experienced two or more different types of violence in their lifetime. There was a significant association between frequency of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use and multiple victimisation. Significant predictors of multiple victimisation in multiple logistic regression analyses were variables within intra-personal, peer, parental and environmental domains. Victimisation prevention programmes in South Africa should be comprehensive and target adolescents' drug use as well as their other psychosocial risk factors. (journal abstract)
— id: 64675, year: 2006, vol: 31, page: 1163, stat: Journal Article,

Perceptions of sexual risk behaviours and substance abuse among adolescents in South Africa: A qualitative investigation
Morojele, NK; Brook, JS; Kachieng'a, MA
2006 APR ;18(3):215-219, AIDS Care
The study examined South African adolescents' beliefs and attitudes regarding drug use, sexual risk behaviour and relationships between the two behaviours. Eleven single-gender focus groups were held among male and female Grade 8 and 11 students from three schools in Cape Town. The adolescents' opined that drugs' reinforcing effects were the main factor underlying their use, and that sexual risk behaviours resulted from girls' limited power in sexual relationships and boys' perceived invulnerability to HIV infection and the positive status associated with having multiple partners. Drug use was considered to exacerbate underlying vulnerabilities to risky sexual behaviour mainly due to drugs' effects on adolescents' inhibitions, rational thinking, and safer sex negotiation skills. The findings suggest that adolescent HIV intervention programmes should address the risks posed by drug use on sexual behaviour
— id: 62908, year: 2006, vol: 18, page: 215, stat: Journal Article,

Implications of Identification with Parents and Parents' Acceptance for Adolescent and Young Adult Self-esteem
Berenson, Kathy R; Crawford, Thomas N; Cohen, Patricia; Brook, Judith
2005 ;4(3):289-301 Jul-Sep, Self & Identity
(from the journal abstract) Although several authors have suggested that youths' identification with their parents plays an important role in how they come to evaluate themselves, this hypothesis has not been explored empirically in longitudinal research. Using prospective data from a representative community sample, we tested whether the association between adolescents' identification with mother and father and subsequent gains in global self-esteem would hinge on the parent's acceptance or rejection of the adolescent. Results showed that male adolescents' self-esteem consistently improved the more they identified with their parents. Among female adolescents, the change in self-esteem associated with parental identification depended on the parent's evaluation of them, suggesting that identifying with a rejecting parent presents a particular vulnerability for low self-esteem in young women.
— id: 56332, year: 2005, vol: 4, page: 289, stat: Journal Article,

Tobacco use in adolescence: longitudinal links to later problem behavior among African American and Puerto Rican urban young adults
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Rosen, Zohn; Brook, David W; Adams, Richard
2005 Jun;166(2):133-151, Journal of genetic psychology
In this study, the authors assessed the relationship between adolescent tobacco smoking and measures of inner control, deviant behavior, and associating with deviant peers, which are indicators of problem behavior. African American (N = 333) and Puerto Rican (N = 329) early adolescents completed questionnaires in their classrooms in 1990 at Time 1 (T1) and were individually interviewed thereafter when they were late adolescents in 1995 at Time 2 (T2) and as young adults in 2000 at Time 3 (T3). The authors used ordinary least squares regression analysis to assess the comparative association of adolescent smoking patterns at T1 and T2 and the young adult outcomes at T3; they controlled for demographic variables, level of the outcome measure at T2, and marijuana use at T2. The analyses suggested that experimental tobacco smokers demonstrated more problem behaviors than did nonsmokers, and late and continuous smokers demonstrated more problem behaviors as young adults than did experimental smokers and nonusers. These findings may provide a useful guide to a next step that involves translational research
— id: 55986, year: 2005, vol: 166, page: 133, stat: Journal Article,

Predictors of cigarette use among South African adolescents
Brook, Judith S; Morojele, Neo K; Brook, David W; Rosen, Zohn
2005 ;12(4):207-217, International journal of behavioral medicine
This study assessed the interrelation among domains of ethnic factors; the individual's sense of well-being; personality, attitudes, and behaviors; sibling and peer smoking; and adolescent smoking behavior. The sample consisted of 1,468 South African adolescents selected from 4 ethnic groups self-identified as defined by current South African usage: Black (mainly Zulu and Xhosa), Indian, White, and Colored (mixed ancestry). In accordance with family interactional theory, there was a sequence of patterning from ethnic factors and the individual's sense of well-being to adolescent personality, attitudes, and behaviors and models of smoking. All of the 4 domains in the model also had a direct effect on adolescent smoking behavior. The findings suggest 4 possible targets of therapeutic or preventive intervention with regard to adolescent smoking: ethnic factors; the individual's sense of well-being; personality, attitudes, and behaviors; and smoking within the peer group
— id: 67861, year: 2005, vol: 12, page: 207, stat: Journal Article,

The protective role of ethnic and racial identity and aspects of an Africentric orientation against drug use among African American young adults
Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Kerstin
2005 Sep;166(3):329-345, Journal of genetic psychology
In this study, the authors examined (a) the protective potential of multiple components of ethnic and racial identity and (b) the aspects of an Africentric orientation for moderating psychobehavioral risk and protective factors for drug use among a sample of 333 urban low-income African American young adults. Ethnic and racial identity and Africentric variables moderated the relationship between psychobehavioral variables and drug stage in 32.5% of the cases. Ethnic and racial identity and Africentric values for African American young adults seemed to be important as moderators of the association between psychobehavioral factors and young adult drug use. The authors suggested implications for future research and interventions
— id: 62359, year: 2005, vol: 166, page: 329, stat: Journal Article,

Self-reported personality disorder in the children in the community sample: convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood
Crawford, Thomas N; Cohen, Patricia; Johnson, Jeffrey G; Kasen, Stephanie; First, Michael B; Gordon, Kathy; Brook, Judith S
2005 Feb;19(1):30-52, Journal of personality disorders
Approximately 800 youths from the Children in the Community Study (Cohen & Cohen, 1996) have been assessed prospectively for over 20 years to study personality disorders (PDs) in adolescents and young adults. In this article we evaluate the Children in the Community Self-Report (CIC-SR) Scales, which were designed to assess DSM-IV PDs using self-reported prospective data from this longitudinal sample. To evaluate convergent validity, we assessed concordance between the CIC-SR Scales and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II; First, Gibbon, Spitzer, Williams, & Benjamin, 1995) in 644 participants at mean age 33. To assess predictive validity, we used CIC-SR Scales at mean age 22 to predict subsequent CIC-SR and SCID-II Personality Questionnaire scores at mean age 33. In these analyses the CIC-SR Scales matched or exceeded benchmarks established in previous comparisons between self-report instruments and structured clinical interviews. Unlike other self-report scales, the CIC-SR did not appear to overestimate diagnoses when compared with SCID-II clinical diagnoses
— id: 138033, year: 2005, vol: 19, page: 30, stat: Journal Article,

Parental occupation, education, and smoking as predictors of offspring tobacco use in adulthood: a longitudinal study
Fagan, Pebbles; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu
2005 Mar;30(3):517-529, Addictive behaviors
This study examined the interrelation of parental occupational status (blue- versus white-collar), parental education, parental smoking, parent-child relations, late adolescent tobacco use, and adult offspring smoking. A longitudinal data set was employed, composed of 603 participants who were first studied in childhood and then followed to mean age 27 years. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that the distal factors of parental blue-collar status, low parental educational achievement, and parental smoking were related to adult offspring smoking. Specifically, parental blue-collar status and parental smoking were mediated by the latent construct of the parent-child relationship, which in turn was mediated by smoking in late adolescence with respect to adult offspring smoking. Parental educational level was partially mediated by the parent-adolescent relationship but also had a direct path to adult offspring smoking. The most powerful predictor of offspring smoking in adulthood was smoking in late adolescence. Findings imply areas that may be targeted by intervention programs to decrease offspring tobacco use
— id: 71555, year: 2005, vol: 30, page: 517, stat: Journal Article,

Personality disorder traits associated with risk for unipolar depression during middle adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2005 Sep 15;136(2-3):113-121, Psychiatry research
Data from the Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation, were used to investigate the association of personality disorder (PD) traits, evident by early adulthood, with risk for the development of unipolar depressive disorders by middle adulthood. Antisocial, borderline, dependent, depressive, histrionic, and schizotypal PD traits, identified between ages 14 and 22, were significantly associated with risk for dysthymic disorder (DD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) by a mean age of 33 after a history of unipolar depression and other psychiatric disorder was controlled statistically. Individuals without a history of unipolar depression who met diagnostic criteria for > or =1 PD by a mean age of 22 were at elevated risk for DD or MDD by a mean age of 33 years. Individuals identified as having a DSM-IV Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid, or schizotypal) or Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive) PD by a mean age of 22 years were at elevated risk for recurrent or chronic unipolar depression. The findings of this study suggest that some types of PD traits that become evident by early adulthood may contribute to an increased risk for the development or recurrence of unipolar depressive disorders by middle adulthood
— id: 136558, year: 2005, vol: 136, page: 113, stat: Journal Article,

Adverse outcomes associated with personality disorder not otherwise specified in a community sample
Johnson, JG; First, MB; Cohen, P; Skodol, AE; Kasen, S; Brook, JS
2005 OCT ;162(10):1926-1932, American journal of psychiatry
Objective: The authors investigated 1) whether adolescents and adults in the community diagnosed with personality disorder not otherwise specified are at elevated risk for adverse outcomes, and 2) whether this elevation in risk is comparable with that associated with the DSM-IV cluster A, B, and C personality disorders. Method: A community-based sample of 693 mothers and their offspring were interviewed during the offspring's childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Offspring psychopathology, aggressive behavior, educational and interpersonal difficulties, and suicidal behavior were assessed. Results: Individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for personality disorder not otherwise specified were significantly more likely than those without personality disorders to have concurrent axis I disorders and behavioral, educational, or interpersonal problems during adolescence and early adulthood. In addition, adolescents with personality disorder not otherwise specified were at significantly elevated risk for subsequent educational failure, numerous interpersonal difficulties, psychiatric disorders, and serious acts of physical aggression by early adulthood. Adolescents with personality disorder not otherwise specified were as likely to have these adverse outcomes as those with cluster A, B, or C personality disorders or those with axis I disorders. Conclusions: Adolescents and young adults in the general population diagnosed with personality disorder not otherwise specified may be as likely as those with DSM-IV cluster A, B, or C personality disorders to have axis I psychopathology and to have behavioral, educational, or interpersonal problems that are not attributable to co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Individuals with personality disorder not otherwise specified and individuals with DSM-IV cluster A, B, or C personality disorders are likely to be at substantially elevated risk for a wide range of adverse outcomes
— id: 98092, year: 2005, vol: 162, page: 1926, stat: Journal Article,

Illicit drug use and risky sexual behavior among African American and Puerto Rican urban adolescents: the longitudinal links
Brook, Judith S; Adams, Richard E; Balka, Elinor B; Whiteman, Martin; Zhang, Chenshu; Sugerman, Rebecca
2004 Jun;165(2):203-220, Journal of genetic psychology
The authors assessed whether (a) early illicit drug use predicted later risky sexual activity, (b) early risky sex predicted later illicit drug use, and (c) common factors affected both risky sexual behavior and illicit drug use. African American and Puerto Rican youth completed questionnaires in their classrooms at Time 1 (T1) and face-to-face interviews with the authors in their homes 5 years later at Time 2 (T2). Logistic regression analyses showed the association between T1 illicit drug use and T2 risky sexual activity and between T1 risky sexual behavior and T2 illicit drug use. With few exceptions, T1 illicit drug use was associated with all of the T2 risky sexual behaviors. After controlling for demographic factors, the authors found that multiple sex partners at T1 was not related to illicit drug use at T2. Condom use at T1 was related to illicit drug use at T2, whereas sexually transmitted diseases and adolescent pregnancy were not related to this drug use. The findings indicated that assessments of and treatments for substance use should focus on the risky sexual behaviors that seem to accompany illicit drug use
— id: 45104, year: 2004, vol: 165, page: 203, stat: Journal Article,

Tobacco use and health in young adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia
2004 Sep;165(3):310-323, Journal of genetic psychology
In this prospective longitudinal study, the authors investigated the association between lifetime tobacco use and subsequent health problems by age 30. The authors interviewed a community group of 749 participants from upstate New York at mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Daily tobacco use during any of the time periods, as well as the number of periods of daily tobacco use, were significantly associated with increased risk for respiratory ailments, neurobehavioral and cognitive problems, and general malaise. The results suggested that daily tobacco use, either during childhood, adolescence, the early 20s, or a combination of those times, predicted health problems by age 30. Effective smoking prevention programs that begin in childhood are imperative to prevent the occurrence of later health problems
— id: 45054, year: 2004, vol: 165, page: 310, stat: Journal Article,

Smoking among New Yorican adolescents: time 1 predictors of time 2 tobacco use
Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Tine; Balka, Elinor B; Fei, Kezhen
2004 Sep;165(3):324-340, Journal of genetic psychology
The authors identified longitudinal relationships between early risk and protective factors from the domains of family, personality, and peer influences and later tobacco use in Puerto Rican adolescents living in New York. Aspects of the ethnic minority experience as moderators of familial risk and protective factors were investigated. Participants were 282 female and 276 male Puerto Rican adolescents interviewed twice, 5 years apart. The authors used hierarchical regression analyses to identify a model with direct and indirect paths. Family, personality, peer, and early smoking domains were directly related to later adolescent smoking. Partial mediation occurred. The authors identified risk-protective and protective-protective interactions between variables from the ethnic minority experience and family domains. Interventions to reduce smoking among Puerto Rican adolescents should focus on multiple contexts, including aspects of the ethnic minority experience
— id: 45103, year: 2004, vol: 165, page: 324, stat: Journal Article,

Correlates of aggression in African American and Puerto Rican children
Brook, Judith S; Rosenberg, Gary; Brook, David W; Balka, Elinor B; Meade, Michael
2004 Jun;165(2):185-202, Journal of genetic psychology
The authors examined a cross-sectional interrelationship of psychosocial domains as they relate to aggression in a group of African American and English-speaking Puerto Rican children living in New York City. The population included 80 biological children of African American and Puerto Rican young adults who had been participating in the authors' ongoing longitudinal study, and 77 mothers or mother substitutes (rearing mothers) of those children. The authors performed hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that (a) the child's personality and maternal attributes were significantly related to the child's aggression, despite control on all of the other domains and (b) the ethnic identification and discrimination domain was no longer related to the child's aggression with control on the mother-child relationship domain or on the child's personality domain. The findings have implications for clinical practice and public policy
— id: 45055, year: 2004, vol: 165, page: 185, stat: Journal Article,

Cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study of adolescents and young adults
Brook, Judith S; Schuster, Elise; Zhang, Chenshu
2004 Aug;95(1):159-166, Psychological reports
Cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms have been shown to be related in previous research. This paper examined the relationship between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal sample of 688 adolescents and young adults through surveys conducted over 13 yr. The results indicate that a history of earlier cigarette smoking in adolescence predicts later depressive symptoms in the late twenties. The study also suggests that depressive symptoms during adolescence predict cigarette smoking in the late twenties but not above and beyond prior smoking. These results help clarify and expand current knowledge on the links between cigarette smoking and depression. The results point to several clinical implications for treatment of both cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms among both adolescents and young adults
— id: 47801, year: 2004, vol: 95, page: 159, stat: Journal Article,

The course and psychosocial correlates of personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: Erikson's developmental theory revisited
Crawford, TN; Cohen, P; Johnson, JG; Sneed, JR; Brook, JS
2004 OCT ;33(5):373-387, Journal of youth & adolescence
Personality disorder symptoms were investigated in a community sample of young people (n=714) to assess their relationship over time with well-being during adolescence and the emergence of intimacy in early adulthood. Drawing on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, changes in adolescent well-being were conceptualized as indirect indicators of identity consolidation. Cluster B personality disorder symptoms (borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms) were conceptualized to represent 'identity diffusion'-i.e. maladaptive personality traits that usually resolve during the identity crisis of adolescence. Latent growth models were used in 2 age cohorts to assess (1) interrelationships between Cluster B symptoms, well-being, and intimacy at mean ages 13.8 and 18.6 years; and (2) associations between their developmental trajectories over the next 6 years. As expected, higher personality disorder symptoms were associated with lower well-being during adolescence, and declines in personality disorder symptoms over time were associated with corresponding gains in well-being. Consistent with Erikson's developmental theory, there was an inverse relationship between Cluster B symptoms and intimacy that increased in strength as young people entered adulthood. As an indicator of successful identity consolidation, well-being was significantly associated with intimacy in female adolescents and young adults
— id: 46547, year: 2004, vol: 33, page: 373, stat: Journal Article,

Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; First, Michael B; Brook, Judith S
2004 Jun;158(6):562-568, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
BACKGROUND: Although research has suggested that extensive television viewing may be associated with sleep problems, the direction of this association has not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE: To investigate directional hypotheses regarding the association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood. DESIGN: The Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation.Participants and SETTING: A community-based sample of 759 mothers from upstate New York and their offspring were interviewed during the early adolescence (mean age, 14 years), middle adolescence (mean age, 16 years), and early adulthood of the offspring (mean age, 22 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood measured using the Disorganizing Poverty Interview and the age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. RESULTS: Adolescents who watched 3 or more hours of television per day during adolescence were at a significantly elevated risk for frequent sleep problems by early adulthood. This elevation in risk remained significant after offspring age, sex, previous sleep problems, offspring psychiatric disorders, offspring neglect, parental educational level, parental annual income, and parental psychiatric symptoms were controlled statistically. Adolescents who reduced their television viewing from 1 hour or longer to less than 1 hour per day experienced a significant reduction in risk for subsequent sleep problems. Sleep problems during adolescence were not independently associated with subsequent television viewing when prior television viewing was controlled. CONCLUSION: Extensive television viewing during adolescence may contribute to the development of sleep problems by early adulthood
— id: 45105, year: 2004, vol: 158, page: 562, stat: Journal Article,

Sociodemographic, sociocultural, and individual predictors of reported feelings of meaninglessness among South African adolescents
Morojele, NK; Brook, JS
2004 DEC ;95(3):1271-1278, Psychological reports
The purpose of the study was to predict adolescents' sense of meaninglessness about South Africa's sociopolitical situation from sociodemographic, individual level, and sociocultural factors. The participants comprised 39 male and 64 female students from three schools in Cape Town, and had a mean age of 15.2 yr. (SD=1.8 yr.). They completed an adaptation of Neal and Groat's Meaninglessness scale and measures of sociodemographic (age, sex, and parental occupation, household amenities, and household hunger as proxy measures of socioeconomic status), sociocultural (cultural pride and an adaptation of McClosky and Schaar's anomy scale), and individual level (depression, general life satisfaction, and knowledge of HIV status) factors. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the adolescents with higher reported scores for meaninglessness about South Africa's sociopolitical situation reported lower socioeconomic status, a stronger sense of anomy, and more symptoms of depression
— id: 48672, year: 2004, vol: 95, page: 1271, stat: Journal Article,

Early risk factors for violence in Colombian adolescents
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rosen, Zohn; De La Rosa, Mario; Montoya, Ivan D; Whiteman, Martin
2003 Aug;160(8):1470-1478, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: Violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America, than in the United States, but the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The objective of the study was to identify personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in Colombian adolescents. METHOD: A survey of adolescents was conducted in 1995-1996. A standard self-report measure was adapted to ensure linguistic and cultural relevance. A total of 2,837 adolescents ages 12-17 years from various self-reported ethnic groups were randomly selected from the community in three Colombian cities: Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. Eighty percent of eligible adolescents agreed to participate. Data were collected concerning the adolescent's personality attributes, family characteristics, peer characteristics, and ecological/cultural factors, including the availability of illicit drugs and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the adolescent's self-reported frequency of violent behavior. RESULTS: Violence directed at the adolescent and the adolescent's own drug use were both more highly correlated with the adolescent's violent behavior than were other risk factors. Significant risk factors of less importance included tolerance of deviance, peer drug use, peer deviance, and exposure to violence on television. CONCLUSIONS: The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently with a number of risk factors from several domains. The findings point to the use of specific intervention procedures for adolescents to prevent their own subsequent acts of violent behavior
— id: 45056, year: 2003, vol: 160, page: 1470, stat: Journal Article,

Alcohol use in adolescents whose fathers abuse drugs
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Singer, Merrill; Duke, Michael R
2003 ;22(1):11-34, Journal of addictive diseases
This study examined the interrelation of several domains, including father attributes, father-child relations, peer influences, environmental factors, and youth personality, as they related to adolescent alcohol use. Several aspects of the father-child relationship were also examined as possible protective factors against adolescent drinking. Subjects consisted of 204 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers and their adolescent children between the ages of 12-20. Data were collected via individual structured interviews of both the fathers and the youth. Results indicated that several items from each domain were related to adolescent drinking, and that an affectionate father-child bond had a protective effect. Moreover, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the youth's personality mediated between all other domains and adolescent alcohol use. There was also a direct effect of peer influences on adolescent drinking. Findings extend the literature on the specific mechanisms which link parental substance use with adolescent alcohol use in a high-risk population
— id: 45058, year: 2003, vol: 22, page: 11, stat: Journal Article,

Earlier marijuana use and later problem behavior in Colombian youths
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Rosen, Zohn; Rabbitt, Caitilin R
2003 Apr;42(4):485-492, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: The study examined the relationship between earlier adolescent marijuana use and later adolescent behavioral problems. METHOD: A community-based sample of Colombian adolescents was interviewed in 1995-1996 and 1997-1998. The time 2 (T(2)) sample consisted of 1,151 males and 1,075 females. The psychosocial measures assessed adolescent problem behavior, the peer and sibling social network, and ecological/environmental stress and cultural domains. Logistic regression analyses included controls on demographic and time 1 (T(1)) dependent measures. RESULTS: The findings suggest that T(1) adolescent marijuana use was associated with increased risks for T(2) adolescent difficulty at work or school, violent experiences, peer marijuana use, and sibling marijuana problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides important evidence in this cohort of the specific relationship between T(1) adolescent marijuana use and T(2) adolescent problem behavior in a society in which drug use, crime, violence, and low educational attainment are pervasive. Similar findings have been shown in previous research with U.S. adolescents. The findings suggest that early adolescent marijuana use is associated with an increase in problem behavior during later adolescence
— id: 45059, year: 2003, vol: 42, page: 485, stat: Journal Article,

Maternal correlates of toddler insecure and dependent behavior
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Whiteman, Martin
2003 Mar;164(1):72-87, Journal of genetic psychology
The present study was designed to examine the relationship between characteristics of mothers and their toddler's insecure and dependent behavior. The authors studied 254 2-year-old toddlers and their mothers via a structured questionnaire administered to the mothers in their homes. The extent to which insecure and dependent behavior is related to the domains of maternal child rearing, maternal personality traits, parental marital relations, and maternal drug use was assessed. Using Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the authors found that the maternal child-rearing and maternal personality domains have a direct effect on the toddlers' insecure and dependent behavior. The maternal child-rearing domain also served as a mediator for the domains of the maternal personality attributes, parents' marital relations, and maternal drug use. There also was evidence suggesting an indirect effect of maternal personality attributes on the toddlers' insecure and dependent behavior, which is mediated by the domain of maternal child-rearing practices. Implications for the prevention of insecure and dependent behavior in toddlers are discussed
— id: 45057, year: 2003, vol: 164, page: 72, stat: Journal Article,

Tobacco use as a predictor of illicit drug use and drug-related problems in Colombian youth
Siqueira, Lorena M; Brook, Judith S
2003 Jan;32(1):50-57, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: To examine the extent to which personality and peer factors mediate the relationship between early cigarette use and later illicit drug use, as well as associated drug use problems, in a population of Colombian adolescents. METHODS: A longitudinal study (2-year interval), using face-to-face structured interviews was begun in 1996 using a community-based sample, randomly selected from census data in three cities in Colombia, South America. The participants were 2837 adolescents with a mean age of 15.0 (SD +/- 1.6) years at time 1 (T1). Males comprised 52% of the sample and 65% resided with two parents. Approximately 78% (N = 2226) completed the second structured interview 2 years later (T2). The main outcome measures were marijuana use, other illicit drug use, and associated drug use problems at T2. Three series of logistic regressions were conducted. RESULTS: The odds of marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.64-2.01; confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.94), other illicit drug use (AOR = 1.77-2.49; CI: 1.03-4.19), and associated drug use problems (AOR = 2.25-3.47; CI: 1.45-5.26) at T2, was increased two- to three-fold among adolescents reporting cigarette use at T1, with control on the demographic, personality, and peer factors, as well as T1 drug use variables. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier adolescent cigarette smoking was directly associated with later marijuana use, other illicit drug use, and problems with drug use
— id: 45107, year: 2003, vol: 32, page: 50, stat: Journal Article,

The longitudinal relationship between drug use and risky sexual behaviors among colombian adolescents
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Tine; Montoya, Ivan
2002 Nov;156(11):1101-1107, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVE: To identify the longitudinal relationships between drug use and risky sexual behaviors and early pregnancy in Colombian adolescents. DESIGN: Confidential survey of adolescents, consisting of structured individual interviews, at 2 time points, 2 years apart. A standard self-report questionnaire was adapted to ensure linguistic and cultural relevance. SETTING: Community samples representing differing levels of risky sexual behavior and drug use. Cohorts were drawn from higher- and lower-risk geographic areas and from various self-reported ethnic groups. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (N = 2226) randomly selected from 3 major Colombian cities: Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were collected concerning adolescent drug use, sexual behaviors, and a history of pregnancy. The youths' drug use included measures of all illegal drugs. RESULTS: By using regression analyses (controlling for demographic variables) a reciprocal longitudinal relationship between risky sexual behaviors and drug use was identified. Those adolescents who reported higher levels of drug use at time 1 also had more sexual partners, had higher frequencies of unprotected sex, and were more likely to have experienced early pregnancy at time 2. The reverse relationship was true as well. The level of violence experienced by the adolescent emerged as a moderator of some of these relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing adolescent drug use may also reduce levels of risky sexual behavior and early pregnancy and vice versa. Furthermore, the importance of addressing violence as a risk factor for both problem behaviors is emphasized
— id: 45061, year: 2002, vol: 156, page: 1101, stat: Journal Article,

Marijuana use among the adolescent children of high-risk drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Richter, Linda; Whiteman, Martin; Arencibia-Mireles, Orlando; Masci, Joseph R
2002 Spring;11(2):95-110, American journal on addictions
This study examines marijuana use among children of male drug abusers. Subjects were 83 African-American and European-American male drug abusers, of whom the majority were injection drug users, and their children. Thirty-one of the fathers were HIV-positive and 52 were HIV-negative. Using logistic regression analyses, we explored cross-sectionally the relationship between four psychosocial domains (ie, paternal attributes, adolescent problem behaviors, father-adolescent relations, and environment) and adolescent marijuana use. The father's use of illegal drugs and his failure to cope adaptively predicted adolescent marijuana use, while a close father-child bond predicted less adolescent marijuana use. Adolescent problem behaviors predicted an increased likelihood of marijuana use. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the adolescent's problem behavior mediated the associations between both the father-adolescent relationship and environmental factors with adolescent marijuana use. Reducing the risk factors and enhancing the protective factors within each of the domains could help reduce marijuana use among the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers. Moreover, if a father is a drug abuser, it is important to help him establish a close bond with his child in order to help attenuate the influence of his drug use on the child's marijuana use
— id: 45064, year: 2002, vol: 11, page: 95, stat: Journal Article,

Correlates of marijuana use in Colombian adolescents: a focus on the impact of the ecological/cultural domain
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rosen, Zohn; Montoya, Ivan
2002 Sep;31(3):286-298, Journal of adolescent health
To examine the influence of ecological/cultural factors and family, personality, and peer factors present during early adolescence that influence marijuana use in late adolescence. A community sample of 2,226 Colombian adolescents living in mixed urban-rural communities and their mothers were interviewed in their homes by trained Colombian interviewers, first in 1995-1996 and then again 2 years later. The scales used were based on item intercorrelations and grouped into the following categories: (a) adolescent personality, (b) family traits, (c) peer factors, (d) ecological/cultural variables, and (e) marijuana use. Data were examined using hierarchical regression modeling to determine the relationship between each of the domains and late adolescent marijuana use. The findings supported the family interactional theory of adolescent drug use behavior and found that factors in all of the domains had a direct effect on late adolescent marijuana use as well as indirect effects mediated through the more proximal domains in the model. Of particular interest was the strength of the influence of the ecological/cultural factors, which far exceeded that observed in similar studies done in the United States. Owing to the similarity with findings from studies conducted in the United States, interventions designed domestically could effectively be directly applied to adolescents in Colombia. The findings also suggest that prevention programs designed specifically to target ecological or cultural factors may have the most profound influence for reducing marijuana use in late adolescence
— id: 45062, year: 2002, vol: 31, page: 286, stat: Journal Article,

Coping in adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative substance-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Whiteman, Martin; Arencibia-Mireles, Orlando; Pressman, Mary A; Rubenstone, Elizabeth
2002 Mar;163(1):5-23, Journal of genetic psychology
The authors examined coping in the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers who have, or are at risk for contracting, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The ability to cope is an important factor in the adolescent's own risk behaviors, including drug use and associated problems. Each father and his adolescent child were separately administered a structured interview regarding personality, drug use, relationships, coping, and other behaviors. Adolescent adaptive coping was found to be related to greater conventionality, less marijuana use, fewer intra- and interpersonal problems, paternal adaptive coping, and a close father-child bond. Moreover, analysis using a risk factor index indicated an exponential increase in adolescent maladaptive coping with each additional psychosocial risk. Implications for policy and intervention are also discussed
— id: 45065, year: 2002, vol: 163, page: 5, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia; Whiteman, Martin
2002 Nov;59(11):1039-1044, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: The Children in the Community Study is a prospective longitudinal study investigating the association between early drug use (childhood, adolescence, and early 20s) and later psychiatric disorders (in the late 20s). METHODS: Using data from a community-based sample of 736 adults (50% female) from upstate New York, the subjects were interviewed at the mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Psychiatric disorders, measured by age-appropriate versions of the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and participant's drug use were assessed. RESULTS: Adolescent and young adult tobacco use was significantly associated with an increased risk of alcohol dependence and substance use disorders at a mean age of 27 years, but not with new episodes of major depressive disorder. Earlier alcohol use significantly predicted later major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders in the late 20s, as did early marijuana use and other illicit drug use. Except for the effect of tobacco use on major depressive disorder, early drug use was significantly related to later psychiatric disorders, even after statistically controlling for age, sex, parental educational level, family income, and prior episodes of major depressive disorder and substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that early drug use is associated with and predicts later psychiatric disorders. Preventive implications stem from the importance of studying a range of psychiatric disorders in the context of substance use assessed over a wide age range
— id: 45060, year: 2002, vol: 59, page: 1039, stat: Journal Article,

Early adolescent marijuana use: risks for the transition to young adulthood
Brook, J S; Adams, R E; Balka, E B; Johnson, E
2002 Jan;32(1):79-91, Psychological medicine
BACKGROUND: This study assessed the relationship of early adolescent marijuana use to performance of developmental tasks integral to the transition to young adulthood. The tasks concerned intimacy, education, and work and social conformity. METHODS: African American (N = 617) and Puerto Rican (N = 531) youths completed questionnaires in their classrooms. Five years later they were individually interviewed. Logistic regression analysis estimated the increased likelihood that early marijuana users would make an inadequate transition to young adult social roles. RESULTS: Analyses examining the association between early marijuana use and 20 outcome variables found significant relationships for 10 of them: (a) having lower educational and occupational expectations; (b) being suspended or expelled from school, fired from jobs, 'high' at school or work, collecting welfare; and (c) rebelliousness, not participating in productive activities, not attending church, and being an unmarried parent. Marijuana use was not related to any of the intimate relationship measures. These finding emerged with controls on gender, ethnicity, age and mother's education. CONCLUSIONS: Among African Americans and Puerto Ricans, early marijuana use predicts less adequate performance on some developmental tasks integral to becoming an independent young adult. Marijuana is not a benign drug and is associated with future risks for the individual and society at large
— id: 45115, year: 2002, vol: 32, page: 79, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use and neurobehavioral, respiratory, and cognitive problems: precursors and mediators
Brook, Judith S; Finch, Stephen J; Whiteman, Martin; Brook, David W
2002 Jun;30(6):433-441, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: To test a model of the early predictors and mediators of drug use and respiratory, neurobehavioral, and cognitive problems in adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS: We prospectively examined self-reported measures of unconventional behavior, peer- and self-drug use, and self-reported health problems in a sample of 286 males and 327 females. The sample represented the northeastern United States at the time the data were first collected in 1975. The participants were assessed in early, middle, and late adolescence and in young adulthood. Latent variable structural equation models were used to examine the data. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling conducted on the data provided support for the proposed longitudinal model. The findings indicated that adolescent drug use was associated indirectly with respiratory and directly with neurobehavioral and cognitive symptoms in young adulthood. Adolescent drug use during middle and late adolescence served as a mediator between unconventional behavior in early adolescence and health problems in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in adolescent drug use may reduce respiratory and neurobehavioral and cognitive symptoms in young adulthood. This study identifies several points in the biopsychosocial pathways in adolescence leading to later health problems in young adulthood
— id: 45063, year: 2002, vol: 30, page: 433, stat: Journal Article,

