David W Brook, M.D.

Maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from early adolescence to adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2012 Jan;37(1):139-143, Addictive behaviors
This is the first study to examine maternal predictors of comorbid trajectories of cigarette smoking and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood. Participants (N=806) are part of an on-going longitudinal psychosocial study of mothers and their children. Mothers were administered structured interviews when participants were adolescents, and participants were interviewed at six time waves, from adolescence to adulthood. Mothers and participants independently reported on their relationships when participants were X age 14.1 years. At each time wave, participants answered questions about their cigarette and marijuana use from the previous wave to the present. Latent growth mixture modeling determined the participants' membership in trajectory groups of comorbid smoking and marijuana use, from X ages 14.1 to 36.6 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal factors (when participants were adolescents) with participants' comorbid trajectory group membership. Findings showed that most maternal risk (e.g., mother-child conflict, maternal smoking) and protective (e.g., maternal affection) factors predicted participants' membership in trajectory groups of greater and lesser comorbid substance use, respectively. Clinical implications include the importance of addressing the mother-child relationship in prevention and treatment programs for comorbid cigarette smoking and marijuana use
— id: 141698, year: 2012, vol: 37, page: 139, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent Academic Adjustment Factors and the Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking from Adolescence to the Mid-thirties
Brook JS; Balka E; Zhang C; Pahl K; Brook DW
2011 Spring;40(1):7-21, International journal of mental health
Knowledge of early predictors which differentiate between various longitudinal smoking patterns might facilitate designing more effective interventions. Using data from 806 participants, we examined the association of three adolescent academic adjustment factors, Educational Aspirations and Expectations; Perception of School Achievement; and Trouble at School, to five trajectories of cigarette use covering 23 years from adolescence to adulthood. The five trajectory groups were: heavy/continuous smokers, late starters, quitter/decreasers, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Each academic factor predicted smoking trajectory group membership. Each academic factor was significantly associated with being a heavy/continuous smoker rather than a member of other trajectory groups. Behavioral academic factors also differentiated quitter/decreasers from late starters, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Adolescents manifesting academic maladjustment risk becoming early, chronic smokers. Prevention and intervention efforts targeting educational maladjustment may decrease cigarette smoking
— id: 148852, year: 2011, vol: 40, page: 7, stat: Journal Article,

Earlier Joint Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking and Low Perceived Self-control as Predictors of Later Poor Health for Women in their Mid-60s
Brook JS; Zhang C; Brook DW; Finch SJ
2011 Dec 21;:?-? #, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: The current study was designed to assess the prospective relationship between the earlier joint trajectories of cigarette smoking and low perceived self-control ($$\stackrel{-}{X}$$ age = 40-48) and later health problems ($$\stackrel{-}{X}$$ age = 65.2) within a community sample of understudied females. METHODS: The participants were given self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: The results of the growth mixture model suggested 5 joint trajectories of cigarette smoking and perceived self-control, which consisted of 1 at-risk group (chronic smoking and low perceived self-control), 1 low-risk group (infrequent or nonsmoking and high perceived self-control), and 3 intermediate groups (i.e., high on one factor and low on the other). The results from logistic regression analyses supported a model by which (a) women in the at-risk group, in comparison with the low-risk group, were more likely to report 5 or more diseases (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.81; p < .001) and poor or very poor general health (AOR = 5.98; p < .001); (b) women in the at-risk group as compared with women in the intermediate groups were also more likely to report 5 or more diseases (AOR = 2.36; p < .05) and poor or very poor general health (AOR = 2.86; p < .01); and (c) women in the intermediate group were more likely to report 5 or more diseases (AOR = 2.04; p < .05) and poor or very poor general health (AOR = 2.09; p < .05) than women in the low-risk group.Conclusions:The findings highlight the significance of targeting dispositional factors (e.g., perceived self-control) in conjunction with smoking in designing programs for promoting the health of women in midlife
— id: 148851, year: 2011, vol: , page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Group therapy
Brook, David W
Psychotherapy for the treatment of substance abuse Arlington, VA : American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2011,
(from the chapter) This chapter discusses group therapy for the treatment of substance abuse. Group therapy, the most commonly used psychosocial treatment for substance abuse and dependence, is the treatment of choice for many patients; it is clinically effective and cost-effective. Group therapy can deal with the psychosocial issues that are precursors to substance abuse, and with interpersonal and intrapersonal difficulties and symptoms that arise from the substance use disorders (SUDs). Because of the multifactorial etiology and sequelae of SUDs, the treatment of SUDs is often multidisciplinary. A broad biopsychosocial multidisciplinary treatment approach using a group therapy model can also include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relapse prevention, and psychopharmacological treatment.
— id: 5507, year: 2011, vol: , page: 277, stat: Chapter,

Research Review: Group therapy with patients suffering from medical illnesses
Brook, David W [Ed]
2011 ;61(3):463-468, International journal of group psychotherapy
This article presents the note about Dr. David W. Brook, who is a Professor of Psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine. Dr. Brook is an addiction psychiatrist with clinical interests in the group therapy of patients suffering from substance abuse and medical illnesses. He currently is involved in NIH-funded research on the epidemiology of substance abuse (especially tobacco use) and co-morbid medical disorders.
— id: 137921, year: 2011, vol: 61, page: 463, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental associations between externalizing behaviors, peer delinquency, drug use, perceived neighborhood crime, and violent behavior in urban communities
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Saar, Naomi S
2011 Jul;37(4):349-361, Aggressive Behavior
This study examines the precursors of violent behavior among urban, racial/ethnic minority adults. Data are from an on-going study of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans, interviewed at four time waves, Time 1-Time 4 (T1-T4), from adolescence to adulthood. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the developmental pathways, beginning in mid-adolescence (T1; age = 14.0 years), to violent behavior in adulthood (T4; age = 29.2 years). The variables assessed were: components of externalizing behaviors (i.e., rebelliousness, delinquency; T1, T3); illicit drug use (T2); peer delinquency (T2); perceived neighborhood crime (T4); and violent behavior (T3, T4). Results showed that the participants' externalizing behaviors (rebelliousness and delinquency) were relatively stable from mid-adolescence (T1; age = 14.0 years) to early adulthood (T3; age = 24.4 years). The participants' externalizing behaviors in mid-adolescence also had a direct pathway to peer delinquency in late adolescence (T2; age = 19.1 years). Peer delinquency, in turn, had a direct pathway to the participants' illicit drug use in late adolescence (T2), and to externalizing behaviors in early adulthood (T3). The participants' illicit drug use (T2; age = 19.1 years) had both direct and indirect paths to violent behavior in adulthood (T4). The participants' externalizing behaviors in early adulthood (T3) were linked with violent behavior at T3, and perceived neighborhood crime (T4), both of which had direct pathways to violent behavior in adulthood (T4). The findings suggest developmental periods during which externalizing behaviors, exposure to delinquent peers, illegal drug use, and neighborhood crime could be targeted by prevention and intervention programs in order to reduce violent behavior. Aggr. Behav. 37:349-361, 2011. (c) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc
— id: 132881, year: 2011, vol: 37, page: 349, stat: Journal Article,

Environmental stressors, low well-being, smoking, and alcohol use among South African adolescents
Brook, David W; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Morojele, Neo K; Brook, Judith S
2011 May;72(9):1447-1453, Social science & medicine
This is the first study to examine the pathways from environmental stressors to substance use among a sample of South African adolescents (N = 2195). The study objective was to assess how environmental stressors might affect cigarette smoking and alcohol use among South African adolescents, and to focus on one mechanism, low well-being, which might mediate this association. Participants consisted of 2195 Black, mixed ancestry ('Colored'), Indian, and White youth, aged 12-17 years old (mean age = 14.6; SD = 1.8), recruited via a multi-stage stratified sampling procedure in Durban, Cape Town, and Johannesburg, South Africa. Data were collected via individual in-person structured interviews, administered by trained interviewers in the participant's preferred language. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the interrelationships of environmental stressors (violent victimisation, legal and illegal drug availability) and low well-being (depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, health problems) with respect to adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. The results supported our hypotheses: Environmental stressors were related to low well-being which, in turn, was linked to both adolescent smoking and alcohol use. There were also direct pathways from environmental stressors to both adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Smoking and alcohol use were significantly correlated. The findings suggest that environmental stressors may be associated with diminished psychological and physical well-being, as well as smoking and alcohol use, among South African adolescents. Longitudinal research is warranted to further understand the interrelationship of environmental stressors, low well-being, and adolescent substance use, so that these issues may be addressed by South African programmes and policies
— id: 132314, year: 2011, vol: 72, page: 1447, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial factors related to cannabis use disorders
Brook, Judith S; Lee, Jung Y; Finch, Stephen J; Koppel, Jonathan; Brook, David W
2011 Oct;32(4):242-251, Substance abuse
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to explore the association between psychosocial risk and protective factors and cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in a cohort of African American and Puerto Rican young adults. A representative sample (N = 838) from the East Harlem area of New York City was assessed at 4 points in time (at mean ages 14.1, 19.2, 24.5, and 29.2). The psychosocial measures came from 6 domains: personality attributes, family, peer, work, neighborhood, and substance use. The psychosocial measures were assessed at each of the first 3 waves of the study, and CUDs were assessed at the fourth and final wave of the study. Multivariate logistic regression and a cumulative risk analysis were conducted. Increased psychological symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39; P < .01), problems resulting from cannabis use (OR = 2.69; 95% CI, 1.33-5.46; P < .01), frequent arguments with one's partner (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.09-3.10; P < .05), high levels of deviance (OR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.21-2.71; P < .01), and frequent acts of violence directed toward the participant (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; P < .05) were all associated with an increased risk for CUDs. An increase in the number of risks was associated with an increase in the probability of having CUDs at the fourth wave (again, at a mean age of 29.2). A decrease in the number of risk factors may lead to a decrease in CUDs
— id: 139743, year: 2011, vol: 32, page: 242, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes
Brook, Judith S; Lee, Jung Yeon; Brown, Elaine N; Finch, Stephen J; Brook, David W
2011 Apr;108(2):339-357, Psychological reports
Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence into adulthood were examined for adverse life-course outcomes among African-Americans and Puerto Ricans. Data for marijuana use were analyzed at four points in time and on participants' personality attributes, work functioning, and partner relations in adulthood using growth mixture modeling. Each of the three marijuana-use trajectory groups (maturing-out, late-onset, and chronic marijuana-users) had greater adverse life-course outcomes than a nonuse or low-use trajectory group. The chronic marijuana-use trajectory group was highly associated with criminal behavior and partners' marijuana use in adulthood. Treatment programs for marijuana use should also directly address common adverse life-course outcomes users may already be experiencing
— id: 134465, year: 2011, vol: 108, page: 339, stat: Journal Article,

A Three-Generational Study of Risk Factors for Childhood Externalizing Behavior among African Americans and Puerto Ricans
Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W; Rosenberg, Gary
2011 Jun;88(3):493-506, Journal of urban health
This is the first prospective study to examine the precursors of child externalizing behavior across three generations of African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Participants comprised a community cohort of male and female African Americans and Puerto Ricans (N = 366, [Formula: see text] age = 29.4 years), who are part of an ongoing study of drug use and problem behaviors, and who had a child. Data were collected at four time waves, spanning the participants' adolescence to adulthood. Questionnaires were initially self-administered in schools in East Harlem, NY, USA (time 1). Subsequently, structured interviews were conducted by trained interviewers (times 2 and 3), and self-administered via mail (time 4). The independent variables consisted of the participants' prospective reports of their (a) relationships with their parents during adolescence, (b) depressive mood and drug use (adolescence to adulthood), (c) relationship with their oldest child between the ages of 6-13, and (d) perceptions of neighborhood crime and deterioration (in adulthood). The dependent variable was externalizing behavior in the participant's oldest child ([Formula: see text] age = 9.6 years; SD = 2.0). Structural equation modeling showed that the parent-child relationship during participants' adolescence was linked with the participants' depressive mood and drug use which, in turn, were associated with the participants' relationship with their own child, as well as with neighborhood crime and deterioration when participants were adults. The participants' depressive mood, and relationship with their own child, as well as neighborhood crime and deterioration, each had a direct pathway to externalizing behavior in the participant's child. Findings suggest that intervention programs and public policy should address parental attributes, neighborhood factors, and, especially, parenting skills, to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior
— id: 134716, year: 2011, vol: 88, page: 493, stat: Journal Article,