Intergenerational transmission of risks for problem behavior
Brook, Judith S; Whiteman, Martin; Zheng, Lu
2002 Feb;30(1):65-76, Journal of abnormal child psychiatry
The intergenerational transmission of risk factors for problem behaviors was examined across three generations. Two hundred fifty-four 2-year-old toddlers, one or two of their parents, and one grandmother of each toddler were studied. Grandmothers and parents were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed for the male and female toddlers combined. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. Findings indicate that the grandmother-parent relationship, parental personality attributes, marital harmony, and drug use and the parent-toddler relationship, predict the toddlers' behavior. The investigation provides evidence for a longitudinal, intergenerational process whereby the grandmother-parent relationship and the parents' personality and behavioral attributes are transmitted across generations through their association with the parent-child relationship
— id: 45113, year: 2002, vol: 30, page: 65, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Gould, Madelyn S; Kasen, Stephanie; Brown, Jocelyn; Brook, Judith S
2002 Aug;59(8):741-749, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: Data from a community-based longitudinal study were used to investigate the association between childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties during adolescence, and suicide attempts during late adolescence or early adulthood. METHODS: A community sample of 659 families from Upstate New York was interviewed in 1975, 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. During the 1991-1993 interview, the mean age of the offspring was 22 years. RESULTS: Maladaptive parenting and childhood maltreatment were associated with an elevated risk for interpersonal difficulties during middle adolescence and for suicide attempts during late adolescence or early adulthood after age, sex, psychiatric symptoms during childhood and early adolescence, and parental psychiatric symptoms were controlled statistically. A wide range of interpersonal difficulties during middle adolescence were associated with risk for suicidal behavior after the covariates were controlled. Profound interpersonal difficulties during middle adolescence mediated the association between maladaptive parenting or childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts during late adolescence or early adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Maladaptive parenting and childhood maltreatment may be associated with a risk for severe interpersonal difficulties during adolescence. These interpersonal difficulties may play a pivotal role in the development of suicidal behavior. Youths who are at an elevated risk for suicide may tend to be in need of mental health services that can help them to cope with an extensive history of profound interpersonal difficulties, beginning in childhood and continuing through adolescence
— id: 45111, year: 2002, vol: 59, page: 741, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood adversities associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or early adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2002 Mar;159(3):394-400, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: A community-based prospective longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the association between childhood adversities and problems with eating or weight during adolescence and early adulthood. METHOD: A community-based sample of 782 mothers and their offspring were interviewed during the childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood of the offspring. Childhood maltreatment, eating problems, environmental risk factors, temperament, maladaptive parental behavior, and parental psychopathology were assessed during childhood and adolescence. Eating disorders and problems with eating or weight in the offspring were assessed during adolescence and early adulthood. RESULTS: A wide range of childhood adversities were associated with elevated risk for eating disorders and problems with eating or weight during adolescence and early adulthood after the effects of age, childhood eating problems, difficult childhood temperament, parental psychopathology, and co-occurring childhood adversities were controlled statistically. Numerous unique associations were found between specific childhood adversities and specific types of problems with eating or weight, and different patterns of association were obtained among the male and female subjects. Maladaptive paternal behavior was uniquely associated with risk for eating disorders in offspring after the effects of maladaptive maternal behavior, childhood maltreatment, and other co-occurring childhood adversities were controlled statistically. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities may contribute to greater risk for the development of eating disorders and problems with eating and weight that persist into early adulthood. Maladaptive paternal behavior may play a particularly important role in the development of eating disorders in offspring
— id: 45116, year: 2002, vol: 159, page: 394, stat: Journal Article,

Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2002 Jun;59(6):545-552, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: Data from a community-based longitudinal investigation were used to investigate whether adolescents with eating disorders are at an elevated risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood. METHODS: Psychosocial and psychiatric interviews were administered to a representative community sample of 717 adolescents and their mothers from 2 counties in the state of New York in 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. In 1983, the mean age of the youths was 13.8 years. RESULTS: Adolescents with eating disorders were at a substantially elevated risk for anxiety disorders, cardiovascular symptoms, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, depressive disorders, limitations in activities due to poor health, infectious diseases, insomnia, neurological symptoms, and suicide attempts during early adulthood after age, sex, socioeconomic status, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, adolescent health problems, body mass index, and worries about health during adulthood were controlled statistically. Problems with eating or weight during adolescence predicted poor health outcomes during adulthood, regardless of whether an eating disorder had been present. Only 22% of the adolescents with current eating disorders had received psychiatric treatment within the past year. CONCLUSION: Eating disorders during adolescence may be associated with an elevated risk for a broad range of physical and mental health problems during early adulthood
— id: 45112, year: 2002, vol: 59, page: 545, stat: Journal Article,

[Maladaptative parenting and the association between parental and offspring psychiatric disorders]
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kasen, Stephanie; Smailes, Elizabeth; Brook, Judith S
2002 ;48(4):396-410, Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie
A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the role of maladaptive parental behavior and the association between parent and offspring psychiatric disorders. Psychosocial and psychiatric interviews were carried out in a representative community sample of 593 biological parents and their offspring from two counties in the state of New York in 1975, 1983, 1985-86, and 1991-93. In 1975, the mean age of offspring was 6 years. Maladaptive parental behavior was assessed in 1975, 1983, and 1985-86. Parent and offspring psychiatric symptoms were assessed in 1983, 1985-86, and 1991-93. Maladaptive parental behavior substantially mediated a significant association between parental and offspring psychiatric symptoms. Parents with psychiatric disorders had higher levels of maladaptive behavior in the household than did parents without psychiatric disorders. Maladaptive parental behavior, in turn, was associated with increased offspring risk for psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Most of the youths that experienced high levels of maladaptive parental behavior during childhood had psychiatric disorders during adolescence or early adulthood, independent of whether or not their parents had psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the offspring of parents with psychiatric disorders were not at increased risk for psychiatric disorders unless there was a history of maladaptive parental behavior. Maladaptive parental behavior is associated with increased risk for the development of psychiatric disorders among the offspring of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Maladaptive parental behavior appears to be an important mediator of the association between parental and offspring psychiatric symptoms
— id: 45108, year: 2002, vol: 48, page: 396, stat: Journal Article,

Psychiatric disorders associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Kotler, Lisa; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2002 Oct;70(5):1119-1128, Journal of consulting & clinical psychology
Longitudinal data were used to investigate whether anxiety, depressive, disruptive, personality, or substance use disorders are associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence or early adulthood. Psychiatric disorders were assessed among 726 youths from a random community sample during adolescence and early adulthood. Depressive disorders during early adolescence were associated with elevated risk for the onset of eating disorders, dietary restriction, purging behavior, and recurrent weight fluctuations after preexisting eating problems and other psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically. Disruptive and personality disorders were independently associated with elevated risk for specific eating or weight problems. The present findings suggest that depressive disorders during early adolescence may contribute to the development of eating disorders during middle adolescence or early adulthood
— id: 45109, year: 2002, vol: 70, page: 1119, stat: Journal Article,

Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood
Johnson, Jeffrey G; Cohen, Patricia; Smailes, Elizabeth M; Kasen, Stephanie; Brook, Judith S
2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2468-2471, Science
Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically
— id: 45114, year: 2002, vol: 295, page: 2468, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent life events as predictors of adult depression
Pine, Daniel S; Cohen, Patricia; Johnson, Jeffrey G; Brook, Judith S
2002 Feb;68(1):49-57, Journal of affective disorders
BACKGROUND: Among adults, life events predict future episodes of major depression as well as a range of anxiety disorders. While studies have begun to examine this issue in adolescents, few studies rely upon prospective epidemiological designs to document relationships between adolescent life events and adult major depression. METHOD: An epidemiologically-selected sample of 776 young people living in Upstate New York received DSM-based psychiatric assessments and an assessment of life events in 1986. Psychopathology was again assessed in 1992. The current study examined the predictive relationship between life events in 1986 and depression as well as anxiety in 1992, controlling for depression/anxiety in 1986. RESULTS: Adolescent life events predicted an increased risk for major depression diagnosis in adulthood. When analyzed continuously, an association emerged with symptoms of major depression as well as with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. However, this association with generalized anxiety disorder was limited to females. CONCLUSIONS: Life events in adolescence predict risk for major depression during early adulthood
— id: 45117, year: 2002, vol: 68, page: 49, stat: Journal Article,

Risk factors for adolescent marijuana use across cultures and across time
Brook JS; Brook DW; Arencibia-Mireles O; Richter L; Whiteman M
2001 Sep;162(3):357-374, Journal of genetic psychology
An integrated analysis of the data from 3 different studies was conducted to examine the early psychosocial predictors of later marijuana use among adolescents. Longitudinal analysis of interview data was performed. The data used in the analysis were derived from (a) a sample of 739 predominantly White adolescents representative of the northeastern United States, (b) a sample of 1,190 minority adolescents from the East Harlem section of New York City, and (c) a sample of 1,374 Colombian adolescents from two cities in Colombia, South America. In 2 of the samples, participants were interviewed in their homes, and in the 3rd study, participants were assessed in school. The predictors included a number of variables from (a) the personality domain, reflecting the adolescents' conventionality and intrapsychic functioning; (b) the family domain, representing the parent-child mutual attachment relationship and parental substance use; (c) the peer domain, reflecting the peer group's delinquency and substance use; and (d) the adolescents' own use of legal drugs. The dependent variable was adolescent marijuana use. The results of the analysis demonstrated remarkable consistency in the risk and protective factors for later marijuana use across the 3 samples, attesting to the robust nature of these predictors and their generalizability across gender, time, location, and ethnic/cultural background. These findings have important implications for designing intervention programs. Programs aimed at preventing adolescent marijuana use can be designed to incorporate universal features and still incorporate specific components that address the unique needs of adolescents from different groups
— id: 45066, year: 2001, vol: 162, page: 357, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent illegal drug use: the impact of personality, family, and environmental factors
Brook JS; Brook DW; De La Rosa M; Whiteman M; Johnson E; Montoya I
2001 Apr;24(2):183-203, Journal of behavioral medicine
This study examined the relationship between the domains of environmental factors, family illegal drug use, parental child-rearing practices, maternal and adolescent personality attributes, and adolescent illegal drug use. A nonclinical sample of 2,837 Colombian youths and their mothers were interviewed about intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors in their lives. Results indicated that certain environmental factors (e.g., violence, drug availability, and machismo), family drug use, a distant parent-child relationship, and unconventional behavior are risk factors for adolescent illegal drug use. As hypothesized, results showed that the adverse effects of family illegal drug use on adolescent drug use can be buffered by protective parental child-rearing practices and environmental factors, leading to less adolescent illegal drug use. Prevention and treatment efforts should incorporate protective environmental, familial, and intrapersonal components in order to reduce adolescent illegal drug use
— id: 45068, year: 2001, vol: 24, page: 183, stat: Journal Article,

Aggression in toddlers: associations with parenting and marital relations
Brook JS; Zheng L; Whiteman M; Brook DW
2001 Jun;162(2):228-241, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the relation among parenting factors, marital relations, and toddler aggression. A structured questionnaire was administered to both parents of 254 2-year-olds. The authors used correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses to assess the extent to which certain personality traits, drug use, parenting style, and marital conflicts were related to the toddlers' aggressive behavior. Results showed that the maternal child-rearing and parental aggression domains had a direct effect on toddler aggression. The domain of maternal child rearing also served as a mediator for the domains of marital relations, paternal child rearing, parental aggression, and parental drug use. The findings indicated that maternal child-rearing practices, personality attributes, and drug use were more important than paternal attributes in relation to toddler aggression. Implications for prevention among families at risk are discussed
— id: 45067, year: 2001, vol: 162, page: 228, stat: Journal Article,

Dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms: I. Continuity from early adolescence into adulthood
Crawford TN; Cohen P; Brook JS
2001 Aug;15(4):319-335, Journal of personality disorders
This longitudinal study examined dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms (histrionic, borderline, and narcissistic symptoms) in a community sample of 407 adolescents to assess whether this diagnostic construct is meaningful in young people. Based on latent variable models and dimensional symptom scales, these so-called Cluster B symptoms were highly stable across an eight-year interval from early adolescence to early adulthood. Furthermore, when compared with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, dramatic-erratic symptoms were more stable over time than these well-established Axis I symptom clusters. Based on high correlations with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms, Cluster B symptoms clearly reflect emotional distress during adolescence. These analyses reinforce recent efforts to establish personality disorders as a clinically significant and valid diagnostic construct in young people
— id: 45120, year: 2001, vol: 15, page: 319, stat: Journal Article,

Dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms: II. Developmental pathways from early adolescence to adulthood
Crawford TN; Cohen P; Brook JS
2001 Aug;15(4):336-350, Journal of personality disorders
This study examined the relationship over time between Cluster B personality disorder symptoms (borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms) and comorbid internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a community sample of 407 adolescents. Cross-lagged longitudinal models tested (a) the hypothesis that Cluster B symptoms reflect primary disturbances that give rise to co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms; and (b) the alternative hypothesis that these Axis I symptom clusters reflect primary problems that interfere with normal personality development. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms each predicted subsequent Cluster B symptoms in girls, although these effects occurred only at specific developmental stages. Cluster B symptoms in boys and girls at ages 10 to 14 years predicted externalizing symptoms two years later. Instead of clearly supporting one hypothesis over the other, longitudinal models suggested gender-specific developmental effects that were partially consistent with both hypotheses
— id: 45119, year: 2001, vol: 15, page: 336, stat: Journal Article,

Association of maladaptive parental behavior with psychiatric disorder among parents and their offspring
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Kasen S; Smailes E; Brook JS
2001 May;58(5):453-460, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the role of maladaptive parental behavior in the association between parent and offspring psychiatric disorder. METHODS: Psychosocial and psychiatric interviews were administered to a representative community sample of 593 biological parents and their offspring from 2 counties in the state of New York in 1975, 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. In 1975, the offspring were a mean age of 6 years. Maladaptive parental behavior was assessed in 1975, 1983, and 1985 to 1986. Parent and offspring psychiatric symptoms were assessed in 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. RESULTS: Maladaptive parental behavior substantially mediated a significant association between parental and offspring psychiatric symptoms. Parents with psychiatric disorders had higher levels of maladaptive behavior in the household than did parents without psychiatric disorders. Maladaptive parental behavior, in turn, was associated with increased offspring risk for psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Most of the youths that experienced high levels of maladaptive parental behavior during childhood had psychiatric disorders during adolescence or early adulthood, whether or not their parents had psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the offspring of parents with psychiatric disorders were not at increased risk for psychiatric disorders unless there was a history of maladaptive parental behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Maladaptive parental behavior is associated with increased risk for the development of psychiatric disorders among the offspring of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Maladaptive parental behavior appears to be an important mediator of the association between parental and offspring psychiatric symptoms
— id: 45121, year: 2001, vol: 58, page: 453, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood depression and adult personality disorder: alternative pathways of continuity
Kasen S; Cohen P; Skodol AE; Johnson JG; Smailes E; Brook JS
2001 Mar;58(3):231-236, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: This study extends previous findings of the risks posed by childhood major depressive disorder and other psychopathological features for later personality disorder (PD) in a random sample of 551 youths. METHODS: Self-reports and mother reports were used to evaluate DSM-III-R (Axes I and II) psychiatric disorders at mean ages of 12.7, 15.2, and 21.1 years. Logistic regression was used to examine the independent effects of major depressive disorder in childhood or adolescence on 10 PDs in young adulthood. RESULTS: Odds of dependent, antisocial, passive-aggressive, and histrionic PDs increased by more than 13, 10, 7, and 3 times, respectively, given prior major depressive disorder. Those effects were independent of age, sex, disadvantaged socioeconomic status, a history of child maltreatment, nonintact family status, parental conflict, preexisting PD in adolescence, and other childhood or adolescent Axis I psychopathological features, including disruptive and anxiety disorders. In addition, odds of schizoid and narcissistic PD increased by almost 6 times and odds of antisocial PD increased by almost 5 times given a prior disruptive disorder, and odds of paranoid PD increased by 4 times given a prior anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Personality disorders may represent alternative pathways of continuity for major depressive disorder and other Axis I disorders across the child-adult transition
— id: 45122, year: 2001, vol: 58, page: 231, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent precursors of intensity of marijuana and other illicit drug use among adult initiators
Morojele NK; Brook JS
2001 Dec;162(4):430-450, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined (a) adolescent psychosocial risk factors for frequency (intensity) of marijuana use and for other illicit drug use among those who started using these drugs in early adulthood (adult initiators) and (b) the protective role of parent-adolescent relations in reducing or preventing drug use when adolescents enter early adulthood. The study's participants were male and female youth from a longitudinal prospective study. The participants' mean ages were 17 and 22 years at late adolescence and early adulthood, respectively. Independent measures assessed personality, parental, peer, and self-drug-use factors during late adolescence; dependent measures assessed frequency of marijuana use and other illicit drug use during early adulthood for initiators of the respective drug categories. The authors found that intensity of marijuana use was directly associated with the personality, parental, and self-drug-use domains and indirectly associated with the peer domain. Intensity of other illicit drug use was directly associated with personality and self-drug use. Analyses also revealed that some parent-adolescent relations factors buffered the effects of risk factors for both marijuana and other illicit drug-use intensity, whereas others enhanced the effects of protective factors against other illicit drug-use intensity. The results indicate that there are both commonalities and differences in precursors of marijuana and other illicit drug-use intensity among initiators of these drugs during early adulthood
— id: 45118, year: 2001, vol: 162, page: 430, stat: Journal Article,

Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in an epidemiological sample
Peterson BS; Pine DS; Cohen P; Brook JS
2001 Jun;40(6):685-695, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: Understanding the interrelatedness of tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been complicated by studying only cross-sectional samples of clinically referred subjects. The authors report the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of these disorders in an epidemiological sample of children followed prospectively into early adulthood. METHOD: Structured diagnostic interview information was acquired on 976 children, aged 1 to 10 years, who were randomly selected from families living in upstate New York in 1975. Reassessments were acquired in 776 of these subjects 8, 10, and 15 years later. Diagnostic prevalences were estimated at each time point. The associations among tics, OCD, and ADHD were assessed within and across time points, as were their associations with comorbid illnesses and demographic risk factors. RESULTS: In temporal cross-section, tics and ADHD symptoms were associated with OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood after demographic features and comorbid psychiatric symptoms were controlled. In prospective analyses, tics in childhood and early adolescence predicted an increase in OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood. ADHD symptoms in adolescence predicted more OCD symptoms in early adulthood, and OCD in adolescence predicted more ADHD symptoms in adulthood. The associations of tics with ADHD were unimpressive in temporal cross-section and were not significant in prospective analyses. Tics, OCD, and ADHD shared numerous complex associations with demographic and psychopathological risk factors. ADHD was associated with lower IQ and lower social status, whereas OCD was associated with higher IQ. CONCLUSIONS: Tics and OCD were significantly associated in this sample, as were OCD and ADHD. These findings are in general consistent with those from family studies, and they help to define the natural history, comorbid illnesses, and interrelatedness of these conditions
— id: 26737, year: 2001, vol: 40, page: 685, stat: Journal Article,

Needle sharing: a longitudinal study of female injection drug users
Brook DW; Brook JS; Richter L; Masci JR; Roberto J
2000 May;26(2):263-281, American journal of drug & alcohol abuse
The objective of this study was to examine the psychosocial risk and protective factors related to needle-sharing behavior among female intravenous drug users (IDUs) positive (N = 96) and negative (N = 128) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Participants in this longitudinal study were interviewed individually at two points in time, with a 6-month interval between interviews. The interviewers used a structured questionnaire, which included psychosocial measures and questions about drug and sexual risk behaviors. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses. The findings supported a developmental model in which the psychosocial domains and HIV status predicted T1 (initial) needle-sharing behavior, which in turn was related to T2 (follow-up) needle-sharing behavior. In addition, the relationship between personality and peer risk factors and T2 needle sharing was buffered by family-related protective factors. While HIV-positive status had a direct effect on T1 needle sharing with strangers, its effect was mediated by all of the psychosocial variables in its relation to T1 needle sharing with familiar people. Comparisons of these results were made with a companion study of male IDUs. The results suggest several intervention and treatment approaches that can be implemented at different points in the developmental pathways leading to risky needle-sharing practices among female IDUs
— id: 45071, year: 2000, vol: 26, page: 263, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal pathways to condom use: a psychosocial study of male IDUs
Brook DW; Brook JS; Rosenberg G; Whiteman M; Masci JR; Roberto J; de Catalogne J
2000 ;19(1):55-69, Journal of addictive diseases
This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial risk and protective factors involved in condom use among 265 male IDUs. Subjects were individually interviewed at two points in time using a structured questionnaire, which included psychosocial measures and questions about drug use and condom use. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses. T1 condom use was the most powerful predictor of T2 condom use, with or without control on other variables. T1 family support for condom use, friends' support for condom use, adaptive coping with AIDS or the threat of AIDS, and planning to use condoms were significantly related to T2 condom use. Protective father factors enhanced the effects of other protective psychosocial factors, increasing T2 condom use. The results suggest several approaches for changing risk-taking sexual behavior in male IDUs: enhancing coping abilities, selecting peers who take fewer risks, and planning to use condoms
— id: 45072, year: 2000, vol: 19, page: 55, stat: Journal Article,

The influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the toddler's negativity
Brook JS; Brook DW; Whiteman M
2000 Apr;154(4):381-385, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVE: To extend previous studies by looking at the effect of the mother's smoking during pregnancy on her toddler's negative behavior. DESIGN: A survey consisting of a structured questionnaire was administered to the mothers of 2-year-old toddlers. SETTING: The subjects were drawn from a community sample, as part of a larger study of mothers and their children. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 99 toddlers and their mothers taken from a community sample. Fifty-two of the mothers smoked throughout pregnancy, while 47 either stopped smoking during pregnancy or started smoking after childbirth. MEASURES: The measures consisted of scales with adequate psychometric properties, which, for the most part, were adapted from the literature. Measures included assessment of smoking behavior, the mother's personality/behavior, perinatal variables, demographic variables, and aspects of the mother-child relationship. RESULTS: Using logistic regression analyses, maternal smoking during pregnancy was found to be related to negativity in the child, controlling for demographic factors, perinatal factors, maternal personality attributes, and the mother-child relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy has an adverse effect on the child's negativity, and that a decrease in maternal smoking during pregnancy might be expected to lead to a decrease in the child's negativity. The relationship of maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood negativity to other problem behaviors remains to be explored
— id: 45073, year: 2000, vol: 154, page: 381, stat: Journal Article,

Consequences of adolescent drug use on psychiatric disorders in early adulthood
Brook JS; Richter L; Rubenstone E
2000 Sep;32(6):401-407, Annals of medicine (Helsinki)
This article summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between adolescent drug use and abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. In recent years, there has been increased awareness of the co-occurrence of drug abuse and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. Few longitudinal studies, however, have examined specifically the impact of earlier drug use and abuse on later psychiatric disorders. The literature suggests three possible models to explain the relation between drug use and abuse and psychiatric disorders. According to the first model, adolescent psychiatric disorders precede drug use and abuse. A second model postulates that psychiatric disorders and drug use are correlated because they share one or more common aetiological factor(s). The third model posits that drug use and abuse predict or precede certain psychiatric disorders. We present data from a recent longitudinal study to support this latter model. As drug use and abuse have been shown to increase the likelihood of psychiatric disorders, it is clear that medical attention needs to be given to adolescents who use drugs of abuse. It is expected that a decrease in adolescent drug abuse should lead to an accompanying reduction in later psychiatric disorders
— id: 45126, year: 2000, vol: 32, page: 401, stat: Journal Article,

Effects of parent personality, upbringing, and marijuana use on the parent-child attachment relationship
Brook JS; Richter L; Whiteman M
2000 Feb;39(2):240-248, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of the quality of the parent-child attachment relationship among a sample of 248 young adults with children. METHOD: In this longitudinal study, data were collected during early adulthood in 1992 and in 1996/1997 via a structured questionnaire. Using logistic regression and multiple regression analyses, the authors assessed the extent to which participants' personality attributes, substance use, and relationships with their mothers predicted the quality of the parent-child bond. RESULTS: Logistic regression models showed that participants with certain personality attributes (e.g., high sensitivity), less frequent marijuana use, or a close relationship with their mothers had a greater likelihood of having a close parent-child attachment relationship with their own children at a later time. Regression analysis also showed that the risk of earlier substance use on the parent-child relationship was offset by protective factors in the parents' personality domain. In addition, protective factors in the various parental domains synergistically interacted with a low frequency of marijuana use, relating to a closer parent-child attachment relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that certain parenting styles are transmitted across generations and interventions in the personality and drug use domains can help increase the likelihood that parents will form close attachment relationships with their own children
— id: 45131, year: 2000, vol: 39, page: 240, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinally foretelling drug use in the late twenties: adolescent personality and social-environmental antecedents
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Finch S; Cohen P
2000 Mar;161(1):37-51, Journal of genetic psychology
This research focuses on the interrelation of the parent-child attachment, unconventionality, friends' drug use, and the young adult's use of drugs. Data were collected from participants at 4 points in time: early adolescence, late adolescence, early 20s, and late 20s. Data were collected from mothers at the 3 points in time that corresponded with the first 3 collections of data from their children. Both the youths and their mothers were individually interviewed. The findings indicated that the effect of parent-child mutual attachment was mediated through early adolescent personality attributes of greater responsibility, less rebelliousness, and intolerance of deviance. These non-drug-prone personality and behavioral attitudes, in turn, insulated the young adult from affiliating with drug-using peers, and these attitudes were related to less drug use in the early 20s and ultimately in the late 20s. The results suggest that interventions focused on enhancing parent-child mutual attachment should result in a reduction of the risk factors conducive to drug use during the late 20s. The fact that these findings cover a decade and a half, from early adolescence to the late 20s, underscores the significance of placing drug use in a perspective that includes familial and behavioral aspects
— id: 45130, year: 2000, vol: 161, page: 37, stat: Journal Article,

Individual latent growth curves in the development of marijuana use from childhood to young adulthood
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Finch SJ; Morojele NK; Cohen P
2000 Oct;23(5):451-464, Journal of behavioral medicine
The present study was designed to examine the relationship between unconventionality and marijuana use over time. The sample for this paper consisted of 532 male and female participants interviewed during early adolescence, late adolescence, their early twenties, and their late twenties. Latent growth modeling was used. The findings indicated that (1) the influence of initial unconventionality (T2) on initial marijuana use (T2) was stronger for males, (2) unconventionality at T2 was not significantly related to overall rate of growth in marijuana use, and (3) change in unconventionality was related to overall growth rate of marijuana use. The implications of the findings for prevention and treatment are discussed
— id: 45125, year: 2000, vol: 23, page: 451, stat: Journal Article,

Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Brook JS
2000 Oct;157(10):1679-1681, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: The study investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. METHOD: Psychiatric interviews were administered to a representative community sample of 717 youths and their mothers in 1983 (mean age of youths=14 years) and again in 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. RESULTS: A wide range of psychiatric disorders co-occurred with bipolar disorder during adolescence and early adulthood. Adolescent anxiety disorders were uniquely associated with increased risk for early adulthood bipolar disorder after adolescent bipolar disorder was accounted for. Manic symptoms during adolescence were associated with increased risk for anxiety and depressive disorders during early adulthood after adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders were accounted for. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with anxiety disorders may be at increased risk for bipolar disorder or clinically significant manic symptoms during early adulthood. Adolescents with manic symptoms may be at increased risk for anxiety and depressive disorders during early adulthood
— id: 45127, year: 2000, vol: 157, page: 1679, stat: Journal Article,

Age-related change in personality disorder trait levels between early adolescence and adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Kasen S; Skodol AE; Hamagami F; Brook JS
2000 Oct;102(4):265-275, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica
OBJECTIVE: To investigate change in personality disorder (PD) traits between early adolescence and early adulthood among individuals in the community. METHOD: PD traits were assessed in 1983 (mean age = 14), 1985-86 (mean age = 16) and 1992 (mean age = 22) in a representative community sample of 816 youths. RESULTS: Overall, PD traits declined 28% during both adolescence and early adulthood. PD traits were moderately stable during the first 2-year interval, and were as stable as they have been reported to be among adults over similar intervals. PD trait stability declined slightly as the inter-assessment interval increased. Adolescents with PDs tended to have elevated PD traits during early adulthood. CONCLUSION: PD traits tend to decline steadily in prevalence during adolescence and early adulthood. However, adolescents with PDs often have elevated PD traits as young adults, and the stability of PD traits appears to be similar during adolescence and early adulthood
— id: 45123, year: 2000, vol: 102, page: 265, stat: Journal Article,

Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Pine DS; Klein DF; Kasen S; Brook JS
2000 Nov 8;284(18):2348-2351, JAMA
CONTEXT: Cigarette smoking is associated with some anxiety disorders, but the direction of the association between smoking and specific anxiety disorders has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the longitudinal association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults. DESIGN: The Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-based sample of 688 youths (51% female) from upstate New York interviewed in the years 1985-1986, at a mean age of 16 years, and in the years 1991-1993, at a mean age of 22 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Participant cigarette smoking and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and early adulthood, measured by age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. RESULTS: Heavy cigarette smoking (>/=20 cigarettes/d) during adolescence was associated with higher risk of agoraphobia (10.3% vs 1.8%; odds ratio [OR], 6.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-30.17), generalized anxiety disorder (20.5% vs 3.71%; OR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.84-16.66), and panic disorder (7.7% vs 0.6%; OR, 15.58; 95% CI, 2.31-105.14) during early adulthood after controlling for age, sex, difficult childhood temperament; alcohol and drug use, anxiety, and depressive disorders during adolescence; and parental smoking, educational level, and psychopathology. Anxiety disorders during adolescence were not significantly associated with chronic cigarette smoking during early adulthood. Fourteen percent and 15% of participants with and without anxiety during adolescence, respectively, smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day during early adulthood (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.36-2.14). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that cigarette smoking may increase risk of certain anxiety disorders during late adolescence and early adulthood. JAMA. 2000;284:2348-2351
— id: 45124, year: 2000, vol: 284, page: 2348, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Smailes E; Kasen S; Oldham JM; Skodol AE; Brook JS
2000 Sep;157(9):1406-1412, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: A community-based, longitudinal prospective study was conducted to investigate whether personality disorders during adolescence are associated with elevated risk for violent behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. METHOD: A community-based sample of 717 youths from upstate New York and their mothers were interviewed in 1983, 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. Axis I and II disorders were assessed in 1983 and 1985-1986. Antisocial personality disorder was not assessed because most participants were less than 18 years of age in 1983 and 1985-1986. Violent behavior was assessed in 1985-1986 and 1991-1993. RESULTS: Adolescents with a greater number of DSM-IV cluster A or cluster B personality disorder symptoms were more likely than other adolescents in the community to commit violent acts during adolescence and early adulthood, including arson, assault, breaking and entering, initiating physical fights, robbery, and threats to injure others. These associations remained significant after controlling for the youths' age and sex, for parental psychopathology and socioeconomic status, and for co-occurring psychiatric disorders during adolescence. Paranoid, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence were independently associated with risk for violent acts and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood after the covariates were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster A and cluster B personality disorders and paranoid, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence may increase risk for violent behavior that persists into early adulthood
— id: 45128, year: 2000, vol: 157, page: 1406, stat: Journal Article,

Social phobia and the persistence of conduct problems
Pine DS; Cohen E; Cohen P; Brook JS
2000 Jul;41(5):657-665, Journal of child psychology & psychiatry & allied disciplines
Recent epidemiological studies suggest that both social anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood might predict levels of delinquent behavior in adolescence. The current study prospectively examines the influence of social phobia and ADHD symptom scale scores on the correlation in conduct disorder symptom scale scores over time. An epidemiologically selected sample of 776 young people living in Upstate New York received DSM-based psychiatric assessments in 1983, 1985, and 1992 using structured interviews. Correlations among conduct disorder scales over time were examined as a function of social phobia and ADHD ratings. Individuals with low scores on social phobia scales or high scores on ADHD scales exhibited the highest correlation in conduct disorder symptom scales over time. There was also a suggestion that low scores on social phobia scales predicted later risk for conduct disorder. Low scores on social phobia symptom scales or high scores on ADHD scales predict stronger across-time correlations in conduct disorder symptom scales. Various cognitive or biological factors might account for these moderating effects on conduct problems
— id: 45129, year: 2000, vol: 41, page: 657, stat: Journal Article,

Coping strategies of HIV-positive and HIV-negative female injection drug users: a longitudinal study
Brook DW; Brook JS; Richter L; Whiteman M; Win PT; Masci JR; Roberto J
1999 Oct;11(5):373-388, AIDS education & prevention
This study longitudinally examined the psychosocial correlates of coping strategies among 165 HIV positive and 179 HIV negative female injection drug users (IDUs). Participants were interviewed twice using a structured questionnaire, with a 6-month interval between interviews. The questionnaire included psychosocial measures as well as measures of general coping and specific HIV-related coping. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. The findings indicated that favorable factors in the psychosocial domains at Time 1 were significantly associated with an increased likelihood at Time 2 of the use of general coping and specific adaptive coping strategies, such as problem solving and seeking social support, and with a decreased likelihood at Time 2 of the use of maladaptive coping strategies, such as aggression and the use of illicit drugs. These findings highlight particular areas of psychosocial functioning that can be targeted by intervention programs to promote adaptive coping and minimize maladaptive coping among HIV positive and HIV negative female IDUs
— id: 45076, year: 1999, vol: 11, page: 373, stat: Journal Article,

Coping among HIV negative and HIV positive female injection drug users
Brook DW; Brook JS; Whiteman M; Roberto J; Masci JR; Amundsen F; de Catalogne J
1999 Jun;11(3):262-273, AIDS education & prevention
The study examined the psychosocial determinants of coping ability in a cohort of 249 HIV positive and HIV negative female injection drug users (IDUs), using a cross-sectional retrospective design. Information collected using a structured questionnaire included data on psychosocial risk and protective factors in the personality, family, and peer domains, HIV status, and coping ability. Coping ability was associated with conventionality, greater control of emotions, less psychopathology, and family cohesion in both HIV positive and HIV negative subjects. The psychosocial factors affected coping in HIV positive and HIV negative IDUs via two different mediational models. The interactional findings supported the influence of risk/protective interactions in both groups. The findings demonstrate the impact of the interplay between personality factors and external support on coping ability in female IDUs
— id: 45078, year: 1999, vol: 11, page: 262, stat: Journal Article,

The risks for late adolescence of early adolescent marijuana use
Brook JS; Balka EB; Whiteman M
1999 Oct;89(10):1549-1554, American journal of public health. AJPH
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the relation of early adolescent marijuana use to late adolescent problem behaviors, drug-related attitudes, drug problems, and sibling and peer problem behavior. METHODS: African American (n = 627) and Puerto Rican (n = 555) youths completed questionnaires in their classrooms initially and were individually interviewed 5 years later. Logistic regression analysis estimated increases in the risk of behaviors or attitudes in late adolescence associated with more frequent marijuana use in early adolescence. RESULTS: Early adolescent marijuana use increased the risk in late adolescence of not graduating from high school; delinquency; having multiple sexual partners; not always using condoms; perceiving drugs as not harmful; having problems with cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana; and having more friends who exhibit deviant behavior. These relations were maintained with controls for age, sex, ethnicity, and, when available, earlier psychosocial measures. CONCLUSIONS: Early adolescent marijuana use is related to later adolescent problems that limit the acquisition of skills necessary for employment and heighten the risks of contracting HIV and abusing legal and illegal substances. Hence, assessments of and treatments for adolescent marijuana use need to be incorporated in clinical practice
— id: 45134, year: 1999, vol: 89, page: 1549, stat: Journal Article,

The role of parents in protecting Colombian adolescents from delinquency and marijuana use
Brook JS; Brook DW; De La Rosa M; Whiteman M; Montoya ID
1999 May;153(5):457-464, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVES: To identify general and differentiating risk and protective factors from domains of culture and ecology, peer, family, and personality, related to adolescent delinquency and marijuana use, and to study the protective role of the parent-child mutual attachment in offsetting cultural and ecological risk factors, leading to less delinquency and marijuana use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses of interview data collected in Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2837 Colombian adolescents, 12 to 17 years of age. SETTING: Adolescents were interviewed in their homes. MAIN MEASURES: Independent variables included measures from 4 domains: culture and ecology, peer, family, and personality. The dependent variables were delinquency and marijuana use. RESULTS: Several risk factors, such as tolerance of deviance and sensation seeking, were similarly related to both delinquency and marijuana use, suggesting that a common cause underlies the propensity to engage in different deviant behaviors. Some risk factors were more involved in delinquency and other risk factors were more highly related to the adolescent's marijuana use. Finally, when violence is endemic and illegal drugs are readily available, a close parent-child bond was capable of mitigating these risk factors, leading to less marijuana use and delinquency. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have implications for public health policy related to interventions in countries in which violence and drug use are prevalent. The results point to interventional procedures aimed at adolescents vulnerable to marijuana use and delinquency as well as efforts aimed at specific vulnerabilities in these areas. For example, reducing the risk factors and enhancing the protective factors for marijuana use and delinquency may result in less adolescent marijuana use and delinquency
— id: 45079, year: 1999, vol: 153, page: 457, stat: Journal Article,

Older sibling correlates of younger sibling drug use in the context of parent-child relations
Brook JS; Brook DW; Whiteman M
1999 Nov;125(4):451-468, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
The purpose of this study was to examine older brother correlates of younger brother drug use in the context of parental influences and younger brother personality. The sample consisted of 278 White male college students and their oldest brothers, who volunteered to answer self-administered questionnaires. Results indicated that 3 domains of influence each had an independent impact on younger brother drug use: (a) parent-younger brother relationships and parent drug use, (b) older brother-younger brother relationships and older brother drug use, and (c) younger brother personality. Modeling of nondrug use and a strong attachment relationship in the parent-younger brother and sibling dyads, as well as younger sibling traits of conventionality, had strong links to low younger brother drug use. Our findings highlight the importance of modeling and mutual parent-child attachment relationships as well as sibling relationships as they relate to the possible etiology of drug use
— id: 45075, year: 1999, vol: 125, page: 451, stat: Journal Article,

The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young adulthood
Brook JS; Kessler RC; Cohen P
1999 Fall;11(4):901-914, Development & psychopathology
Although it is well documented that intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors are related to the frequency of marijuana use, much less is known about the initiation of marijuana use. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of the personality, family, peer, and ecological predictors of marijuana onset. Survival analysis was applied to a sample of nonusers of illegal drugs, followed from age 9 years to the 20s. The major findings indicate that (a) youngsters who are unconventional are at a higher risk for marijuana initiation; (b) youngsters who associate with peers who use marijuana or who smoke tobacco themselves are at increased risk for marijuana initiation; (c) youngsters who identify with their parents are less likely to begin marijuana use; and (d) the predictors related to marijuana onset emerged during preadolescence, early adolescence, middle adolescence, late adolescence, and the 20s. Results are discussed within the framework of a family interactional perspective of development. Implications for prevention are discussed
— id: 45132, year: 1999, vol: 11, page: 901, stat: Journal Article,

Consequences of adolescent marijuana use: incompatibility with the assumption of adult roles
Brook JS; Richter L; Whiteman M; Cohen P
1999 May;125(2):193-207, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
This longitudinal study is an examination of the relationship between marijuana use and the assumption of adult roles, as well as the relationship between assuming adult roles and the likelihood of later marijuana use. Data were collected at 5 points in time from childhood through early adulthood (late 20s) by means of a structured questionnaire. Participants' marijuana use and the assumption of adult roles, including employment, marriage, parenthood, and living arrangements, were measured, and the data were analyzed with logistic regression analyses. A history of marijuana use was associated with an increased risk of adopting more unconventional adult roles, such as postponement of marriage, having a child out of wedlock, and unemployment. These results suggest that frequent prior marijuana use may adversely affect one's ability to successfully assume conventional adult roles. Furthermore, controlling for earlier marijuana use, marriage during early adulthood significantly decreased the risk of later marijuana use
— id: 45136, year: 1999, vol: 125, page: 193, stat: Journal Article,

Transmission of risk factors across three generations
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW
1999 Aug;85(1):227-241, Psychological reports
The present study examined the association between the parent-grandmother relationship, the parenting of toddlers, and toddlers' anger. Parent-grandmother relations were assessed when the parents were adolescents. Patient-toddler relations were examined when the toddlers were two years of age. The sample consists of 185 2-yr-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler. The findings support our hypothesis that there would be an indirect effect of the grandmothers' personalities and child-rearing practices on their grandchildren through the influence of the grandmothers on the parents. The influence of both the grandmothers' and the parents' smoking behaviors on the toddlers' anger was mediated by their child-rearing practices. The significance of the findings from a multigenerational study are discussed with reference to incorporating them into prevention programs. The findings are consistent with the notion of the intergenerational transmission of risk factors--from grandparents to parents to toddlers
— id: 45074, year: 1999, vol: 85, page: 227, stat: Journal Article,

A longitudinal investigation of social causation and social selection processes involved in the association between socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Dohrenwend BP; Link BG; Brook JS
1999 Aug;108(3):490-499, Journal of abnormal psychology
Social causation theory and social selection theory have been put forth to explain the finding that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with risk for psychiatric disorders. The predictions of both theories were investigated using data from a community-based longitudinal study. Psychosocial interviews were administered to 736 families from 2 counties in New York State in 1975, 1983, 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. Results indicated that (a) low family SES was associated with risk for offspring anxiety, depressive, disruptive, and personality disorders after offspring IQ and parental psychopathology were controlled, and (b) offspring disruptive and substance use disorders were associated with risk for poor educational attainment after offspring IQ and parental psychopathology were controlled. These findings indicate that social causation and social selection processes vary in importance among different categories of psychiatric disorders
— id: 45135, year: 1999, vol: 108, page: 490, stat: Journal Article,

Personality disorders in adolescence and risk of major mental disorders and suicidality during adulthood
Johnson JG; Cohen P; Skodol AE; Oldham JM; Kasen S; Brook JS
1999 Sep;56(9):805-811, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: A community-based longitudinal study was conducted to investigate whether personality disorders (PDs) during adolescence increase the risk for Axis I psychiatric disorders and suicidality during early adulthood. METHOD: Psychosocial and psychiatric interviews were administered to a representative community sample of 717 youths and their mothers from 2 counties in the state of New York in 1975, 1983, 1985-1986, and 1991-1993. Anxiety, disruptive, eating, mood, personality, and substance use disorders and suicidal ideation and behavior were assessed in 1983 and 1985-1986, when the participants were adolescents, and in 1991-1993, when they were young adults. RESULTS: Adolescents with PDs were more than twice as likely as those without PDs to have anxiety, disruptive, mood, and substance use disorders during early adulthood. These associations remained statistically significant after co-occurring Axis I disorders during adolescence were controlled statistically. Cluster A, B, and C PDs and DSM-IV Appendix B PDs during adolescence were all associated with elevated risk for Axis I disorders during early adulthood after co-occurring Axis I and Axis II disorders during adolescence were controlled statistically. Cluster C PDs during adolescence were associated with elevated risk for suicidal ideation or behavior during early adulthood after co-occurring psychiatric disorders and suicidality during adolescence were controlled statistically. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents in the community with personality disorders are at elevated risk for major mental disorders and suicidal ideation or behavior during early adulthood. This increase in risk is not accounted for by co-occurring Axis I disorders or suicidality during adolescence
— id: 45106, year: 1999, vol: 56, page: 805, stat: Journal Article,

Influence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders on young adult personality disorder
Kasen S; Cohen P; Skodol AE; Johnson JG; Brook JS
1999 Oct;156(10):1529-1535, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: This study examines associations between childhood psychopathology and young adult personality disorder in a random sample of 551 youths, who were 9 to 16 years old at first assessment. METHOD: Subjects were evaluated for DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders. Information was obtained prospectively from youths and their mothers at three points over 10 years. The predictive effects of prior axis I disorders and adolescent axis II personality disorder clusters A, B, and C on young adult personality disorder were examined in logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The odds of young adult personality disorder increased given an adolescent personality disorder in the same cluster. Prior disruptive disorders, anxiety disorders, and major depression all significantly increased the odds of young adult personality disorder independent of an adolescent personality disorder. In addition, comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders heightened the odds of young adult personality disorder relative to the odds of a disorder on a single axis. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of personality pathology before late adolescence may be warranted. Childhood or adolescent axis I disorders may set in motion a chain of maladaptive behaviors and environmental responses that foster more persistent psychopathology over time. Identification and treatment of childhood disorder may help to reduce that risk
— id: 45133, year: 1999, vol: 156, page: 1529, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial risk and protective factors for condom use among female injection drug users
Brook DW; Brook JS; Whiteman M; Win PT; Masci JR; Roberto J; de Catalogne J; Amundsen F
1998 Spring;7(2):115-127, American journal on addictions
The authors examined the influences of domains of psychosocial risk and protective factors on male-partner condom use in a cobort of 209 female HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injection drug users (IDUs) by use of a cross-sectional, retrospective design. Information collected from a structured questionnaire included data on psychosocial risk and protective factors in the personality, family, and peer domains; HIV status; and condom use. Among HIV+ IDUs, personality risk factors (e.g., unconventionality), family (e.g., low maternal identification), and peer factors were related to less male-partner condom use. Resources and condom availability were associated with greater male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- IDUs. The psychosocial domains affected male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- female IDU patients via two different mediational models. The findings suggest the need to use specific psychosocial interventions for risky sexual behavior among HIV+ and HIV- female IDUs
— id: 45082, year: 1998, vol: 7, page: 115, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use among African Americans: ethnic identity as a protective factor
Brook JS; Balka EB; Brook DW; Win PT; Gursen MD
1998 Dec;83(3 Pt 2):1427-1446, Psychological reports
This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth
— id: 45080, year: 1998, vol: 83, page: 1427, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways to marijuana use among adolescents: cultural/ecological, family, peer, and personality influences
Brook JS; Brook DW; De La Rosa M; Duque LF; Rodriguez E; Montoya ID; Whiteman M
1998 Jul;37(7):759-766, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine the linkages, cultural/ecological factors, and major psychosocial risk factors as they relate to drug use in a sample from Colombia, South America. METHOD: The participants were 1.687 adolescents living in mixed urban-rural communities in Colombia, South America. An individual interview was administered to youths in their homes by Colombian interviewers. The scales used were based on item intercorrelations grouped into the following risk categories: (1) adolescent personality, (2) family traits, (3) peer factors, and (4) cultural/ecological variables. RESULTS: Pearson correlations were computed for each variable and the frequency of marijuana use. Results show that each of the domains was related to adolescent marijuana use, with some notable gender differences. As regards the interrelation of domains, a mediational model was operative. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support a family interactional theory. The domains of family, personality, and peer factors had a direct effect on the adolescents' marijuana use. Implications for prevention are also addressed
— id: 45081, year: 1998, vol: 37, page: 759, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use
Brook JS; Cohen P; Brook DW
1998 Mar;37(3):322-330, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal priority in the relationship between psychiatric disorders and drug use. METHOD: Psychiatric assessments and drug use were completed at three different points in time, spanning 9 years. Structured interviews were administered to a cohort of youths and their mothers. Subjects were selected on the basis of their residence in either of two counties in upstate New York. The sample was predominantly white male and female youths, aged 1 through 10 years upon initial collection of data. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by a supplemented version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 1, using computer algorithms designed to match DSM-III-R criteria to combine information from mothers and youths. Substance use information was obtained in the interviews. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found to exist between earlier adolescent drug use and later depressive and disruptive disorders in young adulthood, controlling for earlier psychiatric disorders. Earlier psychiatric disorders did not predict changes in young adult drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment include (1) more medical attention needs to be given to the use of legal and illegal drugs; and (2) a decrease in drug use may result in a decrease in the incidence of later psychiatric disorders
— id: 45083, year: 1998, vol: 37, page: 322, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental variations in factors related to initial and increased levels of adolescent drug involvement
Brook JS; Cohen P; Jaeger L
1998 Jun;159(2):179-194, Journal of genetic psychology
The impact of maternal and adolescent factors on initial and increased levels of drug use by adolescents was examined in two groups of adolescents: 210 younger adolescents (ages 12-14 at initial assessment) and 199 older adolescents (ages 15-18). The adolescents and their mothers were interviewed at 2 points in time, 3 years apart. The results indicated that adolescent unconventionality is a crucial determinant for both initial and increased levels of drug use for both age groups, but intrapsychic distress is more important for the younger adolescent's initial use. Lack of maternal attachment and poor control techniques were associated with initial levels of drug use for both groups. However, the mother-child relationship and models of the mother's unconventionality had a greater impact on the older than on the younger group's increased involvement. Interactive results suggest that adolescents from both age groups who are well adjusted can offset the potential risks of maternal models of drug use
— id: 45140, year: 1998, vol: 159, page: 179, stat: Journal Article,

A three-generation study: intergenerational continuities and discontinuities and their impact on the toddler's anger
Brook JS; Tseng LJ; Whiteman M; Cohen P
1998 Aug;124(3):335-351, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
One hundred fifteen 2-year-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler were studied to determine the influence of the grandmother and the parent on the toddler's behavior. Findings indicated that the grandmother's parenting skills have an effect on the grandchild's anger via two pathways. More specifically, the grandmother's child-rearing techniques are mediated by the parent's personality traits, which, in turn, are associated with the parent's child-rearing practices and, ultimately, the grandchild's anger. The second pathway through which the grandmother's child-rearing is related to the grandchild's behavior involves the parent's imitation of the grandmother's parenting skills, which, in turn, are correlated with the toddler's behavior
— id: 45139, year: 1998, vol: 124, page: 335, stat: Journal Article,

Similar and different precursors to drug use and delinquency among African Americans and Puerto Ricans
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Balka EB; Win PT; Gursen MD
1998 Mar;159(1):13-29, Journal of genetic psychology
Correlational and net regression techniques were used to examine the commonalities and differences in risks for later drug use and delinquency among African American and Puerto Rican adolescents. Eight-eight percent of the risks were significantly related to both problem behaviors. Within the personality, family, peer, ecology, and acculturation domains, many risks independently contributed to the prediction of each problem. Only three risks had a significantly stronger relationship to one of the problem behaviors than to the other. Finding so many common predictors supports a general dimension of problem behavior and highlights the psychosocial risks for drug use and delinquency. The commonalities suggest that interventions targeting these adolescent risks might reduce both problem behaviors
— id: 45141, year: 1998, vol: 159, page: 13, stat: Journal Article,

Mutual attachment, personality, and drug use: pathways from childhood to young adulthood
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Finch S; Cohen P
1998 Nov;124(4):492-510, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
Young adult drug use stemming from childhood aggression, the parent-child mutual attachment relationship, and the effect of unconventionality were studied. Youngsters and their mothers were interviewed when the former were early adolescents, late adolescents, and young adults. Additional data were collected from the mothers when their youngsters were children. The analysis was conducted on youngsters who had complete data at all 4 points in time. The findings were in accord with the family interactional model; that is, the parent-child mutual attachment relationship affects unconventionality in the youngster, which, in turn, affects young adult drug use. The results indicate that the parent-child mutual attachment relationship does so through (a) the stability of the attachment relationship from childhood to young adulthood, (b) the stability of unconventional personality and behavioral attributes from early adolescence to young adulthood, and (c) the stability of drug use from early adolescence to young adulthood. The findings imply that (a) early intervention with respect to aggression, (b) interventions that focus on strengthening the parent-child bond and conventional behavior, and (c) interventions aimed at early drug use should be most effective in reducing young adult drug use
— id: 45137, year: 1998, vol: 124, page: 492, stat: Journal Article,