Antisocial behavior at age 37: developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2011 Nov;20(6):509-515, American journal on addictions
This investigation studied the association between developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to age 32 and later antisocial behavior at age 37. Semi-parametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Five distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: never-users, quitters/decreasers, occasional users, chronic users, and increasing users. Being either a chronic user or an increasing marijuana user was associated with an increase in the risk of exhibiting antisocial behavior in adulthood. Both chronic and increasing use of marijuana may serve as predictors of adult antisocial behavior. Treatment programs to prevent antisocial behavior across the life course should include a component to address earlier and concurrent marijuana use. (Am J Addict 2011;20:509-515)
— id: 139477, year: 2011, vol: 20, page: 509, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personal predictors
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2011 Jan;165(1):55-60, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between early adolescent personal characteristics and the developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from early adolescence to adulthood. DESIGN: This study used a longitudinal design. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires administered by trained interviewers. SETTING: Interviews were conducted in the participants' homes in upstate New York. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were drawn from a randomly selected cohort and were studied prospectively since 1975 (T1) at a mean age of 6 years. The follow-up data used for this study were collected at 6 time points when the participants were aged between 14 and 37 years in 1983 (T2), 1985-1986 (T3), 1992 (T4), 1997 (T5), 2002 (T6), and 2005-2006 (T7). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Developmental trajectories of marijuana use. RESULTS: Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The following 5 distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: nonusers or experimenters, occasional users, quitters or decreasers, increasing users, and chronic users. Chronic users compared with other groups studied (nonusers or experimenters, occasional users, quitters or decreasers, and increasing users) reported low self-control, externalizing behavior, and an orientation to sensation seeking. CONCLUSIONS: Personal attributes of low self-control, externalizing behavior, and an orientation to sensation seeking have long-term predictive power for distinct trajectories of marijuana use over time. The importance of these findings for prevention and treatment programs is discussed
— id: 117353, year: 2011, vol: 165, page: 55, stat: Journal Article,

A longitudinal study of sexual risk behavior among the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Finch, Stephen J
2010 Mar;46(3):224-231, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: This is a longitudinal study of the precursors of sexual risk behavior among a cohort of adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing or drug-dependent fathers. METHODS: Individual structured interviews were administered to 296 drug-abusing or drug-dependent fathers, 43% of whom were HIV positive, and an adolescent child of each father (mean age = 16.3 years; SD = 2.8). Adolescents were reinterviewed approximately 1 year later, at Time 2. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling showed multiple direct and indirect pathways from psychosocial factors to adolescent sexual risk behavior (sexually active, number of sexual partners, and frequency of condom use). Greater paternal drug addiction and infection with HIV/AIDS, and the youth's perception of environmental hostility (discrimination and victimization), were both related to increased adolescent maladjustment and substance use. Greater paternal drug addiction and infection with HIV/AIDS also were associated with a weaker father-child mutual attachment, which was linked with increased adolescent maladjustment and substance use. Greater perceived environmental hostility (discrimination and victimization), a weak father-child relationship, and greater adolescent maladjustment and substance use had direct pathways to adolescent sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest complex interrelationships among paternal, environmental, social, personal, and substance use factors as longitudinal predictors of sexual risk behavior in children whose fathers abuse or are dependent upon drugs. The importance of perceived environmental hostility, the father-child relationship, and adolescent maladjustment and substance use may have implications for public policy as well as prevention and treatment programs
— id: 107775, year: 2010, vol: 46, page: 224, stat: Journal Article,

Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and substance use disorders in adulthood
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Koppel, Jonathan
2010 Oct;164(10):930-934, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence is related to substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood and whether conduct disorder (CD) mediates this relationship. DESIGN: A prospective design incorporating 5 assessments in participants spanning the mean ages of 14 to 37 years. Two baseline assessments were taken at ages 14 and 16 years, and 3 outcome assessments were taken between ages 27 and 37 years. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: A community sample of individuals initially drawn from upstate New York in 1975 and observed to a mean age of 37 years. INTERVENTIONS: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was used to assess ADHD and CD and the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess SUDs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A diagnosis of SUDs given to participants in adulthood. RESULTS: The odds ratios for ADHD and CD in adolescence as related to SUDs in adulthood were 1.9 and 3.5, respectively. The association between ADHD and SUDs, however, was indirect because CD served as a mediator between ADHD and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians should focus on adolescent ADHD when it progresses to CD because CD is a major predictor of SUDs in adulthood
— id: 113739, year: 2010, vol: 164, page: 930, stat: Journal Article,

Trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to young adulthood as predictors of obesity in the mid-30s
Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, Judith S; Finch, Stephen J
2010 Mar;12(3):263-270, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between two major health problems, smoking and obesity, and to determine to what extent trajectories of cigarette smoking from early adolescence to young adulthood are related to obesity in the mid-30s. METHODS: Participants (N = 806) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire at 6 points in time over a period of 23 years. Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The main outcome measure was obesity, assessed by body mass index in the mid-30s. RESULTS: Five distinct trajectories of tobacco use were identified (N = 806): heavy/continuous smokers, late starters, quitters/decreasers, occasional smokers, and nonsmokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy/continuous smokers or late starters had a significantly lower likelihood of obesity. Also, compared with nonsmokers or occasional smokers, heavy/continuous smokers or late starters had a significantly lower likelihood of being overweight or obese. DISCUSSION: Smoking cessation programs should focus on weight control methods, such as physical exercise and learning healthy habits. In addition, weight control programs should incorporate smoking cessation efforts as integral components
— id: 107771, year: 2010, vol: 12, page: 263, stat: Journal Article,

The Relationship between Parental Alcohol Use, Early and Late Adolescent Alcohol Use, and Young Adult Psychological Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Crossman, Andrya M; Dermatis, Helen; Galanter, Marc; Brook, David W
2010 Nov;19(6):534-42, American journal on addictions
We tested the hypothesis that there is a mediational pathway from parental alcohol use during the participants' adolescence to the participants' psychological symptoms in young adulthood. This pathway includes the participants' alcohol use and their psychological symptoms, both during adolescence. The participants are inner city African American and Puerto Rican early adolescents followed until young adulthood. They reported their own and their parents' behavior. Structural equation modeling showed that parental alcohol use was related to early adolescent alcohol use, which was associated with late adolescent alcohol use. Late adolescent alcohol use was related to psychological symptoms in late adolescence, which predicted young adult psychological symptoms. Males reported more alcohol use and more psychological symptoms than females in late adolescence and more psychological symptoms in young adulthood. Findings suggest that parents' and adolescents' alcohol use should be a focus in interventions designed to prevent or treat psychological symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1-9)
— id: 113952, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 534, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent attributes and young adult smoking cessation behavior
Brook, Judith S; Marcus, Stephen E; Zhang, Chenshu; Stimmel, Matthew A; Balka, Elinor B; Brook, David W
2010 Nov;45(13):2172-2184, Substance Use & Misuse
This study collected data five times between 1983 and 2002 from 400 participants who originally came from upstate New York. These participants completed structured interviews as did their mothers three times. LISREL analysis generally supported the hypothesized model. The results indicated that having parents who smoked and having low educational aspirations and expectations were associated with being unconventional, which, in turn, was related to having low emotional control and reporting more internalizing behaviors. Internalizing behaviors were directly associated with a lower likelihood of smoking cessation, as was parental smoking. Research and clinical implications are discussed and the limitations noted
— id: 114167, year: 2010, vol: 45, page: 2172, stat: Journal Article,

Developmental pathways from parental substance use to childhood academic achievement
Brook, Judith S; Saar, Naomi S; Brook, David W
2010 May;19(3):270-276, American journal on addictions
This cross-sectional study examined the pathways to childhood academic achievement in 209 African American and Puerto Rican children and their mothers. There were three pathways to childhood academic achievement: (a) the mother-child relationship and the child's personality mediated between low parental substance use and childhood academic achievement; (b) the child's personality mediated between high parental education and childhood academic achievement; and (c) there was a direct relationship between the child's gender and childhood academic achievement. Policy and clinical implications suggest the importance of increasing educational opportunities for all parents by providing substance use treatment and self-esteem workshops
— id: 110100, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 270, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent pathways to adult smoking: ethnic identity, peer substance use, and antisocial behavior
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Finch, Stephen J; Brook, David W
2010 Mar 1;19(2):178-186, American journal on addictions
African-Americans and Puerto Ricans were interviewed during adolescence, in their early twenties, and then again in their mid-twenties. Results indicated that earlier adolescent smoking, family conflict, and weak ethnic identity were significantly related to antisocial behavior, which in turn was related to associating with friends who smoked and/or used illegal drugs, and ultimately, to their own smoking. Results further indicate that early interventions in the development of tobacco use should focus on decreasing parental and adolescent smoking and parent-child conflict. If intervention occurs at a later time point, the emphasis should be on increasing ethnic identity and decreasing antisocial behavior. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1-9)
— id: 107292, year: 2010, vol: 19, page: 178, stat: Journal Article,

Nicotine dependence and problem behaviors among urban South African adolescents
Pahl, Kerstin; Brook, David W; Morojele, Neo K; Brook, Judith S
2010 Apr;33(2):101-109, Journal of behavioral medicine
Tobacco use and its concomitant, nicotine dependence, are increasing in African countries and other parts of the developing world. However, little research has assessed nicotine dependence in South Africa or other parts of the African continent. Previous research has found that adolescent problem behaviors, including tobacco use, tend to cluster. This study examined the relationship between nicotine dependence and adolescent problem behaviors in an ethnically diverse sample of urban South African adolescents. A community sample (N = 731) consisting of 'Black,' 'White,' 'Coloured,' and 'Indian' youths aged 12-17 years was drawn from the Johannesburg metropolitan area. Structured interviews were administered by trained interviewers. Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence. Logistic regression analyses showed that higher levels of nicotine dependence significantly predicted elevated levels of violent behavior, deviant behavior, marijuana and other illegal drug use, binge drinking, early sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use, despite control on the adolescents' demographic characteristics, peer smoking, conflict with parents, peer deviance, and the availability of legal and illegal substances. These relationships were robust across ethnicity and gender. The findings indicate the need for policy makers and prevention and intervention programs in South Africa to consider adolescent nicotine dependence in conjunction with comorbid problem behaviors, including other substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and deviant behaviors
— id: 108788, year: 2010, vol: 33, page: 101, stat: Journal Article,

Ecology and drug use: universal predictors across time and place
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Kats, Nataliya; Arencibia-Mireles, Orlando; Finch, Stephen J
2009 Jun;104(3):989-1006, Psychological reports
The interrelation of ecological and psychosocial risk factors and adolescent marijuana use is examined in this three-sample longitudinal data analysis. Participants included (a) white children from the northeast of the USA, (b) African-American and Puerto Rican adolescents from New York City, and (c) adolescents living in Colombia, South America. Adolescents were interviewed in their homes. Independent measures were from the ecological, personality, peer, and family domains. Logistic regression analysis showed that the majority of ecological variables was related to adolescent marijuana use. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the ecological domain was directly and indirectly related to adolescent marijuana use (via the family, peer, and personality domains). Intervention programs should focus on adolescents' unique ecological settings while targeting universal risk factors (e.g., low ego integration, low parental identification) which predict adolescents' marijuana use. Similarities among the ecological predictors of adolescents' marijuana use in three samples, across time and place, allow a more universal approach to the prevention of substance use
— id: 101903, year: 2009, vol: 104, page: 989, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways from adolescent parent-child conflict to substance use disorders in the fourth decade of life
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia
2009 May-Jun;18(3):235-242, American journal on addictions
This 24-year community longitudinal study provides important information regarding parent-child conflict in adolescence (mean ages 14-16), vulnerable personality attributes and peer deviance in the twenties (mean age 22), and marital conflict and partner's illicit drug use in the late twenties and early thirties (mean ages 27-32) as related to a later diagnosis of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the thirties (mean ages 32-37). A community-based sample was interviewed between 1975 and 2007. Results based in structural equation modeling indicated that a weak parent-child bond was related to the development of drug-conducive personality traits, which was associated with the selection of drug-using peers and partners, which in turn, predicted SUDs. Both peer deviance and partner's illicit drug use had the greatest effects on SUDs. The findings should aid in formulating prevention and treatment programs targeting specific risk factors in adolescents, young adults, and adults
— id: 100421, year: 2009, vol: 18, page: 235, stat: Journal Article,

Familial and non-familial smoking: effects on smoking and nicotine dependence
Brook, Judith S; Saar, Naomi S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2009 Apr 1;101(1-2):62-68, Drug & alcohol dependence
BACKGROUND: This study examined the relative impact of familial and non-familial smoking on participant smoking and nicotine dependence. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study of 838 African American and Puerto Rican participants who were interviewed four times in their homes over a 15-16-year period (1990, 1994-1996, 2000-2001, and 2004-2006). RESULTS: Parental smoking during adolescence had a direct positive path to peer smoking during adolescence, which in turn had a direct positive path to participant smoking during the mid-twenties. In addition to the direct path between participant smoking in the mid-twenties and participant nicotine dependence during the late twenties, there was an indirect effect mediated by the partner's problems resulting from smoking during the late twenties. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates the key role the social environment plays in smoking and nicotine dependence. Both familial and non-familial smoking were significantly related to smoking and nicotine dependence. Public health implications suggest the importance of targeting prevention and treatment policies based on the participants' stage of development. During adolescence the focus should be on parental and peer smoking, whereas during the twenties attention might be paid to their own smoking and that of their partners
— id: 94117, year: 2009, vol: 101, page: 62, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial antecedents and adverse health consequences related to substance use
Brook, Judith S; Saar, Naomi S; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2009 Mar;99(3):563-568, American journal of public health. AJPH
OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between psychosocial antecedents in earlier adolescence and problems related to substance use and related adverse health consequence (e.g., respiratory diseases, neurocognitive symptoms, and general malaise) in adulthood. We specifically focused on parent-child bonding in earlier adolescence and internalizing behaviors in later adolescence and their effects on problems related to substance use in the mid-20s and health problems in the mid-30s. METHODS: Our team interviewed a community-based sample of 502 participants over a 30-year period (1975, 1983, 1985-1986, 1997, 2002, and 2005). RESULTS: We found a strong relationship between internalizing behaviors in later adolescence and adverse health consequences in the mid-30s. Internalizing behaviors in later adolescence served as a mediator between low parent-child bonding in earlier adolescence and later adverse health consequences. Problems related to substance use in the late 20s and early 30s were related directly to later adverse health consequences and indirectly as mediators between earlier psychosocial difficulties (i.e., internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, poor ego integration, and maladaptive coping) and later adverse health consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Policies and programs that address parent-child bonding and internalizing behaviors should be created to reduce problems related to substance use and, ultimately, later health problems
— id: 94118, year: 2009, vol: 99, page: 563, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial predictors, higher body mass index, and aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Saar, Naomi S; Brook, David W
2009 Feb;108(1):181-195, Perceptual & motor skills
This longitudinal (22 yr.) study examined several psychosocial predictors of higher than normal recommended Body Mass Index and aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction in a community-based sample of 470 participants interviewed in private during childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Included were 5 psychosocial measures: Internalizing Behaviors (i.e., symptoms of internal distress), Educational Expectations and Aspirations (i.e., components of cognitive functioning), Impulsivity (i.e., emotional control), Body Mass Index (a measure of weight by height), and Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction (e.g., memory). Results, based on Structural Equation Modeling, indicated that earlier Internalizing Behaviors, Low Educational Expectations and Aspirations, and Impulsivity predict greater Body Mass Index. Greater than normal Body Mass Index in the early 30s is associated with later Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction in the middle 30s. Adolescent Internalizing Behaviors are also associated with Aspects of Neurocognitive Dysfunction in the middle 30s. Public health implications suggest increasing education about diet, health, and exercise to lessen or avoid aspects of neurocognitive dysfunction. Clinical implications suggest the importance of providing appropriate prevention and intervention for people with internalizing behaviors, impulsivity, and greater than recommended Body Mass Index
— id: 98903, year: 2009, vol: 108, page: 181, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal precursors of young adult light smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans
Fagan, Pebbles; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2009 Feb;11(2):139-147, Nicotine & tobacco research
INTRODUCTION: Studies have consistently documented the importance of examining light smoking among African American and Latino adolescent and adult smokers. Little is known, however, about the psychosocial antecedents of adolescent and young adult light smoking in these racial/ethnic minority groups. METHODS: This study examined the longitudinal interrelationships and pathways leading to light smoking among African Americans (n = 288) and Puerto Ricans (n = 262). Specifically, we assessed parental factors, perceived discrimination, peer smoking, personality factors, and light smoking in late adolescence as precursors to light smoking among African American and Puerto Rican young adults. RESULTS: The results of structural equation modeling showed that a history of greater parental smoking, less parental educational attainment, and more perceived discrimination were each mediated by peer smoking and the youth's maladaptive personality and behavior in late adolescence. The youth's maladaptive personality and behavioral characteristics and light smoking in late adolescence, in turn, predicted light smoking in young adulthood. There were no significant racial/ethnic or gender differences in the pathways to light smoking. DISCUSSION: Findings highlight the longitudinal pathways to light smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The results suggest that effective prevention and cessation programs must address peer and parental social influences, perceived discrimination, and especially, emotional and behavioral problems in late adolescence to reduce light smoking among late adolescents and young adults in these racial/ethnic groups
— id: 94116, year: 2009, vol: 11, page: 139, stat: Journal Article,

Risk factors for distress in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers
Brook, D W; Brook, J S; Rubenstone, E; Zhang, C; Castro, F G; Tiburcio, N
2008 Jan;20(1):93-100, AIDS Care
In contrast to previous research on parental drug abuse, the present study examined comorbid drug addiction and HIV infection in the father as related to his adolescent child's psychological distress. Individual structured interviews were administered to 505 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers and one of their children, aged 12-20. Structural equation modelling tested an hypothesized model linking paternal latent variables, ecological factors and adolescent substance use to adolescent distress. Results demonstrated a direct pathway between paternal distress and adolescent distress, as well as an indirect pathway; namely, paternal distress was linked with impaired paternal teaching of coping skills to the child, which in turn was related to adolescent substance use and, ultimately, to the adolescent's distress. There was also an association between paternal drug addiction/HIV and adolescent distress, which was mediated by both ecological factors and adolescent substance use. Findings suggest an increased risk of distress in the adolescent children of fathers with comorbid drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, which may be further complicated by paternal distress. Results suggest several opportunities for prevention and treatment programmes for the children of drug-abusing fathers
— id: 78736, year: 2008, vol: 20, page: 93, stat: Journal Article,

Group therapy
Brook, David W
The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2008,
(from the chapter) Group interactions play an important part in the development of substance abuse disorders (D. W. Brook 1996; J. S. Brook et al. 2006), such that group therapy can play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of these disorders. The successful use of group approaches depends first on the development of the therapeutic alliance between the group therapist and each group member, as well as on the development of group cohesion, the attachment that forms between group members over the course of treatment. Group cohesion is of great importance because patients with substance use disorders have a disturbed ability to establish and maintain an attachment to other people (Flores 2001). The defenses of substance abusers tend to be rather primitive, with particular use of denial, projection, and rationalization. The fact that the group has the ability to provide support, and confirmation that others share problems, is supportive to the patient and has a therapeutic effect in itself. Social support and provision of appropriate limits and rules in the group help the members establish relationships with other people and offer them relief from shame and social isolation. Over time, the group process and interactions in the group can help group members establish more mature defenses and can provide symptomatic relief. In general, better treatment outcome is related to longer duration of group treatment. Groups can help substance-abusing patients control the urge to use substances, particularly through their ability to help group members establish satisfying relationships with other members (Flores 2004).
— id: 4681, year: 2008, vol: , page: 413, stat: Chapter,

Developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to the early thirties: personality and behavioral risk factors
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Whiteman, Martin; Cohen, Patricia; Finch, Stephen J
2008 Aug;10(8):1283-1291, Nicotine & tobacco research
The purpose of this study was to identify distinct trajectories of cigarette smoking from ages 14 to 32, and to examine adolescent personality factors that distinguish trajectories of smoking behavior. Participants (N = 975) were randomly selected and followed prospectively since 1975. Follow-up data on cigarette use and personality and behavioral attributes were collected at five points in time, using structured interviews given in private by trained interviewers. Of these subjects, 746 comprised the cohort used in this study. Growth mixture modeling identified five smoking trajectory groups: nonsmokers, occasional smokers, late starters, quitters, and heavy/continuous smokers. Adolescent personality and behavioral risk factors such as lower ego integration, more externalizing behavior, and lower educational aspirations distinguished the trajectory groups. No gender differences were noted. The findings supported the hypotheses indicating multiple distinct trajectory groups of smoking behavior. Smoking behavior appeared in early adolescence and most often continued into adulthood. Emotional difficulties (i.e., lower ego integration), externalizing behavior, and lower educational aspirations in early adolescence were associated both with smoking at an early age and with continuing to smoke into the thirties. To be more effective, smoking prevention programs should target personality and behavioral variations before smoking becomes habitual, particularly focused on characteristics reflecting behavioral problems as manifested in emotional difficulties, externalizing behavior, and low educational aspirations in early adolescence. The implications for research, prevention, and treatment are discussed
— id: 91484, year: 2008, vol: 10, page: 1283, stat: Journal Article,

Earlier violent television exposure and later drug dependence
Brook, David W; Saar, Naomi S; Brook, Judith S
2008 Jul-Aug;17(4):271-277, American journal on addictions
This research examined the longitudinal pathways from earlier violent television exposure to later drug dependence. African American and Puerto Rican adolescents were interviewed during three points in time (n = 463). Exposure to violent television programs in late adolescence predicted exposure to violent television programs in young adulthood, which in turn was related to tobacco/marijuana use, nicotine dependence, and later drug dependence. Some policy and clinical implications suggest regulating the times when violent television programs are broadcast, creating developmentally targeted prevention/treatment programs, and recognizing that watching violent television programs may serve as a cue regarding increased susceptibility to nicotine and drug dependence
— id: 86550, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 271, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence in Black and Puerto Rican adults: a longitudinal study
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu
2008 Jun;10(6):959-967, Nicotine & tobacco research
This study examined the psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence in Blacks and Puerto Ricans. A longitudinal, prospective study design was employed. Data on five psychosocial domains were obtained from a four-wave study of tobacco use and smoking behavior; data were analyzed using logistic regression. Participants (N = 475) included adult Blacks and Puerto Ricans initially recruited from urban public schools in New York City and interviewed when they were mean age 14 years, and then again when they were mean ages 19, 24, and 26 years. Structured interviews were administered at four points in time over a period of 12 years. Nicotine dependence was measured using a DSM-IV adapted version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview nicotine dependence measure. Logistic regression analyses showed that factors in each of five psychosocial domains (personality, drug use behavior, family, peer, and environment) significantly predicted nicotine dependence. The pattern of results was similar for both Black and Puerto Rican samples. Factors that protected against nicotine dependence included achievement, ego-integration, and a positive school climate. The findings indicate that a variety of risk factors contribute to the occurrence of nicotine dependence. When examining the causes of nicotine dependence, it is important to investigate an array of biopsychosocial and environmental factors
— id: 93327, year: 2008, vol: 10, page: 959, stat: Journal Article,