Behavior patterns of young children and their offspring: a two-generation study
Cohen P; Kasen S; Brook JS; Hartmark C
1998 Nov;34(6):1202-1208, Developmental psychology
Data from a random cohort of residents in a 2-county area were used to determine the stability in 2 major dimensions of childhood behavior between 2 generations. The 1st generation was assessed at mean age 7, and their offspring were assessed at age 2 years. Measures were used in latent-variable structural equation models to test the hypotheses. Strong stability in these behavior patterns in the 1st generation was shown between early childhood and a reassessment 8 years later. There was a significant stability between generations in the inhibited behavior pattern but not in the difficult pattern. This relationship was stronger when parents had been assessed at an age closer to that of their toddler offspring. Findings are consistent for mother-offspring, father-offspring, and daughter and son subsamples
— id: 45138, year: 1998, vol: 34, page: 1202, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent school experiences and dropout, adolescent pregnancy, and young adult deviant behavior
Kasen S; Cohen P; Brook JS
1998 Jan;13(1):49-72, Journal of adolescent research
PIP: Outside of the family, schools are the most proximal socializing agent available to convey societal norms and prohibitions to young people. In some cases, a positive school experience can compensate for the antisocial influence of family and community. The present study investigated the predictive ability of school-related factors on later deviancy in a random sample of 452 US adolescents 12-18 years of age attending 150 junior or senior high schools in upstate New York and enrolled in a broader prospective study. A measure of conduct problems, obtained 2 years before measurement of school factors, was used to control for the predisposing effects of problematic behavior on later deviance. Academic achievement, academic aspirations, and a learning-focused school environment had deterrent effects on all deviant outcomes assessed--dropping out of school, adolescent pregnancy, engaging in criminal activities, criminal conviction, antisocial personality disorder, and alcohol abuse--independent of age, gender, intelligence quotient, socioeconomic status, childhood conduct problems, and proportion of deviance-oriented friends in adolescence. Given the persistence of deviant behavioral patterns of adolescence into adulthood, the systems-level influences identified in this study should be given careful attention. O
— id: 45110, year: 1998, vol: 13, page: 49, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial risk factors for HIV transmission in female drug abusers
Brook DW; Brook JS; Whiteman M; Win PT; Gordon-Maloul C; Roberto J; Amundsen F; Masci JR; de Catalogne J
1997 Spring;6(2):124-134, American journal on addictions
The authors studied the influences of domains of psychosocial risk factors on needle-sharing with familiar people and with strangers in a cohort of female injecting drug users (IDUs). Subjects were 119 female IDUs, 46% of whom were HIV+. Subjects were given individually administered questionnaire interviews: Using Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression analyses, the authors found that personality, family, and peer attributes related to needle-sharing in women were similar to those found in men, with certain exceptions. The role of the family, particularly the Significant Other, was more important and proximal in its effect on needle-sharing behavior in women than in men. There was a main effect as well as a mediating effect of family in women, buffering risk factors leading to needle-sharing
— id: 45085, year: 1997, vol: 6, page: 124, stat: Journal Article,

Young adults' drug use: a 17-year longitudinal inquiry of antecedents
Brook JS; Balka EB; Gursen MD; Brook DW; Shapiro J; Cohen P
1997 Jun;80(3 Pt 2):1235-1251, Psychological reports
This longitudinal study examined the interrelation of personality and peer factors on young adults' drug use and also the influence of the interaction of personality and peer factors on drug use. The sample of 756 males and females were interviewed four times between the M ages of 6 and 22. Personality attributes in childhood were related to peer factors in early adolescence which, in turn, were related to personality traits in later adolescence. These traits were linked with selection of peers and, ultimately, drug use in young adulthood. Additionally, the adolescent and young adult domains had direct effects on young adults' drug use. Significant interactions indicated that a few protective childhood personality traits buffer the risk of deviant peers in adolescence on young adults' drug use. More earlier protective characteristics from one domain enhanced the effect of later protective traits from the other domain
— id: 45084, year: 1997, vol: 80, page: 1235, stat: Journal Article,

Coping with AIDS. A longitudinal study
Brook JS; Brook DW; Win PT; Whiteman M; Masci JR; de Catalogne J; Roberto J; Amundsen F
1997 Winter;6(1):11-20, American journal on addictions
The goals of this longitudinal, prospective study were to 1) examine coping strategies of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injecting drug users; 2) study the relationship of earlier social support to later coping in HIV+ men; and 3) examine the effects of earlier coping strategies on later psychosocial function. The authors studied 287 men given a structured questionnaire at two points in time. HIV+ subjects scored higher than HIV- subjects on measures of AIDS-related adaptive coping (social support) and AIDS-related maladaptive coping (aggression), but not on general coping. General coping was not specifically AIDS-related, but was correlated positively with adaptive coping and negatively with maladaptive coping. These results suggest that earlier general coping is related to the later avoidance of maladaptive coping, and they have specific implications for teaching preventive strategies. AIDS-related adaptive or maladaptive coping techniques may be used simultaneously, and coping behavior may change over time. Earlier social support is related positively to aspects of later coping in HIV+ men
— id: 45086, year: 1997, vol: 6, page: 11, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use and delinquency: shared and unshared risk factors in African American and Puerto Rican adolescents
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Balka EB; Cohen P
1997 Mar;158(1):25-39, Journal of genetic psychology
The shared and unshared psychosocial risk factors related to stage of drug use and delinquency were examined. The sample consisted of 655 African American and 600 Puerto Rican male and female adolescents. Net regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that adolescent stage of drug use and delinquency reflect shared and unshared risk factors. The magnitude of the risk factors for adolescent delinquency was greater than for stage of drug use. The findings support a socialization hypothesis (from parent, to personality, to behavior), and the data were congruent with a dispositional model (from child, to parent or peer, to behavior)
— id: 45144, year: 1997, vol: 158, page: 25, stat: Journal Article,

African-American and Puerto Rican drug use: a longitudinal study
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Balka EB; Win PT; Gursen MD
1997 Sep;36(9):1260-1268, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine the interrelationship of acculturation, family, personality, ecology, and peer domains measured in adolescence as they impact drug use 5 years later and to assess the role of family variables as buffers against personality risks. METHOD: Youths completed questionnaires in classrooms at T1 and were individually interviewed at T2 (mean age = 20 years). Data were analyzed separately for African-Americans and Puerto Ricans using correlations, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way interactions. RESULTS: Most results were similar for both ethnic groups. Eighty percent of the T1 variables significantly related to T2 stage of drug use. A mediational model of the path to drug use was supported. Acculturative influences were associated with family relations, which in turn were related to personality attributes. A reciprocal relationship emerged between the personality and peer domains in their impact on drug use. Family variables primarily enhanced the effect of protective personality traits on drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Stability of drug use alone cannot explain the relationship between the earlier domains and later drug use. Specific adolescent risks have long-lasting effects. The personality domain has a direct effect on later drug use despite a benign picture in the acculturation, family, and peer domains
— id: 45142, year: 1997, vol: 36, page: 1260, stat: Journal Article,

Cigarette smoking in young adults: childhood and adolescent personality, familial, and peer antecedents
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Czeisler LJ; Shapiro J; Cohen P
1997 Jun;158(2):172-188, Journal of genetic psychology
Three models (independent, interdependent, and mediational) were hypothesized in this study, to examine the interrelation of personality, family, and peer determinants and their effects on tobacco use by young adults. Mothers were first interviewed about their children when they were between the ages of 1 and 10 years old. Three subsequent interviews were conducted with the children when they reached adolescence and young adulthood. Results show support for the mediational model. In accordance with family interactional framework conceptions, there was a sequence in patterning: from parenting during early adolescence; to personality and peer factors, extending to smoking in late adolescence; and culminating in smoking in adulthood. With a developmental approach, a number of psychosocial measures were related in both younger and older children. Nevertheless, some interesting developmental differences emerged. The findings suggest at least four possible targets for therapeutic or preventive intervention: the parent, the child, the adolescent, and the peer group
— id: 45143, year: 1997, vol: 158, page: 172, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders
Bernstein DP; Cohen P; Skodol A; Bezirganian S; Brook JS
1996 Jul;153(7):907-913, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the childhood antecedents of personality disorders that are diagnosed in adolescence. METHOD: A randomly selected community sample of 641 youths was assessed initially in childhood and followed longitudinally over 10 years. Childhood behavior ratings were based on maternal report; diagnoses of adolescent personality disorders were based on data obtained from both maternal and youth informants. Four composite measures of childhood behavior problems were used: conduct problems, depressive symptoms, anxiety/fear, and immaturity. Adolescent personality disorders were considered present only if the disorders persisted over a 2-year period. For all analyses, personality disorders were grouped into the three clusters (A, B, and C) of DSM-III-R. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses indicated that all four of the putative childhood antecedents were associated with greater odds of an adolescent personality disorder 10 years later. Childhood conduct problems remained an independent predictor of personality disorders in all three clusters, even when other childhood problems were included in the same regression model. Additionally, depressive symptoms emerged as an independent predictor of cluster A personality disorders in boys, while immaturity was an independent predictor of cluster B personality disorders in girls. No moderating effects of age at time of childhood assessment were found. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the view that personality disorders can be traced to childhood emotional and behavioral disturbances and suggest that these problems have both general and specific relationships to adolescent personality functioning
— id: 45147, year: 1996, vol: 153, page: 907, stat: Journal Article,

Influences of parental drug use, personality, and child rearing on the toddler's anger and negativity
Brook JS; Tseng LJ
1996 Feb;122(1):107-128, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
How parental personality and drug use and the parent-child relationship are related to a toddler's anger and negativity was investigated. The sample consisted of 62 female and 53 male 2-year-old children and their parents. The results supported a mediational model. The father's drug use and parental personality attributes were linked to the child's anger and negativity indirectly, through the parent-child relationship. The findings indicated that maternal personality and child-rearing practices had a greater effect on the child than the paternal characteristics or the father-child relationship did. The results also suggested that the effect of one parent on the child was altered by the relationship the child had with the other parent. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed
— id: 45150, year: 1996, vol: 122, page: 107, stat: Journal Article,

Toddler adjustment: impact of parents' drug use, personality, and parent-child relations
Brook JS; Tseng LJ; Cohen P
1996 Sep;157(3):281-295, Journal of genetic psychology
The intercorrelations among parents' drug use, personality, and parent-child relations and the child's anxious/regressive and reflective behaviors were investigated in a sample of 2-year-olds (N = 115). The results indicate that maternal child-rearing practices mediate the effect of maternal personality attributes on the child's intrapsychic functioning. The father's drug use had a direct influence on the child's reflective behavior. Generally, the mother's drug use, personality, and child-rearing practices were more important than the father's attributes. However, the father's drug use had a strong impact on the child when it interacted with the mother's drug use. Parental differences and implications for prevention are discussed
— id: 45146, year: 1996, vol: 157, page: 281, stat: Journal Article,

Young adult drug use and delinquency: childhood antecedents and adolescent mediators
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Finch SJ; Cohen P
1996 Dec;35(12):1584-1592, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were (1) to examine the childhood, early adolescent, and late adolescent predictors of young adult drug use and delinquency; and (2) to explore the effects of drug use on delinquent behavior. METHOD: Data were gathered during the course of a 20-year longitudinal study of children representative of the Northeast. Data were gathered on childhood aggression, early and late adolescent drug use and delinquency, and young adult drug use and delinquency. RESULTS: Overall, the results were consistent with our proposed model. Childhood aggression had an adverse effect on young adult drug use and female deviant behavior. Drug use and delinquency during early and late adolescence served as the mediator between childhood aggression and young adult drug use. Moreover, adolescent drug use was associated with later delinquency. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that childhood aggression was related to both young adult drug use and delinquency. Second, there was stability of drug use and delinquency between early adolescence and young adulthood. Third, drug use during early adolescence had an impact on delinquency not only in early adolescence, but also in late adolescence and young adulthood
— id: 45145, year: 1996, vol: 35, page: 1584, stat: Journal Article,

Effects of parent drug use and personality on toddler adjustment
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Shapiro J; Cohen P
1996 Mar;157(1):19-35, Journal of genetic psychology
The interrelation between parental drug use and parental personality and the effects on 18-month-old children's adjustment were examined. Data on the parents were available at four points in time: Time 1 at mean age 6.1 years, Time 2 at mean age 13.7 years, Time 3 at mean age 16.4 years, and at Time 4 at mean age 22.2 years. Data on their toddlers at 18 months of age were also available. Structured interviews were used to assess personality and drug use and the toddlers' adjustment. Time 3 parental personality traits were related to Time 4 personality traits, which in turn were related to toddler adjustment. The influence of parental alcohol involvement (Time 3) on toddler adjustment was mediated by parental personality (Times 3 and 4) and parental alcohol problems (Time 4). Interactive effects demonstrated that protective parental personality traits (nondrug conducive) enhanced the effects of low parental drug use, resulting in the highest amounts of toddler adjustment. There are significant pathways between parental personality and drug use and toddler adjustment. Parental protective factors enhance the effect of parental low drug use on toddler adjustment
— id: 45149, year: 1996, vol: 157, page: 19, stat: Journal Article,

A multiple-risk interaction model: effects of temperament and divorce on psychiatric disorders in children
Kasen S; Cohen P; Brook JS; Hartmark C
1996 Apr;24(2):121-150, Journal of abnormal child psychiatry
Effects of family status on the trajectory of problematic temperament-adjustment at 1 and 10 years of age and associated psychiatric disturbance 8 years later were examined in an epidemiological sample of 648 children. After adjusting for predivorce temperament-adjustment and background factors, logistic regression yielded independent effects of single custodial mother (SCM) family status for increased risk of disruptive and anxiety disorders, and of stepfamily status for increased risk of disruptive disorders. Increased risk of psychiatric disorders was more pervasive for SCM family boys versus intact family boys than for SCM family girls versus intact family girls, however only significantly more so for depression. No significant sex interaction was observed for stepfamily status. When girls and boys were treated independently, patterns of family status and outcomes of internalizing disorders varied. In stepfamilies, an elevated risk of depression and anxiety disorders was observed in girls but not boys, whereas in SCM families an elevated risk of depression was observed in boys but not girls. Within each family status group there was support for an altered risk of later psychiatric disorders given specific problematic predivorce temperament-adjustment characteristics. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed
— id: 45148, year: 1996, vol: 24, page: 121, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood aggression and unconventionality: impact on later academic achievement, drug use, and workforce involvement
Brook JS; Newcomb MD
1995 Dec;156(4):393-410, Journal of genetic psychology
The interrelation of childhood aggression, unconventionality, academic orientation, work involvement, and drug use was explored. Data were obtained for the research participants when they were 5 to 10 years old. Follow-up interviews were conducted when the participants were 15 to 20 years old and again at 21 to 26 years old. Latent variable causal analysis was used, and the findings reveal long-term relations between early childhood aggression and adolescent problem behavior in the academic and occupational areas. The findings also indicate that adolescent drug use generates an early involvement with adult role behaviors, such as work at the expense of further education. Implications of the findings for prevention are discussed
— id: 45151, year: 1995, vol: 156, page: 393, stat: Journal Article,

Maternal drug use, personality, child-rearing practices, and toddlers' sadness
Brook JS; Tseng LJ
1995 Jun;76(3 Pt 1):912-914, Psychological reports
We investigated the influence of maternal drug use/personality attributes and child-rearing on 2-yr-olds' sadness. The sample consisted of 62 girls and 53 boys and their mothers. Analysis showed maternal parenting practices served as a mediator for the effect of the mothers' personalities on the children's feelings of sadness. Moreover, the mothers' personality traits of low interpersonal difficulty, anxiety, and depression were important in enhancing low maternal alcohol or illegal drug use, leading to less sadness in the children
— id: 45155, year: 1995, vol: 76, page: 912, stat: Journal Article,

Parent drug use, parent personality, and parenting
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Balka EB; Cohen P
1995 Jun;156(2):137-151, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the relationship of parent drug use and specific parent personality traits with four indicators of the parent-child bond: affection, child-centeredness, involvement, and nonconflictual relations. The participants (N = 71) were young mothers or fathers who have participated in a longitudinal study of 1,000 children and their parents from 1975 to the present. They answered a self-administered questionnaire about themselves and their oldest child. Regression analyses indicated that the domains of parent drug use and parent personality had independent effects on most of the parent-child variables. Specific parent personality traits buffered the effect of drug use on aspects of the bond. The implications of these findings are that reducing parental drug use can have direct and positive effects on the bond and can enhance some parent personality traits, thus strengthening the bond. Protective personality characteristics can mitigate the impact of drug use on the bond
— id: 45154, year: 1995, vol: 156, page: 137, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinally predicting late adolescent and young adult drug use: childhood and adolescent precursors
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Cohen P; Shapiro J; Balka E
1995 Sep;34(9):1230-1238, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine the childhood and adolescent personality determinants of young adult drug use. METHOD: Data were obtained on children when they were approximately 5.5 (time 1; T1), 14 (T2), 16 (T3), and 22 (T4) years of age. T2-T4 interviews of subjects and their mothers assessed child personality and behavior. At T1, 976 mothers were interviewed. The analysis was based on 734 subjects. RESULTS: Specific childhood and adolescent personality traits are related to stage of drug use in young adulthood. Regressions showed that (1) traits at T2 and T3 mediated the effect of traits at earlier ages on T4 drug use and (2) stage of drug use was stable from T3 to T4 despite controlling for personality. Significant interaction revealed two buffers weakening the effect of T3 drug use on T4 drug use. Many more T1-T3 personality traits, particularly low aggression, enhanced the effect of low T3 use on T4 use. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier findings that childhood personality is related to adolescent personality and then to drug use were extended to young adulthood. This mediational model indicates the stability of personality across development. Despite this stability, other results suggest ways to modify drug use
— id: 45152, year: 1995, vol: 34, page: 1230, stat: Journal Article,