The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and smoking in adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Duan, Tao; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia R; Brook, David W
2008 Jan-Feb;17(1):54-59, American journal on addictions
This longitudinal study examined the interrelationships between early and/or middle adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), middle adolescent conduct disorder (CD), and later adult smoking behavior. This is a prospective longitudinal study. Data were collected via structured interviews of representative families in the northeastern United States (N = 641). The mean ages of the offspring were as follows: 14 years (T2, 1983), 17 years (T3, 1985-1986), and 32 years (T6, 2002). The dependent variable was the participants' daily cigarette smoking in their early thirties. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the relationship between ADHD and daily smoking behavior was mediated by CD with control on gender, age, SES, and adolescent smoking. CD had a direct effect on daily smoking in adulthood. Our findings suggest that ADHD is related to CD, which in turn is associated with daily smoking. Therefore, interventions with ADHD adolescents who have ADHD at an early age might lead to some reduction in later smoking provided that the intervention has a positive effect on CD. For those adolescents who never had ADHD, our findings suggest that prevention or treatment aimed at reducing CD may be most successful in reducing daily smoking later in adulthood
— id: 78354, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 54, stat: Journal Article,

The association between earlier marijuana use and subsequent academic achievement and health problems: a longitudinal study
Brook, Judith S; Stimmel, Matthew A; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, David W
2008 Mar-Apr;17(2):155-160, American journal on addictions
In this prospective longitudinal study, the authors investigated the association between marijuana use over a period of 13 years and subsequent health problems at age 27. A community sample of 749 participants from upstate New York was interviewed at mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Marijuana use over time was significantly associated with increased health problems by the late twenties, including respiratory problems, general malaise, neurocognitive problems, and lower academic achievement and functioning. Effective prevention and intervention programs should consider the wide range of adverse physiological and psychosocial outcomes associated with marijuana use over time
— id: 79560, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 155, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways from earlier marijuana use in the familial and non-familial environments to self-marijuana use in the fourth decade of life
Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Koppel, Jonathan; Brook, David W
2008 Nov-Dec;17(6):497-503, American journal on addictions
We examined the longitudinal pathways from marijuana use in the familial environment (parents and siblings) and non-familial environment (peers and significant other), throughout adolescence and young adulthood, to the participants' own marijuana use in their fourth decade of life (n = 586). Longitudinal pathways to marijuana use were assessed using structural equation modeling. Familial factors were mediated by non-familial factors; sibling marijuana use also had a direct effect on the participants' marijuana use. In the non-familial environment, significant other marijuana use had only a direct effect, while peer marijuana use had direct as well as indirect effects on the participants' marijuana use. Results illustrate the importance of both modeling and selection effects in contributing to marijuana use. Regarding prevention and treatment, this study suggests the need to consider aspects of familial and non-familial social environments
— id: 91983, year: 2008, vol: 17, page: 497, stat: Journal Article,

Review of Space psychology and psychiatry
Brook, David W
2007 ;57(4):556-559 Oct, International journal of group psychotherapy
Reviews the book, Space psychology and psychiatry by Nick Kanas and Dietrich Manzey (2003). This slim volume contains almost all that one could possibly want to know about current issues regarding the psychology of human space exploration. This is an extremely important book. The book is organized logically, with an emphasis on the psychosocial findings from studies, directed by the authors, that have been conducted during actual space missions. Its chapters explore a number of major areas in the field, including prior, relevant studies and basic assumptions, human adaptation to space flight, human performance, human interactions, psychiatric issues, psychological countermeasures, selection and training, monitoring and support, and future challenges. The book may serve as a textbook for researchers but should also appeal to a wider, nonprofessional audience. This impressive book is an essential step on the way to communicating an understanding of these issues to a wider audience. It deserves to be in the library of anyone interested in space exploration and space science, and may well serve as an essential textbook in the field.
— id: 74393, year: 2007, vol: 57, page: 556, stat: Journal Article,

Trajectories of cigarette smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans from adolescence to young adulthood: associations with dependence on alcohol and illegal drugs
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Ning, Yuming; Brook, David W
2007 May-Jun;16(3):195-201, American journal on addictions
This study predicts that heterogeneous smoking trajectories covering four time points pose differential risks for dependence on alcohol and illegal drugs in young adulthood in an African American and Puerto Rican community sample (N = 475). The trajectory analysis yielded four smoking groups: nonsmokers, maturing out smokers, late-starting smokers, and early-starting continuous smokers. The early starting continuous group was more likely to become both alcohol- and drug-dependent in young adulthood than the other groups. Late-starting smokers were at higher risk than nonsmokers for drug dependence. Interventions are necessary from preadolescence through late adolescence to reduce the numbers of early and late smokers and their specific risks for substance dependence
— id: 73303, year: 2007, vol: 16, page: 195, stat: Journal Article,

Growing up in a violent society: longitudinal predictors of violence in Colombian adolescents
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Whiteman, Martin
2007 Sep;40(1-2):82-95, American journal of community psychology
Although violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America than the US, the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the interrelation of domains of personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in a community sample of adolescents from various self-reported ethnic groups in Colombia. The sample consisted of 1,151 male adolescents selected from three Colombian cities. The participants were surveyed using structured interviews at two points in time over a 2-year interval. Data were collected concerning adolescent personal attributes, family characteristics, peer, and ecological factors, including drug availability and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the self-reported frequency of the adolescent's violent behavior. The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently over time with a number of risk factors from several domains. Evidence for the hypothesized mediated effects of the familial monitoring and bonding domain, the peer domain, the ecological domain, and prior victimization related to personal attributes and contemporaneous violence and the adolescent's violent behavior 2 years later was also found. The findings suggest the use of specific intervention procedures with adolescents to prevent their subsequent violent behavior
— id: 74166, year: 2007, vol: 40, page: 82, stat: Journal Article,

Fathers who abuse drugs and their adolescent children: longitudinal predictors of adolescent aggression
Brook, Judith S; Duan, Tao; Brook, David W
2007 Sep-Oct;16(5):410-417, American journal on addictions
This longitudinal study examines the relationship between earlier paternal drug abuse, environmental factors, paternal child-rearing practices, and adolescent vulnerable personality attributes and later adolescent aggressive behavior. Data were collected at two points in time, one year apart, via individual, structured interviews. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to assess the interrelationship of the earlier factors with respect to later adolescent aggression. Interviews took place in an inner-city community, within the schools and the participants' homes. Participants included low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic adolescents (N = 296) whose fathers abused drugs. The fathers were recruited from drug-abuse treatment programs in several U.S. cities. The outcome measure was adolescent aggressive behavior at Time 2 (T2). The findings showed that paternal drug abuse, environmental factors, and paternal child-rearing practices were mediated by the adolescent's vulnerable personality attributes. The adolescent's vulnerable personality attributes were the most proximal constructs to later adolescent aggressive behavior. Both paternal drug abuse and environmental factors were mediated by paternal child-rearing practices. The findings suggest that earlier environmental stresses, paternal drug abuse, paternal child-rearing practices, and adolescent vulnerable personality attributes are associated with later adolescent aggression
— id: 75710, year: 2007, vol: 16, page: 410, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways to nicotine dependence in African American and Puerto Rican young adults
Brook, Judith S; Duan, Tao; Brook, David W; Ning, Yuming
2007 Nov-Dec;16(6):450-456, American journal on addictions
This investigation examined the pathways to nicotine dependence among a sample of inner city African-American and Puerto Rican young adults (mean age = 26.1 years, SD = 1.4 years). Four hundred and seventy-five young adults were interviewed. The findings based on structural equation models showed that family conflicts, parental tobacco use, and weak ethnic identity were associated with vulnerable personality attributes and drug use, which in turn were related to nicotine dependence. Prevention strategies in young adults aimed at family conflicts, parental tobacco use, vulnerable personality attributes, drug use, weak ethnic identity, and socioeconomic status should be effective in reducing risks for nicotine dependence
— id: 75615, year: 2007, vol: 16, page: 450, stat: Journal Article,

Grandmother and parent influences on child self-esteem
Brook, Judith S; Ning, Yuming; Balka, Elinor B; Brook, David W; Lubliner, Erika H; Rosenberg, Gary
2007 Feb;119(2):e444-e451, Pediatrics
OBJECTIVES: This study tests a model of intergenerational influences on childhood self-esteem that proposes paths from grandmothers' drug problems to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' drug problems and parental adaptive child rearing and from grandmothers' maternal acceptance to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' unconventionality and adaptive child rearing. METHODS: This longitudinal study uses data obtained from interviews with a New York City sample of black and Puerto Rican children (N = 149) and 1 of their parents and from mailed questionnaires or comparable interviews with those parents' mothers. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model. RESULTS: The LISREL analysis found that, with 3 exceptions, all of the hypothesized paths were significant. The total effects analysis indicated that parents' adaptive child rearing was the strongest latent construct, a finding that was consistent with this construct's proximal position in the model. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that mothers' drug problems are not just near-term risks for their children, but also pose long-term risks for their children's future functioning as parents and thereby for their grandchildren. The relative strength of parents' adaptive child rearing in this intergenerational model indicates that this area should be the focus of therapeutic intervention efforts, but addressing future grandmothers' drug problems may have positive effects on multiple generations
— id: 71149, year: 2007, vol: 119, page: e444, stat: Journal Article,

Cultural traditions as "Protective factors" among Latino children of illicit drug users
Castro, Felipe Gonzalez; Garfinkle, Julie; Naranjo, Diana; Rollins, Maria; Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W
2007 ;42(4):621-642 Jun, Substance Use & Misuse
Family bonding was examined among Hispanic adolescents whose fathers are illicit drug users to ascertain whether such adolescents maintain close affective family ties or alienate themselves from their families given their father's use of illicit drugs and referral to a drug screening and treatment program. It was hypothesized that high levels of paternal drug use would he associated with the youth's alienation from the family. In addition, it was postulated that the adolescent's endorsement of traditional cultural values and social responsibility would protect her or him against this effect in relation to family bonding. These hypotheses are based on prior research that suggests that youth bonding to prosocial institutions, such as family, school, church, and community organizations, can be 'protective' against drug use. More specifically, our analyses examined the role of level of acculturation in middle school, family traditionalism, American orientation, Latino orientation, and social responsibility in predicting adolescents' family bonding. Results indicated that the father's level of marijuana and/or methamphetamine use was unrelated to youth family bonding. Additionally, Latino and American cultural orientations and level of acculturation in middle school were not associated with family bonding. By contrast, social responsibility (the youth's citizenship and responsibility to the community) and family traditionalism (endorsing conservative cultural values regarding the maintenance of family traditions and respect for elders and family) were significantly associated with family bonding. In other words, among children of Latino illicit drug users, the youth's conservative family values and a responsible attitude toward community traditions were dual factors related to family bonding, perhaps operating also as sources of 'protection' against youth problem behaviors. (journal abstract)
— id: 73251, year: 2007, vol: 42, page: 621, stat: Journal Article,

Aggressive behaviors in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu
2006 ;32(3):399-413, American journal of drug & alcohol abuse
This study examined aggressive behaviors in the adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers. Data were collected via individual structured interviews of low-income, predominantly African American and Hispanic, father-child dyads (N = 415). Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the interrelationship of several latent constructs with respect to adolescent aggression. Results showed a mediational model linking paternal attributes (including HIV status) and ecological factors with the father-child relationship, which impacted peer influences and the adolescent's vulnerable personality, which was the most proximal construct to aggressive behaviors. Ecological factors were also mediated by peer influences and directly linked with adolescent aggression
— id: 67858, year: 2006, vol: 32, page: 399, stat: Journal Article,

Cigarette smoking in the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Gerochi, Connie
2006 Apr;117(4):1339-1347, Pediatrics
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the longitudinal predictors of cigarette smoking in a sample of at-risk adolescents whose fathers were drug abusers (N = 296). METHODS: At time 1, structured interviews were administered, separately and in private, to male and female youth (X age = 16.3) and their fathers; adolescents were reinterviewed approximately 1 year later (at time 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the interrelationship of time 1 paternal tobacco and illicit drug use, father-child relations, adolescent psychological adjustment, and peer group factors and adolescent smoking at time 2. A supplementary analysis assessed the same model with control on the adolescent's age, gender, frequency of contact with the father, and the father's treatment status. RESULTS: The structural equation model showed a mediational pathway linking paternal tobacco and drug use to a weak and conflictual father-child relationship, which was associated with greater adolescent maladjustment, which in turn was related to deviant peer affiliations, which predicted adolescent smoking at time 2. There was also a direct path from paternal tobacco and drug use to adolescent time 2 smoking. The supplementary analysis found no significant differences between the models with and without control. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence of the mechanisms that underlie the association between paternal drug use characteristics and smoking in the adolescent child. Clinical implications suggest the importance of the father-child relationship to smoking prevention programs for at-risk youth
— id: 64165, year: 2006, vol: 117, page: 1339, stat: Journal Article,

South African adolescents: pathways to risky sexual behavior
Brook, David W; Morojele, Neo K; Zhang, Chenshu; Brook, Judith S
2006 Jun;18(3):259-272, AIDS education & prevention
This study tested a developmental model of pathways to risky sexual behavior among South African adolescents. Participants comprised 633 adolescents, 12-17 years old, recruited from households in Durban, South Africa. Data were collected using in-person interviews. Topics included adolescents' sexual behaviors, household poverty levels, vulnerable personality and behavioral attributes, parent-child relations, and deviant peers. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the pathways to risky sexual behavior among the adolescents. The goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .93. One major pathway indicated that family poverty was associated with difficulty in the parent-child relationship. This was related to vulnerable personality and behavioral attributes and to association with deviant peers, which, in turn, were related to risky sexual behavior. Findings suggest that poverty, parent-child relations, personality and behavioral vulnerabilities, and peer influences should be among factors addressed by prevention and intervention programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors by South African adolescents
— id: 66463, year: 2006, vol: 18, page: 259, stat: Journal Article,

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and child aggressive behavior
Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Rosenberg, Gary; Brook, Judith S
2006 Nov-Dec;15(6):450-456, American journal on addictions
This study's objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood aggressive behavior in African-American and Puerto Rican children, as well as the relationship between maternal unconventional behavior, low maternal affection, and offspring aggression. Participants consisted of African-American and Puerto Rican children (N = 203; mean age = 8.6, SD = 0.87) and their mothers living in an inner city community. An interview consisting of a structured questionnaire was administered to the mothers and their children. Scales with adequate psychometric properties were adapted from previous validated measures. They included maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, unconventionality, and warmth. Controlling for demographic factors, maternal unconventional behavior, and low maternal warmth, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with having offspring who were aggressive. Maternal unconventionality and warmth were independently related to childhood aggression. Although causal limitations are noted, it may be that a decrease in smoking during pregnancy is associated with a reduction in aggression in the offspring
— id: 71146, year: 2006, vol: 15, page: 450, stat: Journal Article,

Personal, interpersonal, and cultural predictors of stages of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Johannesburg, South Africa
Brook, J S; Morojele, N K; Brook, D W; Zhang, C; Whiteman, M
2006 Jun;15 Suppl 1:i48-i53, Tobacco control
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the personal, parental, peer, and cultural predictors of stage of smoking among South African urban adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was employed. A stratified random approach based on census data was used to obtain the sample. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. SETTING: The study took place in communities in and around Johannesburg, South Africa. SUBJECTS: Participants consisted of 731 adolescents in the age range of 12-17 years old. The sample was 47% male and 53% female, and contained four ethnic classifications: white, black, Indian, and 'coloured' (a South African term for mixed ancestry). METHODS: A structured, in-person interview was administered to each participant in private by a trained interviewer, after obtaining consent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The dependent variables consisted of three stages of smoking: non-smoking, experimental smoking, and regular smoking. The independent measures were drawn from four domains: personal attributes, parental, peer, and cultural influences. RESULTS: Factors in all four domains significantly predicted three different stages of smoking. Personal attributes (internalising and externalising) distinguished among the three stages. Parental factors (for example, affection) reduced the odds of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker, but did not differentiate experimental smokers from non-smokers. Findings from the peer domain (for example, peer substance use) predicted an increase in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker. In the cultural domain, ethnic identification predicted a decrease in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker, whereas discrimination and victimisation predicted an increase in the risk of being an experimental smoker compared with a non-smoker. CONCLUSIONS: All the domains were important for all four ethnic groups. Four psychosocial domains are important in distinguishing among the three stages of smoking studied. Some predictors differentiated all stages of smoking, others between some of the stages of smoking. Therefore, intervention and prevention programmes which are culturally and linguistically sensitive and appropriate should consider the individual's stage of smoking
— id: 64481, year: 2006, vol: 15 Suppl 1, page: i48, stat: Journal Article,

Predictors of rebellious behavior in childhood parental drug use, peers, school environment, and child personality
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Balka, Elinor B; Rosenberg, Gary
2006 ;25(2):77-87, Journal of addictive diseases
This study assesses the interrelationships among several sets of variables and rebellious behavior in a sample of Puerto Rican and African American elementary school-aged children. The independent sets of variables (domains) were child personality attributes, parental attributes, including parental marijuana use, peer factors, school environment, and ethnic identification and discrimination. The dependent or outcome variable was children's rebellious behavior. Children and their mothers were interviewed in their homes. Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the extent to which the independent variables were related to the children's rebellious behavior. Each of the domains was associated with children's rebellious behavior without control on the remaining domains. With control on the remaining domains, child personality accounted for the most variance in childhood rebellious behavior. With control on child personality, only the school environment remained significant. Children with personality traits that are associated with rebellious behavior may have parents who exhibit antisocial behavior and use marijuana. Furthermore, these children may be at risk for other problem behaviors, including legal drug use, and would benefit from interventions which address primarily their personality characteristics, but also their school environments
— id: 67859, year: 2006, vol: 25, page: 77, stat: Journal Article,

The relationship of personality and behavioral development from adolescence to young adulthood and subsequent parenting behavior
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Ning, Yuming; Whiteman, Martin; Finch, Stephen J
2006 Aug;99(1):3-19, Psychological reports
The purpose of the study was to examine the association of parental personality, behavior, and substance use during adolescence and adulthood as related to the later parent-offspring relationship. The sample consisted of 297 parents (M age 32 yr.), who were first interviewed at earlier points in their lives in childhood and early adolescence at six points in time, extending from 1983 to 2002. Multiple regression models showed that parents with certain earlier personality and behavioral attributes, e.g., more rebelliousness and more frequent tobacco use, had a more difficult relationship with their children. Findings indicated an association between the cumulative number of psychosocial risk factors in the parents and difficulties in the parent-child relationship. The findings suggested that interventions designed to decrease youths' substance abuse may increase the likelihood that later when they are parents they will form nurturing relationships with their children
— id: 69083, year: 2006, vol: 99, page: 3, stat: Journal Article,

The developmental context for adolescent substance abuse intervention
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Pahl, Kerstin
Adolescent substance abuse: Research and clinical advances New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2006,
(from the chapter) The first purpose of this chapter is to identify the risk and protective factors related to adolescent drug use, emphasizing the importance of the parent-child relationship. The framework is derived from family interactional theory. Operating within a developmental perspective, we explore the interrelations of risk and protective factors related to drug use. A second goal of the chapter is to elucidate the protective factors that mitigate adolescents' vulnerability to drug use, as well as enhance other protective factors. Finally, we consider the implications of etiological research on the risk and protective factors and their interactions for prevention and treatment based on a number of major studies undertaken since the mid-1990s.
— id: 4627, year: 2006, vol: , page: 25, stat: Chapter,

Predictors of drug use among South African adolescents
Brook, Judith S; Morojele, Neo K; Pahl, Kerstin; Brook, David W
2006 Jan;38(1):26-34, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: To determine the association of frequency of illegal drug use with five groups of factors: environmental stressors, parental drug use, parental child rearing, peer drug use, and adolescent personal attributes. METHODS: 1468 male (45%) and female (55%) adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years (mean 14.76, SD 1.51), were interviewed at home in Durban and Capetown, South Africa. Independent measures assessed environmental stressors, parental child rearing, parental drug use, peer drug use, and adolescent personal attributes. The dependent variable was the adolescents' frequency of illegal drug use. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that personal attributes and peer substance use explained the largest percentage of the variance in the adolescents' frequency of illegal drug use. In addition, both of the parental factors and the environmental stressors contributed to the explained variance in adolescent drug use above and beyond the two more proximal domains at a statistically significant level. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the contribution of more proximal vs. more distal risk factors for illegal drug use is useful for prioritizing targets for interventions. Targeting changes in the more proximal predictors (e.g., adolescent personal attributes) may be more effective as well as more feasible than trying to produce changes in the more distal factors, such as environmental stressors
— id: 62813, year: 2006, vol: 38, page: 26, stat: Journal Article,

Personality risk factors associated with trajectories of tobacco use
Brook, Judith S; Ning, Yuming; Brook, David W
2006 Nov-Dec;15(6):426-433, American journal on addictions
The purpose of this longitudinal, prospective study was to evaluate trajectories of smoking in a cohort of African-American and Puerto Rican young adults and describe personality and behavioral factors associated with specific smoking trajectory group membership. Participants consisted of African-American and Puerto Rican male and female young adults (N = 451, mean age 26) from an inner-city community. Data were collected at four time points over a period of 13 years using structured interviews. Interviews took place within the schools and the participants' homes. Scales with adequate psychometric properties were adapted from previously validated measures. Variables that were examined for this study came from the domains of internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, drug use, and demographic information. Data were analyzed using latent growth mixture modeling to explore discrete smoking trajectories. Logistic regression analyses were then used to examine the risk factors associated with the various smoking trajectory groups. Four trajectory groups were determined to best fit the data: nonsmokers, maturing-out smokers, late-starting smokers, and early-starting continuous smokers. Subjects who were unconventional, experienced intrapersonal distress, and used alcohol and illegal drugs were more likely to belong to one of the smoking trajectory groups than to the nonsmoking group. The early-starting continuous group scored highest on these personal risk attributes. The long-term impact of unconventional behavior, intrapersonal distress, and drug use on developmental trajectories of smoking support the importance of early intervention and prevention
— id: 71145, year: 2006, vol: 15, page: 426, stat: Journal Article,

Paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors as predictors of youth stage of substance use a longitudinal study
Castro, Felipe Gonzalez; Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Rubenstone, Elizabeth
2006 ;25(2):65-75, Journal of addictive diseases
This longitudinal study examined paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors at Time 1 (T1) (e.g., substance use, violent victimization, parental rules) as predictors of the stage of substance use in the adolescent child at Time 2 (T2). Participants (N = 296) consisted of drug-abusing fathers and one of their adolescent children, aged 12 to 20 years. Fathers and youths were each administered structured interviews separately and in private. Adolescents were re-interviewed approximately one year later. Pearson correlation analyses showed that the paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors were significantly related to adolescent stage of substance use at T2. With an increase in risk factors, there was an increase in T2 stage of substance use in the child. Findings imply that father-oriented treatment programs should focus on how paternal behaviors, such as illegal drug use, inadequate parenting skills, and a poor father-child relationship contribute to youth problem behaviors, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use
— id: 67860, year: 2006, vol: 25, page: 65, stat: Journal Article,

Tobacco use in adolescence: longitudinal links to later problem behavior among African American and Puerto Rican urban young adults
Brook, Judith S; Balka, Elinor B; Rosen, Zohn; Brook, David W; Adams, Richard
2005 Jun;166(2):133-151, Journal of genetic psychology
In this study, the authors assessed the relationship between adolescent tobacco smoking and measures of inner control, deviant behavior, and associating with deviant peers, which are indicators of problem behavior. African American (N = 333) and Puerto Rican (N = 329) early adolescents completed questionnaires in their classrooms in 1990 at Time 1 (T1) and were individually interviewed thereafter when they were late adolescents in 1995 at Time 2 (T2) and as young adults in 2000 at Time 3 (T3). The authors used ordinary least squares regression analysis to assess the comparative association of adolescent smoking patterns at T1 and T2 and the young adult outcomes at T3; they controlled for demographic variables, level of the outcome measure at T2, and marijuana use at T2. The analyses suggested that experimental tobacco smokers demonstrated more problem behaviors than did nonsmokers, and late and continuous smokers demonstrated more problem behaviors as young adults than did experimental smokers and nonusers. These findings may provide a useful guide to a next step that involves translational research
— id: 55986, year: 2005, vol: 166, page: 133, stat: Journal Article,