Aggression, intrapsychic distress, and drug use: antecedent and intervening processes
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Finch S; Cohen P
1995 Aug;34(8):1076-1084, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To explore the interrelation of childhood aggression, early and late adolescent intrapsychic distress, unconventionality, and drug use. METHOD: Data were obtained from the subjects when they were 5 to 10 years old. Follow-up interviews were conducted when the subjects were between 13 and 18 years old and again when they were 15 to 20 years old. RESULTS: A LISREL analysis indicated that childhood aggression was related to later intrapsychic distress, unconventionality, and drug use. There were significant pathways from childhood aggression to drug use at 15 to 20 years of age, with mediation through intrapsychic distress and unconventionality, and during adolescence there was a pathway from intrapsychic distress to unconventionality, leading to legal and subsequently illegal drug use. There was also considerable stability in intrapsychic distress, unconventionality, and drug use. CONCLUSION: Intrapsychic distress and unconventionality are important mediators of childhood aggression and adult drug use
— id: 45153, year: 1995, vol: 34, page: 1076, stat: Journal Article,

Stage of drug use, aggression, and theft/vandalism : common and uncommon risks
Brook, Judith S; Whiteman, Martin; Cohen, Patricia
Drugs, crime and other deviant adaptations : longitudinal studies New York : Plenum Press, 1995,
— id: 4084, year: 1995, vol: , page: ?, stat: Chapter,

Bringing in the sheaves, or just cleaning? A methodological warning
Cohen, P; Cohen, J; Brook, JS
1995 DEC ;5(4):263-266, International journal of methods in psychiatric research
A typical investigation of sex differences proceeds by separate analyses of males and females. Conclusions about different processes are then made on the basis of findings that are significant in one sample but not in the other. Despite researchers' awareness that these conclusions should be based on demonstrations that the differences are statistically significant, the appropriate interactions or differences between correlations are often not tested. Part of the reason for this is the typically low statistical power for comparing independent statistics between samples, so that researchers feel justified in by-passing this step. When the study includes as many as 15 or 20 major variables (and practically all do), the apparent but unreliable sex differences that result from gleaning the data may mount up faster than researchers realize. These points are illustrated with Monte Carlo runs on real data
— id: 98400, year: 1995, vol: 5, page: 263, stat: Journal Article,

Sequence of sexual behavior and its relationship to other problem behaviors in African American and Puerto Rican adolescents
Brook JS; Balka EB; Abernathy T; Hamburg BA
1994 Mar;155(1):107-114, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the sequence of sexual behavior of 695 African American and 637 Puerto Rican adolescents and the relationship of this sequence to other problem behavior measures. Analyses indicated that adolescents proceed through four stages of sexual behavior: no involvement, then deep kissing, then petting, and, finally, sexual intercourse. The sequence was similar in both ethnic groups and seemed both unidimensional and cumulative. In addition, for both ethnic groups the degree of sexual involvement was significantly related to the level of drug use and to the frequency of delinquent behavior, thereby suggesting an underlying problem behavior syndrome. Directions for future research are suggested
— id: 45156, year: 1994, vol: 155, page: 107, stat: Journal Article,

Coping with AIDS and the threat of AIDS in intravenous drug abusers
Brook JS; Brook DW; Wynn PS; Whiteman M; Masci JR; de Catalogne J; Roberto J; Amundsen F
1994 Jun;155(2):147-159, Journal of genetic psychology
In this investigation of patterns of coping with AIDS or the threat of AIDS by male intravenous drug abusers (both HIV positive and HIV negative), psychosocial measures were used to study the effects of personality factors and social support. Correlational analyses and multiple hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess the results. The pathways by which psychosocial factors affected coping differed in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects. A mediational model best depicted the interrelation of personality, family, and peer factors among HIV-positive subjects. Anger and rebelliousness interfered with coping among HIV-negative subjects, but not among HIV-positive subjects. This cross-sectional study provides insight into the interplay of inner personality factors and external support factors and their effects on coping ability in male intravenous drug abusers. Differences between those with HIV and those at risk for HIV infection are discussed
— id: 45087, year: 1994, vol: 155, page: 147, stat: Journal Article,

The impact of mother-child interaction on the development of borderline personality disorder
Bezirganian S; Cohen P; Brook JS
1993 Dec;150(12):1836-1842, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: Two major psychodynamic theories of the etiology of borderline personality disorder posit two aspects of mother-child interaction as uniquely pathogenic: maternal over-involvement with the child and mismanagement and inappropriateness of maternal guidance and support of the child. This study is an attempt to examine these putative risk factors empirically, using epidemiologic methods. METHOD: Mother-child interaction, father-child interaction, maternal personality, and adolescent diagnoses of personality disorders were measured on two occasions, 2.5 years apart, in a random sample of 776 adolescents. RESULTS: Maternal inconsistency in upbringing of the child predicted a persistence or an emergence of borderline personality disorder, but not of any other axis II disorder. However, this effect occurred only in the presence of high maternal overinvolvement. Neither maternal overinvolvement nor maternal inconsistency alone predicted emergence of borderline personality disorder. Pathological features of maternal personality did not account for the combined effect of maternal overinvolvement and inconsistency on borderline personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The two child-rearing risk factors hypothesized to be important by two psychodynamic models of borderline personality disorder were found to be pathogenic only when they coexisted. Their effect could not be accounted for by the biological or environmental vulnerability represented by maternal borderline personality traits
— id: 45157, year: 1993, vol: 150, page: 1836, stat: Journal Article,

Interactional theory: its utility in explaining drug use behavior among African-American and Puerto Rican youth
Brook JS
1993 ;130(3):79-101, NIDA research monograph series
— id: 45159, year: 1993, vol: 130, page: 79, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial risk factors for HIV transmission in male drug abusers
Brook JS; Brook DW; Whiteman M; Roberto J; Masci JR; De Catalogne J; Amundsen F
1993 Aug;119(3):369-387, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
We studied the psychosocial risk factors associated with Black, Hispanic, and White (N = 257) male intravenous drug abusers' needle-sharing behavior with familiar individuals and with strangers. Approximately half the subjects were HIV+. The findings supported a mediational model in that risk factors in the family domain were associated with peer and personality risk factors conducive to needle sharing that, in turn, were related to needle-sharing behavior
— id: 45088, year: 1993, vol: 119, page: 369, stat: Journal Article,

Role of mutual attachment in drug use: a longitudinal study
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Finch S
1993 Sep;32(5):982-989, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: This study examines childhood aggression, mutual attachment and later drug use. METHOD: Data on 397 children and adolescents at three points in time were collected and analyzed. Mothers and their children were individually interviewed. RESULTS: A weak parent-child mutual attachment in girls can be viewed as a consequence of childhood aggression. Moreover, mutual parent-child attachment affects later drug use through three stabilities: (1) the stability of attachment during adolescence, (2) the stability of unconventionality during adolescence, and (3) the stability of drug use during adolescence. CONCLUSION: The multiple pathway perspective on drug use poses a number of ways in which to think about interventional approaches. First, interventions may be targeted toward those risk factors showing the strongest relations with later drug use. A second mode of orientation to intervention would deal with the amenability of the target to particular interventional agents. Interventions may be geared to intraindividual characteristics or may focus more attention on familial characteristics. A third way of considering interventions, as suggested by the developmental pathways to drug use, seeks to address the temporal order of risk factors leading to drug use
— id: 45158, year: 1993, vol: 32, page: 982, stat: Journal Article,

Sequences of drug involvement in African-American and Puerto Rican adolescents
Brook JS; Hamburg BA; Balka EB; Wynn PS
1992 Aug;71(1):179-182, Psychological reports
This study examined stages in drug involvement of 695 African-American and 637 Puerto Rican adolescents. Analysis indicated that adolescents progress through several stages of drug involvement: beer/wine, cigarettes or hard liquor, then marijuana, and, finally, illicit drugs other than marijuana. The sequence of drug involvement for both ethnic groups appears to be both unidimensional and cumulative
— id: 45162, year: 1992, vol: 71, page: 179, stat: Journal Article,

African-American and Puerto Rican drug use: personality, familial, and other environmental risk factors
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Balka EB; Hamburg BA
1992 Nov;118(4):417-438, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
Using a family interactional theoretical framework giving primacy to the mutual attachment between parent and child, we examined the interrelationship of acculturation, ecological factors, family, personality, peers, and drug context domains with drug use in an inner city sample. We also assessed the extent to which family protective factors mitigated against risks for drug use from most of the other domains. The sample consisted of 695 African-American and 637 Puerto Rican 7th-10th graders who answered the questionnaire while listening to it on personal tape players in their classrooms. The results of hierarchical regression analyses sufficiently supported the hypothesized sequence of interrelationships in both ethnic groups to substantiate our developmental model of drug use. We also found protective buffers common to both ethnic groups and buffers specific to each group. The implications of the results for targets and timing of intervention in the path to drug use are discussed
— id: 45161, year: 1992, vol: 118, page: 417, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood precursors of adolescent drug use: a longitudinal analysis
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Cohen P; Tanaka JS
1992 May;118(2):195-213, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
Childhood and adolescent intrapersonal and interpersonal influences on older adolescents' drug use were examined with an interactional approach. Data were obtained when subjects were 5-10, 13-18, and 15-20 years old. Latent-variable confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the fit of the variables to the latent constructs. Next, a structural model was hypothesized and tested to assess the influences of childhood and earlier adolescent factors on later adolescent drug use. Childhood aggression and parental sociopathy affected drug use in late adolescence. Unconventionality during early and middle adolescence had an important and pervasive impact on all aspects of middle and late adolescent functioning. Finally, both intrapersonal and interpersonal factors from childhood and early adolescence affected self-drug use during middle and late adolescence
— id: 45163, year: 1992, vol: 118, page: 195, stat: Journal Article,

Childhood aggression, adolescent delinquency, and drug use: a longitudinal study
Brook JS; Whiteman MM; Finch S
1992 Dec;153(4):369-383, Journal of genetic psychology
The interrelation of childhood aggression, early and late adolescent delinquency, and drug use was explored. Data were obtained for the subjects when they were 5-10 years old. Follow-up interviews were conducted when the subjects were between 13-18 years old and again when they were 15-20 years old. A LISREL analysis of the three waves of data indicated that childhood aggression is a precursor of adolescent drug use and delinquency, and that early adolescent drug use is correlated with contemporaneous delinquency as well as with later drug use and delinquency
— id: 45160, year: 1992, vol: 153, page: 369, stat: Journal Article,

Sibling influences on adolescent drug use: older brothers on younger brothers
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW; Gordon AS
1991 Nov;30(6):958-966, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
This study was designed to examine sibling influences on adolescent drug use. The sample was composed of 278 white, predominantly middle-class male college students and their oldest brothers. Self-administered questionnaires were taken separately by the students and their brothers. The findings indicated that the oldest brother's personality and the sibling relationship had an influence on the younger brother's drug use. Three hypothesized mechanisms that supported the findings, the Personality Influence Mechanism, the Genetic Temperament Connection, and the Environmental Reactive Mechanism were discussed
— id: 45089, year: 1991, vol: 30, page: 958, stat: Journal Article,

Integrity of psychopathology diagnoses across the lifespan
Cohen P; Brook JS
1991 ;114(6):340-351, NIDA research monograph series
— id: 45165, year: 1991, vol: 114, page: 340, stat: Journal Article,

Diagnostic predictors of treatment patterns in a cohort of adolescents
Cohen P; Kasen S; Brook JS; Struening EL
1991 Nov;30(6):989-993, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Data on 776 American adolescents studied longitudinally were used to show treatment patterns related to psychiatric disorders. When DSM-III-R diagnoses based on mother and youth Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children interviews were used prospectively to determine subsequent treatment seeking, it was found that consultation with mental health specialists, but not with pediatricians or general practitioners, was elevated in those with disorders. The specific diagnoses most associated with treatment seeking were conduct disorder and oppositional/defiant disorder. No compensation for differences in mental health service usage between children with internalizing disorders and those with externalizing disorders in the form of help from informal or other professional sources was present
— id: 45164, year: 1991, vol: 30, page: 989, stat: Journal Article,

The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: a family interactional approach
Brook JS; Brook DW; Gordon AS; Whiteman M; Cohen P
1990 May;116(2):111-267, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
The purpose of this monograph was to propose a framework, family interactional theory, for explaining the psychosocial aspects of adolescent drug use. Three themes are stressed: (a) the extension of developmental perspectives on drug use, (b) the elucidation of family (especially parental) influences leading to drug use, and (c) the exploration of factors that increase or mitigate adolescents' vulnerability to drug use. We present a developmental model with two components; the first deals with adolescent pathways to drug use, and the second incorporates childhood factors. The model was tested in two studies: one cross-sectional study of 649 college students and their fathers, and one longitudinal study of 429 children and their mothers. The subjects were given self-administered questionnaires containing scales measuring the personality, family, and peer variables outlined in the model. The results of each study supported the hypothesized model, with some differences between parental influences. We also found that individual protective factors (e.g., adolescent conventionality, parent-child attachment) could offset risk factors (e.g., peer drug use) and enhance other protective factors, resulting in less adolescent marijuana use. Implications of the findings for prevention and treatment, future research, and public policy are discussed
— id: 45090, year: 1990, vol: 116, page: 111, stat: Journal Article,

The role of older brothers in younger brothers' drug use viewed in the context of parent and peer influences
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1990 Mar;151(1):59-75, Journal of genetic psychology
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an older brother's drug use on his younger brother's drug use viewed in the context of parent and peer influences. The sample consisted of 278 White, middle-class male college students and their oldest brothers, who were given questionnaires assessing drug behavior. Results indicated that older brother, parental, and peer drug use each had an independent impact on younger brother's use. The degree of influence varied, with drug modeling by peers and older brothers having a stronger association with younger brother drug use than did parental drug modeling. Further, the older brother's advocacy of drugs was associated with his younger brother's use even if the older brother did not serve as a drug model. Similarly, older brother drug modeling was of importance even if he did not advocate use. Finally, interactive results suggested that older brothers who did not use drugs could offset the negative effects of parental drug risks on younger brother use. Also, younger brothers were least likely to use drugs if both older brothers and peers served as models for nonuse
— id: 45091, year: 1990, vol: 151, page: 59, stat: Journal Article,

The consequences of marijuana use on intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning in black and white adolescents
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Brook A; Brook DW
1989 Aug;115(3):349-369, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
We examined the effects of marijuana use on adolescent personality, attitudinal, and behavioral attributes, perceived parent-adolescent relations, and perceived peer factors. Volunteer high school students (292 Blacks, 401 Whites) of middle-class backgrounds filled out questionnaires in their classrooms first when they were in the 9th and 10th grades and again 2 years later when they were in the 11th and 12th grades. Results suggest that regular use of marijuana may lead to lower achievement, increased tolerance of deviance, and more deviant behavior, and greater rebelliousness. Regular use also appears to interfere with adolescents' relationships with their parents and to lead them to associate with more deviant and drug-using friends. The consequences of marijuana use for intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning were for the most part similar in the different sex and age groups, although there were some ethnic differences
— id: 45092, year: 1989, vol: 115, page: 349, stat: Journal Article,

A network of influences on adolescent drug involvement: neighborhood, school, peer, and family
Brook JS; Nomura C; Cohen P
1989 Feb;115(1):123-145, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
The interrelationship of neighborhood, school, peer, and family factors and adolescent drug involvement was investigated. Data were collected separately from 518 adolescents and their mothers when the children were between 9 and 18 years of age and again two years later. Neighborhood and school effects were not directly related to adolescent drug use. Neighborhood effects were mediated through the domains of school, peer, and family; school effects were mediated through the peer domain. Family and peer variables had a direct impact on adolescent drug involvement. Risk factors in the adolescents' peer environment can be ameliorated by protective factors in their school environment. Implications for the prevention of drug use are discussed
— id: 45168, year: 1989, vol: 115, page: 123, stat: Journal Article,

Prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood risk factors and drug involvement in adolescence
Brook JS; Nomura C; Cohen P
1989 May;115(2):221-241, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
This study examined prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood risk factors in relation to the etiology of adolescent involvement in cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Over a span of 10 years, data were collected on 638 mainly White mother-child pairs at three points in time: at T1, when the children were 1 to 10 years old; at T2, when they were 9 to 18, and again at T3, when they were 11 to 20. Results showed that the early risks of an unwanted pregnancy and major illness were linked to all of the drug categories except 'other illicit drugs.' Aspects of mutual attachment in the mother-adolescent relationship were negatively correlated with adolescent drug use. Data on the interrelationship of the domains (i.e., sets of variables) of early risk factors and mother-adolescent relations supported an independent model with respect to cigarette and marijuana involvement, a finding in keeping with results showing that early risk did not significantly affect mother-adolescent relations. However, mother-adolescent protective factors were able to mitigate the impact of early risk factors on adolescent drug involvement
— id: 45167, year: 1989, vol: 115, page: 221, stat: Journal Article,

Changes in drug involvement: a longitudinal study of childhood and adolescent determinants
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Cohen P
1989 Dec;65(3 Pt 1):707-726, Psychological reports
Previous research has identified childhood and adolescent personality determinants of early adolescent drug involvement. The purpose of the present study was to examine the determinants of increased involvement over time and to compare these results with previous findings regarding early involvement. Data were available on 654 white males and females at three points, Time 1 (T1) at ages 1-10 yr., Time 2 (T2) at ages 9-18 yr., and Time 3 (T3) at ages 11-20 yr. The subjects (at T2 and T3) and their mothers (at all three points) were given structured interviews assessing the child's personality and behavior. Results indicated that T1 traits of conventionality and emotional control were associated with similar traits at T2, which, in turn, were related to lower drug involvement over time (T2 and T3). Interactive effects indicated first that T2 adolescent protective (nondrug-conducive) factors weakened the effect of childhood-risk (drug-conducive) characteristics resulting in lower drug involvement. Second, high levels of earlier drug use interacted synergistically with personality risk leading to increased levels of involvement. Over-all, the personality factors implicated in increased involvement were similar to those related to earlier involvement
— id: 45166, year: 1989, vol: 65, page: 707, stat: Journal Article,

A developmental approach examining social and personal correlates in relation to alcohol use over time
Brook JE; Brook JS
1988 Mar;149(1):93-110, Journal of genetic psychology
This study's aim was to determine the interrelationship of personality, peer, and parental domains and alcohol use over time during preadolescence and adolescence. Children and teenagers (N = 510; 9 to 18 years old) and their mothers were separately interviewed at two points in time, two years apart. The results were evaluated using multiple hierarchical regression analysis. In preadolescence, personality factors appear to serve as mediators for family and peer factors in relation to alcohol use over time whereas, in adolescence, peer and personality factors serve as mediators for family factors. Peer factors apparently become more important between preadolescence and adolescence, but parental factors do not seem to lose their importance. The theoretical implications and practical applications for alcohol education and alcohol abuse prevention programs are discussed
— id: 45169, year: 1988, vol: 149, page: 93, stat: Journal Article,

Depressive mood in female college students: father-daughter interactional patterns
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW; Gordon AS
1988 Dec;149(4):485-504, Journal of genetic psychology
The interrelationship of sets of father and daughter factors in explaining depressive mood in normal female adolescents was examined. Separate questionnaires were given to 403 college students and their fathers. A mediational model was found, in which two sets of paternal variables were related to the daughter personality set, which in turn was related to her depressive mood. In addition, protective personality attributes of the daughter served both to offset the impact of paternal risk factors and to further strengthen paternal protective factors to reduce frequency of depressive mood. Comparisons are made with an earlier study of sons' depressive mood (Brook, Brook, Whiteman, & Gordon, 1983)
— id: 45093, year: 1988, vol: 149, page: 485, stat: Journal Article,

Fathers and daughters: their relationship and personality characteristics associated with the daughter's smoking behavior
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1987 Mar;148(1):31-44, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the interrelationships of domains (i.e., sets) of paternal personality and father-daughter relationship variables and daughter characteristics and their impact on the daughter's smoking. In addition, the interactive effects of individual father and daughter variables on the daughter's smoking were studied. Female college student volunteers (N = 403) and their fathers were given closed-ended questionnaires that included a number of scales assessing father and daughter characteristics. Results indicated that the domains of father and daughter variables each had a direct impact on the daughter's smoking (an independent model). Interactive findings revealed that daughter protective factors (those conducive to her not smoking) could offset the negative impact of paternal risk factors (those conducive to her smoking), and that, to a lesser extent, daughter protective factors further enhanced the positive effect of father protective variables
— id: 45094, year: 1987, vol: 148, page: 31, stat: Journal Article,

Localisation on human chromosome 19 of three genes for cell surface antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies
Brook, J D; Beresford, H R; Shaw, D J; Old, L J; Rettig, W J
1987 ;45(3-4):156-162, Cytogenetics & cell genetics
Expression of three distinct human cell surface antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was examined in a series of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids retaining different subsets of human chromosomes. Cell surface reactivity with mAbs F8 and G253, detecting a 95 kilodalton (kD) glycoprotein (gp95); with mAbs F10 and A103, detecting a 50 kD glycoprotein (gp50); and with mAb S7 was found to cosegregate with human chromosome 19. However, differential antigen expression was observed with hybrids containing fragments of the 19 and hybrids constructed with different human cell types. Comparison of results from the serological typing with the presence of a number of chromosome 19 DNA markers in hybrid cells and cytogenetic analysis suggests that MSK20, the gene coding for the F10/A103 antigen gp50, is located in chromosome region 19pter----19p13.2. The genes coding for the F8/G253 antigen, gp95 (gene symbol MSK19) and the S7 antigen (MSK37) are located in region 19p13.2----19q13.2. Thus, the cell surface antigens described in this study may be used as selectable markers for specific portions of human chromosome 19
— id: 145217, year: 1987, vol: 45, page: 156, stat: Journal Article,

Onset of adolescent drinking: a longitudinal study of intrapersonal and interpersonal antecedents
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Nomura C; Brook DW
1986 Spring;5(3):91-110, Advances in alcohol & substance abuse
This study investigated several models for exploring the interrelationships of domains of personality, peer, and family factors and their effect on initiation into alcohol use. Three hundred eighteen black and white high school students were administered questionnaires when they were in the ninth and tenth grades (T1) and again two years later when the students were in the eleventh and twelfth grades (T2). Only those students who had never used alcohol at T1 were included in this study. The results supported an independent model: Each of the domains of T1 personality, peer, and family factors, with control on the other domains, had a direct effect on T2 initiation into alcohol use. The interactions of peer variables with personality and family variables were examined. The findings indicated that risk factors stemming from the peer group were ameliorated by protective personality and family factors
— id: 45095, year: 1986, vol: 5, page: 91, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent alcohol use
Brook DW; Brook JS
1985 ;20(3):259-262, Alcohol & alcoholism
— id: 45096, year: 1985, vol: 20, page: 259, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent alcohol and substance use and abuse: a cause for concern or for complacency
Brook DW; Brook JS; Lettieri DJ; Stimmel B
1985 Spring-Summer;4(3-4):1-7, Advances in alcohol & substance abuse
— id: 45098, year: 1985, vol: 4, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

Stability of personality during adolescence and its relationship to stage of drug use
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Whiteman M
1985 Aug;111(3):317-330, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
The purpose of this study was to examine how stability of personality, measured at two points during adolescence, relates to adolescents' stage of drug use, measured at the second point in time. The subjects were 704 black and white high school freshmen and sophomores who participated again two years later. Results indicated that the earlier measures of personality were significantly associated with the later measures of personality, which in turn were associated with the adolescents' stage of drug use. In addition, the adolescents' personality attributes showed a fair amount of stability over the two-year span of the study
— id: 45170, year: 1985, vol: 111, page: 317, stat: Journal Article,

Father's influence on his daughter's marijuana use viewed in a mother and peer context
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1985 Spring-Summer;4(3-4):165-190, Advances in alcohol & substance abuse
A study of the fathers' impact on their daughters' marijuana use is presented viewed in the context of the mother and the daughters' peer group. Four hundred and three female college student volunteers and their fathers were administered closed-ended questionnaires which included a number of scales assessing various parental and peer characteristics. The results indicated that the domain (set) of paternal variables had a direct impact on daughters' marijuana use independent of the effects of the maternal domain. However, in the case of the peer group, the fathers' effects on daughters' marijuana use were not direct but were mediated through the peer domain. In addition, individual protective (nondrug-conducive) paternal variables served to mitigate the effects of certain maternal and peer risk (drug conductive) factors on the daughters' marijuana use. The findings underscore the importance of identifying those paternal factors that exert an influence on the daughters' marijuana use alone or in combination with other interpersonal (maternal, peer) factors
— id: 45097, year: 1985, vol: 4, page: 165, stat: Journal Article,

Alcohol and substance abuse in adolescence
Brook, Judith S.; Lettieri, Dan J.; Brook, David W.
New York : Haworth Press, 1985,
— id: 1105, year: 1985, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Depressive mood in male college students. Father-son interactional patterns
Brook JS; Brook D; Whiteman M; Gordon A
1983 Jun;40(6):665-669, Archives of general psychiatry
This study was designed to investigate the interrelationship of sets of paternal and adolescent factors in explaining depressive mood in normal male adolescents. Two hundred forty-six male college students and their fathers were administered separate, written questionnaires assessing the personality attributes of both fathers and sons and the socialization practices of the fathers. Results of regression analyses indicated that of three hypothesized models (independent, mediational, interdependent) the mediational model was consistent with the data. Thus, we found that the father's personality attributes and his socialization techniques are related to the son's personality, which, in turn, is related to the son's depressive mood. In addition, certain personality attributes of the son interacted synergistically with those of his father to produce more frequent reports of depressive mood in the son
— id: 45172, year: 1983, vol: 40, page: 665, stat: Journal Article,

Impact of attrition in a sample in a longitudinal study of adolescent drug use
Brook JS; Cohen P; Gordon AS
1983 Oct;53(2):375-378, Psychological reports
— id: 45171, year: 1983, vol: 53, page: 375, stat: Journal Article,

Older brother's influence on younger sibling's drug use
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brenden C
1983 May;114(1st Half):83-90, Journal of psychology
This study examined the sibling relationship 'having an older brother' and its effect on the younger sibling's stage of drug use. Sibling effects were examined in the context of the younger sibling's peer group. Data collected on 339 9th and 10th grade students indicated that domains of older sibling and peer factors each had independent lines of relationship to the younger sibling's drug use. The older brother's impact on his younger sibling's drug use varied, depending on friends' drug use, sex of the younger sibling, and whether or not the younger sibling identified with the older brother
— id: 45173, year: 1983, vol: 114, page: 83, stat: Journal Article,

Fathers and sons: their relationship and personality characteristics associated with the son's smoking behavior
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1983 Jun;142(2d Half):271-281, Journal of genetic psychology
The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationship of the domains of father personality attributes, father socialization techniques, and adolescent personality attributes, and the son's use of tobacco. A sample of 246 male adolescents and their fathers from intact homes was administered questionnaires. Two main findings emerged. First, each of the three domains was significantly associated with the son's tobacco use despite control on the remaining domains. Second, the effectiveness of the father may interact synergistically with or be mitigated by the son's personality attributes in its association with the son's tobacco use. In concert, the findings support the importance of examining the father-son relationship for a greater understanding of the son's tobacco use
— id: 45100, year: 1983, vol: 142, page: 271, stat: Journal Article,

Paternal correlates of adolescent marijuana use in the context of the mother-son and parental dyads
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1983 Nov;108(2d Half):197-213, Genetic psychology monographs
This study was designed to examine the paternal determinants of male adolescent marijuana use in the context of the mother-son and parental relationships. In addition, parental factors affecting experimental vs regular use of marijuana were examined. Two hundred forty-six male college students and their fathers were administered written questionnaires. Results indicated that the father's personality attributes and socialization techniques are associated with the son's use of marijuana despite control on the mother-son relationship. Fathers of marijuana users score higher on measures of psychopathology and unconventionality, and are less likely to have established close relationships with their sons. In addition, marijuana users more than nonusers have unaffectionate mothers and parents with less harmonious marital relations. Also of importance were interactions within the family system. The significance of these second-order effects highlights the importance of examining the father-son relation in the context of mother-son and parental interactions
— id: 45099, year: 1983, vol: 108, page: 197, stat: Journal Article,

Paternal and peer characteristics: interactions and association with male college students' marijuana use
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW; Gordon AS
1982 Dec;51(3 Pt 2):1319-1330, Psychological reports
— id: 45101, year: 1982, vol: 51, page: 1319, stat: Journal Article,

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of adolescent drug use: interplay of personality, family, and peer correlates
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS
1982 Dec;51(3 Pt 2):1151-1163, Psychological reports
— id: 45174, year: 1982, vol: 51, page: 1151, stat: Journal Article,

The role of the father in his son's marijuana use
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS
1981 Mar;138(1st Half):81-86, Journal of genetic psychology
In order to explore perceived paternal correlates of adolescent marijuana use (both alone and in interaction with perceived maternal correlates), 71 adolescent boys were interviewed with a questionnaire assessing their perception of paternal and maternal warmth, child-centeredness, control through guilt, autonomy, and identification. The results showed users are less likely to perceive their fathers as affectionate and child-centered. The absence of both paternal tolerance in control and maternal affection is also associated with adolescent marijuana use. The results are discussed in terms of the possible impact of the father in the context of the family on the adolescent's marijuana use
— id: 45176, year: 1981, vol: 138, page: 81, stat: Journal Article,

Maternal and personality determinants of adolescent smoking behavior
Brook JS; Whitman M; Gordon AS
1981 Dec;139(2d Half):185-193, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the interconnection of maternal determinants and personality attributes of adolescent male tobacco users. The 39 mothers and their 39 sons were interviewed separately about their attitudes and the mother's child-rearing practices. The sons also responded to questions concerning their personality characteristics. In general, the findings indicated that adolescent tobacco use depends on the coexistence of certain personality predispositions and maternal conditions. Thus, with regard to personality factors, male smokers tended to be less in control of their impulses, less responsible and autonomous, more rebellious, and more likely to engage in interpersonal aggression. With respect to the coexisting maternal conditions, the mothers of smokers tended to be less traditional and affectionate, and less likely to serve as models for their sons
— id: 45175, year: 1981, vol: 139, page: 185, stat: Journal Article,

Perceived paternal relationships, adolescent personality, and female marijuana use
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1980 Jul;105(2d Half):277-285, Journal of psychology
This study was designed to examine the interconnection of paternal factors and adolescent personality attributes and their impact on the adolescent girls' use of marijuana. Analysis of the data suggested that fathers who are affectionate and child-centered and whose daughters identify with them are less likely to have daughters who use marijuana. Adolescent nonusers differed from users on a number of personality attributes reflecting conventionality and a cognitive style of receptivity to change. In general, the results suggest that paternal factors and adolescent personality attributes each have an independent impact on the adolescents' marijuana use
— id: 45102, year: 1980, vol: 105, page: 277, stat: Journal Article,

Initiation into adolescent marijuana use
Brook JS; Lukoff IF; Whiteman M
1980 Sep;137(1st Half):133-142, Journal of genetic psychology
In this longitudinal study, the relationship of three domains (personality/attitudinal orientations, peer relationships, and family socialization factors) with initiation into adolescent marijuana use was examined. One hundred and eighty-three adolescent boys and girls and their mothers were interviewed when the adolescents were 13-17 years old and again three years later. The results indicate that the domains of personality and family (with control on the other two domains and demographic variables) each appear to be related to subsequent involvement with marijuana. In contrast, the peer domain is not significantly associated with initiation into marijuana use once personality, family, and demographic clusters are controlled. However, the interaction of maternal demographic clusters are controlled. However, the interaction of maternal conventionality and peer marijuana use was related to initiation into marijuana use
— id: 45177, year: 1980, vol: 137, page: 133, stat: Journal Article,

Family socialization and adolescent personality and their association with adolescent use of marijuana
Brook JS; Lukoff IF; Whiteman M
1978 Dec;133(2d Half):261-271, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examines family socialization practices and adolescent personality/attitudinal characteristics, their interrelation, and association with adolescent use of marijuana. Two hundred and eighty-four adolescents and their mothers served as Ss. As hypothesized, parental socialization factors and adolescent personality/attitudinal attributes each had an independent effect on adolescent use of marijuana and each comprised its own set of sufficient conditions for adolescent marijuana use
— id: 45178, year: 1978, vol: 133, page: 261, stat: Journal Article,

The psychology of adolescence
Jersild, Arthur Thomas; Brook, Judith S.; Brook, David W.
New York : Macmillan, 1978,
— id: 1104, year: 1978, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Correlates of adolescent marijuana use as related to age, sex, and ethnicity
Brook JS; Lukoff IF; Whiteman M
1977 Jul-Aug;50(4):383-390, Yale journal of biology & medicine
— id: 45180, year: 1977, vol: 50, page: 383, stat: Journal Article,

Peer, family, and personality domains as related to adolescents drug behavior
Brook JS; Lukoff IF; Whiteman M
1977 Dec;41(3 pt. 2):1095-1102, Psychological reports
— id: 45179, year: 1977, vol: 41, page: 1095, stat: Journal Article,

Teen-age drug use in an urban ghetto : preliminary findings
Brook, Judith
New York : Vera Institute of Justice, 1975,
— id: 1107, year: 1975, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Interrelationships among children's environmental variables as related to age, sex, race, and socioeconimic status
Peisach E; Whiteman M; Brook JS; Deutsch M
1975 Aug;92(First half):3-17, Genetic psychology monographs
Information concerning their environments was obtained from 127 first and 165 fifth grade children and their patents. These data were examined interactively--to determine whether patterns of relationships among environmental components changed as a function of the general status variables of sex, age, class, and race--and factorially, to obtain groupings of components. Chi square comparison of subgroup intercorrelation matrices revealed no differences among matrices as a function of the status variables. Factor analysis revealed six common factors: Social Class, Interactive Opportunity and Experience, Maturity, Aspiration Level, Family Interaction, and Amount of Income
— id: 45181, year: 1975, vol: 92, page: 3, stat: Journal Article,

A socio-cultural exploration of reported heroin use
Lukoff, Irving Faber; Brook, Judith
[New York : Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation. Evaluation Team. Harvard Law School. Center for Criminal Justice], 1974,
— id: 1106, year: 1974, vol: , page: , stat: ,