Predictors of cigarette use among South African adolescents
Brook, Judith S; Morojele, Neo K; Brook, David W; Rosen, Zohn
2005 ;12(4):207-217, International journal of behavioral medicine
This study assessed the interrelation among domains of ethnic factors; the individual's sense of well-being; personality, attitudes, and behaviors; sibling and peer smoking; and adolescent smoking behavior. The sample consisted of 1,468 South African adolescents selected from 4 ethnic groups self-identified as defined by current South African usage: Black (mainly Zulu and Xhosa), Indian, White, and Colored (mixed ancestry). In accordance with family interactional theory, there was a sequence of patterning from ethnic factors and the individual's sense of well-being to adolescent personality, attitudes, and behaviors and models of smoking. All of the 4 domains in the model also had a direct effect on adolescent smoking behavior. The findings suggest 4 possible targets of therapeutic or preventive intervention with regard to adolescent smoking: ethnic factors; the individual's sense of well-being; personality, attitudes, and behaviors; and smoking within the peer group
— id: 67861, year: 2005, vol: 12, page: 207, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence and substance use disorders
Brook DW
2004 ;21(7):88,90- Jun, Psychiatric Times
— id: 58968, year: 2004, vol: 21, page: 88,90, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence and substance use disorders
Brook DW
2004 ;21(6):2p- Jun, Psychiatric Times
— id: 59609, year: 2004, vol: 21, page: 2p, stat: Journal Article,

Tobacco use and health in young adulthood
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia
2004 Sep;165(3):310-323, Journal of genetic psychology
In this prospective longitudinal study, the authors investigated the association between lifetime tobacco use and subsequent health problems by age 30. The authors interviewed a community group of 749 participants from upstate New York at mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Daily tobacco use during any of the time periods, as well as the number of periods of daily tobacco use, were significantly associated with increased risk for respiratory ailments, neurobehavioral and cognitive problems, and general malaise. The results suggested that daily tobacco use, either during childhood, adolescence, the early 20s, or a combination of those times, predicted health problems by age 30. Effective smoking prevention programs that begin in childhood are imperative to prevent the occurrence of later health problems
— id: 45054, year: 2004, vol: 165, page: 310, stat: Journal Article,

Correlates of aggression in African American and Puerto Rican children
Brook, Judith S; Rosenberg, Gary; Brook, David W; Balka, Elinor B; Meade, Michael
2004 Jun;165(2):185-202, Journal of genetic psychology
The authors examined a cross-sectional interrelationship of psychosocial domains as they relate to aggression in a group of African American and English-speaking Puerto Rican children living in New York City. The population included 80 biological children of African American and Puerto Rican young adults who had been participating in the authors' ongoing longitudinal study, and 77 mothers or mother substitutes (rearing mothers) of those children. The authors performed hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that (a) the child's personality and maternal attributes were significantly related to the child's aggression, despite control on all of the other domains and (b) the ethnic identification and discrimination domain was no longer related to the child's aggression with control on the mother-child relationship domain or on the child's personality domain. The findings have implications for clinical practice and public policy
— id: 45055, year: 2004, vol: 165, page: 185, stat: Journal Article,

Early risk factors for violence in Colombian adolescents
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rosen, Zohn; De La Rosa, Mario; Montoya, Ivan D; Whiteman, Martin
2003 Aug;160(8):1470-1478, American journal of psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: Violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America, than in the United States, but the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The objective of the study was to identify personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in Colombian adolescents. METHOD: A survey of adolescents was conducted in 1995-1996. A standard self-report measure was adapted to ensure linguistic and cultural relevance. A total of 2,837 adolescents ages 12-17 years from various self-reported ethnic groups were randomly selected from the community in three Colombian cities: Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. Eighty percent of eligible adolescents agreed to participate. Data were collected concerning the adolescent's personality attributes, family characteristics, peer characteristics, and ecological/cultural factors, including the availability of illicit drugs and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the adolescent's self-reported frequency of violent behavior. RESULTS: Violence directed at the adolescent and the adolescent's own drug use were both more highly correlated with the adolescent's violent behavior than were other risk factors. Significant risk factors of less importance included tolerance of deviance, peer drug use, peer deviance, and exposure to violence on television. CONCLUSIONS: The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently with a number of risk factors from several domains. The findings point to the use of specific intervention procedures for adolescents to prevent their own subsequent acts of violent behavior
— id: 45056, year: 2003, vol: 160, page: 1470, stat: Journal Article,

Alcohol use in adolescents whose fathers abuse drugs
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rubenstone, Elizabeth; Zhang, Chenshu; Singer, Merrill; Duke, Michael R
2003 ;22(1):11-34, Journal of addictive diseases
This study examined the interrelation of several domains, including father attributes, father-child relations, peer influences, environmental factors, and youth personality, as they related to adolescent alcohol use. Several aspects of the father-child relationship were also examined as possible protective factors against adolescent drinking. Subjects consisted of 204 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers and their adolescent children between the ages of 12-20. Data were collected via individual structured interviews of both the fathers and the youth. Results indicated that several items from each domain were related to adolescent drinking, and that an affectionate father-child bond had a protective effect. Moreover, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the youth's personality mediated between all other domains and adolescent alcohol use. There was also a direct effect of peer influences on adolescent drinking. Findings extend the literature on the specific mechanisms which link parental substance use with adolescent alcohol use in a high-risk population
— id: 45058, year: 2003, vol: 22, page: 11, stat: Journal Article,

Earlier marijuana use and later problem behavior in Colombian youths
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Rosen, Zohn; Rabbitt, Caitilin R
2003 Apr;42(4):485-492, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: The study examined the relationship between earlier adolescent marijuana use and later adolescent behavioral problems. METHOD: A community-based sample of Colombian adolescents was interviewed in 1995-1996 and 1997-1998. The time 2 (T(2)) sample consisted of 1,151 males and 1,075 females. The psychosocial measures assessed adolescent problem behavior, the peer and sibling social network, and ecological/environmental stress and cultural domains. Logistic regression analyses included controls on demographic and time 1 (T(1)) dependent measures. RESULTS: The findings suggest that T(1) adolescent marijuana use was associated with increased risks for T(2) adolescent difficulty at work or school, violent experiences, peer marijuana use, and sibling marijuana problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides important evidence in this cohort of the specific relationship between T(1) adolescent marijuana use and T(2) adolescent problem behavior in a society in which drug use, crime, violence, and low educational attainment are pervasive. Similar findings have been shown in previous research with U.S. adolescents. The findings suggest that early adolescent marijuana use is associated with an increase in problem behavior during later adolescence
— id: 45059, year: 2003, vol: 42, page: 485, stat: Journal Article,

Maternal correlates of toddler insecure and dependent behavior
Brook, Judith S; Brook, David W; Whiteman, Martin
2003 Mar;164(1):72-87, Journal of genetic psychology
The present study was designed to examine the relationship between characteristics of mothers and their toddler's insecure and dependent behavior. The authors studied 254 2-year-old toddlers and their mothers via a structured questionnaire administered to the mothers in their homes. The extent to which insecure and dependent behavior is related to the domains of maternal child rearing, maternal personality traits, parental marital relations, and maternal drug use was assessed. Using Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the authors found that the maternal child-rearing and maternal personality domains have a direct effect on the toddlers' insecure and dependent behavior. The maternal child-rearing domain also served as a mediator for the domains of the maternal personality attributes, parents' marital relations, and maternal drug use. There also was evidence suggesting an indirect effect of maternal personality attributes on the toddlers' insecure and dependent behavior, which is mediated by the domain of maternal child-rearing practices. Implications for the prevention of insecure and dependent behavior in toddlers are discussed
— id: 45057, year: 2003, vol: 164, page: 72, stat: Journal Article,

Specific patient populations : demographic issues. Ethnicity and culture in group therapy of substance abuse
Brook, David W
The group therapy of substance abuse New York : Haworth Medical Press, 2002,
— id: 5278, year: 2002, vol: , page: ?, stat: Chapter,

The longitudinal relationship between drug use and risky sexual behaviors among colombian adolescents
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Pahl, Tine; Montoya, Ivan
2002 Nov;156(11):1101-1107, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVE: To identify the longitudinal relationships between drug use and risky sexual behaviors and early pregnancy in Colombian adolescents. DESIGN: Confidential survey of adolescents, consisting of structured individual interviews, at 2 time points, 2 years apart. A standard self-report questionnaire was adapted to ensure linguistic and cultural relevance. SETTING: Community samples representing differing levels of risky sexual behavior and drug use. Cohorts were drawn from higher- and lower-risk geographic areas and from various self-reported ethnic groups. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (N = 2226) randomly selected from 3 major Colombian cities: Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were collected concerning adolescent drug use, sexual behaviors, and a history of pregnancy. The youths' drug use included measures of all illegal drugs. RESULTS: By using regression analyses (controlling for demographic variables) a reciprocal longitudinal relationship between risky sexual behaviors and drug use was identified. Those adolescents who reported higher levels of drug use at time 1 also had more sexual partners, had higher frequencies of unprotected sex, and were more likely to have experienced early pregnancy at time 2. The reverse relationship was true as well. The level of violence experienced by the adolescent emerged as a moderator of some of these relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing adolescent drug use may also reduce levels of risky sexual behavior and early pregnancy and vice versa. Furthermore, the importance of addressing violence as a risk factor for both problem behaviors is emphasized
— id: 45061, year: 2002, vol: 156, page: 1101, stat: Journal Article,

Marijuana use among the adolescent children of high-risk drug-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Richter, Linda; Whiteman, Martin; Arencibia-Mireles, Orlando; Masci, Joseph R
2002 Spring;11(2):95-110, American journal on addictions
This study examines marijuana use among children of male drug abusers. Subjects were 83 African-American and European-American male drug abusers, of whom the majority were injection drug users, and their children. Thirty-one of the fathers were HIV-positive and 52 were HIV-negative. Using logistic regression analyses, we explored cross-sectionally the relationship between four psychosocial domains (ie, paternal attributes, adolescent problem behaviors, father-adolescent relations, and environment) and adolescent marijuana use. The father's use of illegal drugs and his failure to cope adaptively predicted adolescent marijuana use, while a close father-child bond predicted less adolescent marijuana use. Adolescent problem behaviors predicted an increased likelihood of marijuana use. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the adolescent's problem behavior mediated the associations between both the father-adolescent relationship and environmental factors with adolescent marijuana use. Reducing the risk factors and enhancing the protective factors within each of the domains could help reduce marijuana use among the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers. Moreover, if a father is a drug abuser, it is important to help him establish a close bond with his child in order to help attenuate the influence of his drug use on the child's marijuana use
— id: 45064, year: 2002, vol: 11, page: 95, stat: Journal Article,

Correlates of marijuana use in Colombian adolescents: a focus on the impact of the ecological/cultural domain
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Rosen, Zohn; Montoya, Ivan
2002 Sep;31(3):286-298, Journal of adolescent health
To examine the influence of ecological/cultural factors and family, personality, and peer factors present during early adolescence that influence marijuana use in late adolescence. A community sample of 2,226 Colombian adolescents living in mixed urban-rural communities and their mothers were interviewed in their homes by trained Colombian interviewers, first in 1995-1996 and then again 2 years later. The scales used were based on item intercorrelations and grouped into the following categories: (a) adolescent personality, (b) family traits, (c) peer factors, (d) ecological/cultural variables, and (e) marijuana use. Data were examined using hierarchical regression modeling to determine the relationship between each of the domains and late adolescent marijuana use. The findings supported the family interactional theory of adolescent drug use behavior and found that factors in all of the domains had a direct effect on late adolescent marijuana use as well as indirect effects mediated through the more proximal domains in the model. Of particular interest was the strength of the influence of the ecological/cultural factors, which far exceeded that observed in similar studies done in the United States. Owing to the similarity with findings from studies conducted in the United States, interventions designed domestically could effectively be directly applied to adolescents in Colombia. The findings also suggest that prevention programs designed specifically to target ecological or cultural factors may have the most profound influence for reducing marijuana use in late adolescence
— id: 45062, year: 2002, vol: 31, page: 286, stat: Journal Article,

Coping in adolescent children of HIV-positive and HIV-negative substance-abusing fathers
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Whiteman, Martin; Arencibia-Mireles, Orlando; Pressman, Mary A; Rubenstone, Elizabeth
2002 Mar;163(1):5-23, Journal of genetic psychology
The authors examined coping in the adolescent children of drug-abusing fathers who have, or are at risk for contracting, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The ability to cope is an important factor in the adolescent's own risk behaviors, including drug use and associated problems. Each father and his adolescent child were separately administered a structured interview regarding personality, drug use, relationships, coping, and other behaviors. Adolescent adaptive coping was found to be related to greater conventionality, less marijuana use, fewer intra- and interpersonal problems, paternal adaptive coping, and a close father-child bond. Moreover, analysis using a risk factor index indicated an exponential increase in adolescent maladaptive coping with each additional psychosocial risk. Implications for policy and intervention are also discussed
— id: 45065, year: 2002, vol: 163, page: 5, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders
Brook, David W; Brook, Judith S; Zhang, Chenshu; Cohen, Patricia; Whiteman, Martin
2002 Nov;59(11):1039-1044, Archives of general psychiatry
BACKGROUND: The Children in the Community Study is a prospective longitudinal study investigating the association between early drug use (childhood, adolescence, and early 20s) and later psychiatric disorders (in the late 20s). METHODS: Using data from a community-based sample of 736 adults (50% female) from upstate New York, the subjects were interviewed at the mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Psychiatric disorders, measured by age-appropriate versions of the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and participant's drug use were assessed. RESULTS: Adolescent and young adult tobacco use was significantly associated with an increased risk of alcohol dependence and substance use disorders at a mean age of 27 years, but not with new episodes of major depressive disorder. Earlier alcohol use significantly predicted later major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders in the late 20s, as did early marijuana use and other illicit drug use. Except for the effect of tobacco use on major depressive disorder, early drug use was significantly related to later psychiatric disorders, even after statistically controlling for age, sex, parental educational level, family income, and prior episodes of major depressive disorder and substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that early drug use is associated with and predicts later psychiatric disorders. Preventive implications stem from the importance of studying a range of psychiatric disorders in the context of substance use assessed over a wide age range
— id: 45060, year: 2002, vol: 59, page: 1039, stat: Journal Article,

The group therapy of substance abuse
Brook, David W; Spitz, Henry I
New York : Haworth Medical Press, 2002,
— id: 2095, year: 2002, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Drug use and neurobehavioral, respiratory, and cognitive problems: precursors and mediators
Brook, Judith S; Finch, Stephen J; Whiteman, Martin; Brook, David W
2002 Jun;30(6):433-441, Journal of adolescent health
PURPOSE: To test a model of the early predictors and mediators of drug use and respiratory, neurobehavioral, and cognitive problems in adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS: We prospectively examined self-reported measures of unconventional behavior, peer- and self-drug use, and self-reported health problems in a sample of 286 males and 327 females. The sample represented the northeastern United States at the time the data were first collected in 1975. The participants were assessed in early, middle, and late adolescence and in young adulthood. Latent variable structural equation models were used to examine the data. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling conducted on the data provided support for the proposed longitudinal model. The findings indicated that adolescent drug use was associated indirectly with respiratory and directly with neurobehavioral and cognitive symptoms in young adulthood. Adolescent drug use during middle and late adolescence served as a mediator between unconventional behavior in early adolescence and health problems in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in adolescent drug use may reduce respiratory and neurobehavioral and cognitive symptoms in young adulthood. This study identifies several points in the biopsychosocial pathways in adolescence leading to later health problems in young adulthood
— id: 45063, year: 2002, vol: 30, page: 433, stat: Journal Article,

Introduction to the special issue on group therapy and substance abuse
Brook DW
2001 Jan;51(1):5-10, International journal of group psychotherapy
— id: 45069, year: 2001, vol: 51, page: 5, stat: Journal Article,

Risk factors for adolescent marijuana use across cultures and across time
Brook JS; Brook DW; Arencibia-Mireles O; Richter L; Whiteman M
2001 Sep;162(3):357-374, Journal of genetic psychology
An integrated analysis of the data from 3 different studies was conducted to examine the early psychosocial predictors of later marijuana use among adolescents. Longitudinal analysis of interview data was performed. The data used in the analysis were derived from (a) a sample of 739 predominantly White adolescents representative of the northeastern United States, (b) a sample of 1,190 minority adolescents from the East Harlem section of New York City, and (c) a sample of 1,374 Colombian adolescents from two cities in Colombia, South America. In 2 of the samples, participants were interviewed in their homes, and in the 3rd study, participants were assessed in school. The predictors included a number of variables from (a) the personality domain, reflecting the adolescents' conventionality and intrapsychic functioning; (b) the family domain, representing the parent-child mutual attachment relationship and parental substance use; (c) the peer domain, reflecting the peer group's delinquency and substance use; and (d) the adolescents' own use of legal drugs. The dependent variable was adolescent marijuana use. The results of the analysis demonstrated remarkable consistency in the risk and protective factors for later marijuana use across the 3 samples, attesting to the robust nature of these predictors and their generalizability across gender, time, location, and ethnic/cultural background. These findings have important implications for designing intervention programs. Programs aimed at preventing adolescent marijuana use can be designed to incorporate universal features and still incorporate specific components that address the unique needs of adolescents from different groups
— id: 45066, year: 2001, vol: 162, page: 357, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent illegal drug use: the impact of personality, family, and environmental factors
Brook JS; Brook DW; De La Rosa M; Whiteman M; Johnson E; Montoya I
2001 Apr;24(2):183-203, Journal of behavioral medicine
This study examined the relationship between the domains of environmental factors, family illegal drug use, parental child-rearing practices, maternal and adolescent personality attributes, and adolescent illegal drug use. A nonclinical sample of 2,837 Colombian youths and their mothers were interviewed about intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors in their lives. Results indicated that certain environmental factors (e.g., violence, drug availability, and machismo), family drug use, a distant parent-child relationship, and unconventional behavior are risk factors for adolescent illegal drug use. As hypothesized, results showed that the adverse effects of family illegal drug use on adolescent drug use can be buffered by protective parental child-rearing practices and environmental factors, leading to less adolescent illegal drug use. Prevention and treatment efforts should incorporate protective environmental, familial, and intrapersonal components in order to reduce adolescent illegal drug use
— id: 45068, year: 2001, vol: 24, page: 183, stat: Journal Article,

Aggression in toddlers: associations with parenting and marital relations
Brook JS; Zheng L; Whiteman M; Brook DW
2001 Jun;162(2):228-241, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the relation among parenting factors, marital relations, and toddler aggression. A structured questionnaire was administered to both parents of 254 2-year-olds. The authors used correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses to assess the extent to which certain personality traits, drug use, parenting style, and marital conflicts were related to the toddlers' aggressive behavior. Results showed that the maternal child-rearing and parental aggression domains had a direct effect on toddler aggression. The domain of maternal child rearing also served as a mediator for the domains of marital relations, paternal child rearing, parental aggression, and parental drug use. The findings indicated that maternal child-rearing practices, personality attributes, and drug use were more important than paternal attributes in relation to toddler aggression. Implications for prevention among families at risk are discussed
— id: 45067, year: 2001, vol: 162, page: 228, stat: Journal Article,

Network therapy for addiction: bringing family and peer support into office practice
Galanter M; Brook D
2001 Jan;51(1):101-122, International journal of group psychotherapy
Network therapy was developed as a specialized type of combined individual and group therapy to ensure greater success in the office-based treatment of addicted patients by using both psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral approaches to individual therapy while engaging the patient in a group support network composed of family members and peers. This article outlines the role of group cohesiveness as a vehicle for engaging patients in this treatment; the patient's family and peers are used as a therapeutic network, joining the patient and therapist at intervals in therapy sessions. This network is managed by the therapist to provide cohesiveness and support, to undermine denial, and to promote compliance with treatment. The author presents applications of the network technique designed to sustain abstinence and describes means of stabilizing the patient's involvement. Some specific techniques discussed include ambulatory detoxification, disulfiram and naltrexone administration, relapse prevention, and contingency contracting. Also discussed are recent research on the use of psychiatric residents and counselors for treatment, and use of the Internet in dissemination
— id: 26820, year: 2001, vol: 51, page: 101, stat: Journal Article,

Needle sharing: a longitudinal study of female injection drug users
Brook DW; Brook JS; Richter L; Masci JR; Roberto J
2000 May;26(2):263-281, American journal of drug & alcohol abuse
The objective of this study was to examine the psychosocial risk and protective factors related to needle-sharing behavior among female intravenous drug users (IDUs) positive (N = 96) and negative (N = 128) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Participants in this longitudinal study were interviewed individually at two points in time, with a 6-month interval between interviews. The interviewers used a structured questionnaire, which included psychosocial measures and questions about drug and sexual risk behaviors. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses. The findings supported a developmental model in which the psychosocial domains and HIV status predicted T1 (initial) needle-sharing behavior, which in turn was related to T2 (follow-up) needle-sharing behavior. In addition, the relationship between personality and peer risk factors and T2 needle sharing was buffered by family-related protective factors. While HIV-positive status had a direct effect on T1 needle sharing with strangers, its effect was mediated by all of the psychosocial variables in its relation to T1 needle sharing with familiar people. Comparisons of these results were made with a companion study of male IDUs. The results suggest several intervention and treatment approaches that can be implemented at different points in the developmental pathways leading to risky needle-sharing practices among female IDUs
— id: 45071, year: 2000, vol: 26, page: 263, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal pathways to condom use: a psychosocial study of male IDUs
Brook DW; Brook JS; Rosenberg G; Whiteman M; Masci JR; Roberto J; de Catalogne J
2000 ;19(1):55-69, Journal of addictive diseases
This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial risk and protective factors involved in condom use among 265 male IDUs. Subjects were individually interviewed at two points in time using a structured questionnaire, which included psychosocial measures and questions about drug use and condom use. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses. T1 condom use was the most powerful predictor of T2 condom use, with or without control on other variables. T1 family support for condom use, friends' support for condom use, adaptive coping with AIDS or the threat of AIDS, and planning to use condoms were significantly related to T2 condom use. Protective father factors enhanced the effects of other protective psychosocial factors, increasing T2 condom use. The results suggest several approaches for changing risk-taking sexual behavior in male IDUs: enhancing coping abilities, selecting peers who take fewer risks, and planning to use condoms
— id: 45072, year: 2000, vol: 19, page: 55, stat: Journal Article,

Behavioral medicine in medical education: report of a survey
Brook DW; Gordon C; Meadow H; Cohen MC
2000 ;31(2):15-29, Social work in health care
Behavioral medicine has become increasingly important in medical education over the past two decades, but adoption of its principles and methods has been slow. Behavioral medicine stresses the effects of human behavior on health and illness using a biopsychosocial approach. It also focuses on the use of the doctor-patient relationship, which, if developed using appropriate communication skills, can result in greater patient satisfaction and increased compliance. The authors surveyed all 124 American medical schools to assess both national trends and specific efforts in the teaching of behavioral medicine principles and methods. A review of the types of behavioral medicine programs offered reveals that eight percent of U.S. medical schools had integrated programs of behavioral medicine. Several successful and effective programs were identified, as were a number of specific curricular components. There are several options available to medical schools to integrate behavioral medicine into medical education. The authors conclude that medical education must include behavioral medicine in order to improve the health of the public and to meet the demands of a changing health care system
— id: 45070, year: 2000, vol: 31, page: 15, stat: Journal Article,

The influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the toddler's negativity
Brook JS; Brook DW; Whiteman M
2000 Apr;154(4):381-385, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVE: To extend previous studies by looking at the effect of the mother's smoking during pregnancy on her toddler's negative behavior. DESIGN: A survey consisting of a structured questionnaire was administered to the mothers of 2-year-old toddlers. SETTING: The subjects were drawn from a community sample, as part of a larger study of mothers and their children. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 99 toddlers and their mothers taken from a community sample. Fifty-two of the mothers smoked throughout pregnancy, while 47 either stopped smoking during pregnancy or started smoking after childbirth. MEASURES: The measures consisted of scales with adequate psychometric properties, which, for the most part, were adapted from the literature. Measures included assessment of smoking behavior, the mother's personality/behavior, perinatal variables, demographic variables, and aspects of the mother-child relationship. RESULTS: Using logistic regression analyses, maternal smoking during pregnancy was found to be related to negativity in the child, controlling for demographic factors, perinatal factors, maternal personality attributes, and the mother-child relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy has an adverse effect on the child's negativity, and that a decrease in maternal smoking during pregnancy might be expected to lead to a decrease in the child's negativity. The relationship of maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood negativity to other problem behaviors remains to be explored
— id: 45073, year: 2000, vol: 154, page: 381, stat: Journal Article,

Coping strategies of HIV-positive and HIV-negative female injection drug users: a longitudinal study
Brook DW; Brook JS; Richter L; Whiteman M; Win PT; Masci JR; Roberto J
1999 Oct;11(5):373-388, AIDS education & prevention
This study longitudinally examined the psychosocial correlates of coping strategies among 165 HIV positive and 179 HIV negative female injection drug users (IDUs). Participants were interviewed twice using a structured questionnaire, with a 6-month interval between interviews. The questionnaire included psychosocial measures as well as measures of general coping and specific HIV-related coping. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. The findings indicated that favorable factors in the psychosocial domains at Time 1 were significantly associated with an increased likelihood at Time 2 of the use of general coping and specific adaptive coping strategies, such as problem solving and seeking social support, and with a decreased likelihood at Time 2 of the use of maladaptive coping strategies, such as aggression and the use of illicit drugs. These findings highlight particular areas of psychosocial functioning that can be targeted by intervention programs to promote adaptive coping and minimize maladaptive coping among HIV positive and HIV negative female IDUs
— id: 45076, year: 1999, vol: 11, page: 373, stat: Journal Article,

Coping among HIV negative and HIV positive female injection drug users
Brook DW; Brook JS; Whiteman M; Roberto J; Masci JR; Amundsen F; de Catalogne J
1999 Jun;11(3):262-273, AIDS education & prevention
The study examined the psychosocial determinants of coping ability in a cohort of 249 HIV positive and HIV negative female injection drug users (IDUs), using a cross-sectional retrospective design. Information collected using a structured questionnaire included data on psychosocial risk and protective factors in the personality, family, and peer domains, HIV status, and coping ability. Coping ability was associated with conventionality, greater control of emotions, less psychopathology, and family cohesion in both HIV positive and HIV negative subjects. The psychosocial factors affected coping in HIV positive and HIV negative IDUs via two different mediational models. The interactional findings supported the influence of risk/protective interactions in both groups. The findings demonstrate the impact of the interplay between personality factors and external support on coping ability in female IDUs
— id: 45078, year: 1999, vol: 11, page: 262, stat: Journal Article,

The role of parents in protecting Colombian adolescents from delinquency and marijuana use
Brook JS; Brook DW; De La Rosa M; Whiteman M; Montoya ID
1999 May;153(5):457-464, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
OBJECTIVES: To identify general and differentiating risk and protective factors from domains of culture and ecology, peer, family, and personality, related to adolescent delinquency and marijuana use, and to study the protective role of the parent-child mutual attachment in offsetting cultural and ecological risk factors, leading to less delinquency and marijuana use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses of interview data collected in Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2837 Colombian adolescents, 12 to 17 years of age. SETTING: Adolescents were interviewed in their homes. MAIN MEASURES: Independent variables included measures from 4 domains: culture and ecology, peer, family, and personality. The dependent variables were delinquency and marijuana use. RESULTS: Several risk factors, such as tolerance of deviance and sensation seeking, were similarly related to both delinquency and marijuana use, suggesting that a common cause underlies the propensity to engage in different deviant behaviors. Some risk factors were more involved in delinquency and other risk factors were more highly related to the adolescent's marijuana use. Finally, when violence is endemic and illegal drugs are readily available, a close parent-child bond was capable of mitigating these risk factors, leading to less marijuana use and delinquency. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have implications for public health policy related to interventions in countries in which violence and drug use are prevalent. The results point to interventional procedures aimed at adolescents vulnerable to marijuana use and delinquency as well as efforts aimed at specific vulnerabilities in these areas. For example, reducing the risk factors and enhancing the protective factors for marijuana use and delinquency may result in less adolescent marijuana use and delinquency
— id: 45079, year: 1999, vol: 153, page: 457, stat: Journal Article,

Older sibling correlates of younger sibling drug use in the context of parent-child relations
Brook JS; Brook DW; Whiteman M
1999 Nov;125(4):451-468, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
The purpose of this study was to examine older brother correlates of younger brother drug use in the context of parental influences and younger brother personality. The sample consisted of 278 White male college students and their oldest brothers, who volunteered to answer self-administered questionnaires. Results indicated that 3 domains of influence each had an independent impact on younger brother drug use: (a) parent-younger brother relationships and parent drug use, (b) older brother-younger brother relationships and older brother drug use, and (c) younger brother personality. Modeling of nondrug use and a strong attachment relationship in the parent-younger brother and sibling dyads, as well as younger sibling traits of conventionality, had strong links to low younger brother drug use. Our findings highlight the importance of modeling and mutual parent-child attachment relationships as well as sibling relationships as they relate to the possible etiology of drug use
— id: 45075, year: 1999, vol: 125, page: 451, stat: Journal Article,

Transmission of risk factors across three generations
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW
1999 Aug;85(1):227-241, Psychological reports
The present study examined the association between the parent-grandmother relationship, the parenting of toddlers, and toddlers' anger. Parent-grandmother relations were assessed when the parents were adolescents. Patient-toddler relations were examined when the toddlers were two years of age. The sample consists of 185 2-yr-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler. The findings support our hypothesis that there would be an indirect effect of the grandmothers' personalities and child-rearing practices on their grandchildren through the influence of the grandmothers on the parents. The influence of both the grandmothers' and the parents' smoking behaviors on the toddlers' anger was mediated by their child-rearing practices. The significance of the findings from a multigenerational study are discussed with reference to incorporating them into prevention programs. The findings are consistent with the notion of the intergenerational transmission of risk factors--from grandparents to parents to toddlers
— id: 45074, year: 1999, vol: 85, page: 227, stat: Journal Article,

A multiple group psychotherapy approach to adolescents with psychiatric and substance abuse comorbidity
Pressman MA; Brook DW
1999 Oct;49(4):486-512, International journal of group psychotherapy
Multiple group psychotherapy was employed as the primary treatment modality in a day-treatment program as an innovative multifaceted approach to treating adolescents comorbid for psychiatric and substance abuse diagnoses. The concurrent educational program included a high school on site. The groups included Substance Abuse Group, which promoted the 12-step model; Health Group; Psychotherapy Group; Leisure Time Group; Self-Awareness Group; and Multiple Family Group. The effect of the multiple groups was to provide a variety of experiences focusing on varied aspects of normal and dysfunctional adolescent development. Together the combination of groups served to strengthen the participants' cohesiveness, communicating skills, and hopefulness
— id: 45077, year: 1999, vol: 49, page: 486, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial risk and protective factors for condom use among female injection drug users
Brook DW; Brook JS; Whiteman M; Win PT; Masci JR; Roberto J; de Catalogne J; Amundsen F
1998 Spring;7(2):115-127, American journal on addictions
The authors examined the influences of domains of psychosocial risk and protective factors on male-partner condom use in a cobort of 209 female HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injection drug users (IDUs) by use of a cross-sectional, retrospective design. Information collected from a structured questionnaire included data on psychosocial risk and protective factors in the personality, family, and peer domains; HIV status; and condom use. Among HIV+ IDUs, personality risk factors (e.g., unconventionality), family (e.g., low maternal identification), and peer factors were related to less male-partner condom use. Resources and condom availability were associated with greater male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- IDUs. The psychosocial domains affected male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- female IDU patients via two different mediational models. The findings suggest the need to use specific psychosocial interventions for risky sexual behavior among HIV+ and HIV- female IDUs
— id: 45082, year: 1998, vol: 7, page: 115, stat: Journal Article,

Drug use among African Americans: ethnic identity as a protective factor
Brook JS; Balka EB; Brook DW; Win PT; Gursen MD
1998 Dec;83(3 Pt 2):1427-1446, Psychological reports
This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth
— id: 45080, year: 1998, vol: 83, page: 1427, stat: Journal Article,

Pathways to marijuana use among adolescents: cultural/ecological, family, peer, and personality influences
Brook JS; Brook DW; De La Rosa M; Duque LF; Rodriguez E; Montoya ID; Whiteman M
1998 Jul;37(7):759-766, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine the linkages, cultural/ecological factors, and major psychosocial risk factors as they relate to drug use in a sample from Colombia, South America. METHOD: The participants were 1.687 adolescents living in mixed urban-rural communities in Colombia, South America. An individual interview was administered to youths in their homes by Colombian interviewers. The scales used were based on item intercorrelations grouped into the following risk categories: (1) adolescent personality, (2) family traits, (3) peer factors, and (4) cultural/ecological variables. RESULTS: Pearson correlations were computed for each variable and the frequency of marijuana use. Results show that each of the domains was related to adolescent marijuana use, with some notable gender differences. As regards the interrelation of domains, a mediational model was operative. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support a family interactional theory. The domains of family, personality, and peer factors had a direct effect on the adolescents' marijuana use. Implications for prevention are also addressed
— id: 45081, year: 1998, vol: 37, page: 759, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use
Brook JS; Cohen P; Brook DW
1998 Mar;37(3):322-330, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal priority in the relationship between psychiatric disorders and drug use. METHOD: Psychiatric assessments and drug use were completed at three different points in time, spanning 9 years. Structured interviews were administered to a cohort of youths and their mothers. Subjects were selected on the basis of their residence in either of two counties in upstate New York. The sample was predominantly white male and female youths, aged 1 through 10 years upon initial collection of data. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by a supplemented version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 1, using computer algorithms designed to match DSM-III-R criteria to combine information from mothers and youths. Substance use information was obtained in the interviews. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found to exist between earlier adolescent drug use and later depressive and disruptive disorders in young adulthood, controlling for earlier psychiatric disorders. Earlier psychiatric disorders did not predict changes in young adult drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment include (1) more medical attention needs to be given to the use of legal and illegal drugs; and (2) a decrease in drug use may result in a decrease in the incidence of later psychiatric disorders
— id: 45083, year: 1998, vol: 37, page: 322, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial risk factors for HIV transmission in female drug abusers
Brook DW; Brook JS; Whiteman M; Win PT; Gordon-Maloul C; Roberto J; Amundsen F; Masci JR; de Catalogne J
1997 Spring;6(2):124-134, American journal on addictions
The authors studied the influences of domains of psychosocial risk factors on needle-sharing with familiar people and with strangers in a cohort of female injecting drug users (IDUs). Subjects were 119 female IDUs, 46% of whom were HIV+. Subjects were given individually administered questionnaire interviews: Using Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression analyses, the authors found that personality, family, and peer attributes related to needle-sharing in women were similar to those found in men, with certain exceptions. The role of the family, particularly the Significant Other, was more important and proximal in its effect on needle-sharing behavior in women than in men. There was a main effect as well as a mediating effect of family in women, buffering risk factors leading to needle-sharing
— id: 45085, year: 1997, vol: 6, page: 124, stat: Journal Article,

Young adults' drug use: a 17-year longitudinal inquiry of antecedents
Brook JS; Balka EB; Gursen MD; Brook DW; Shapiro J; Cohen P
1997 Jun;80(3 Pt 2):1235-1251, Psychological reports
This longitudinal study examined the interrelation of personality and peer factors on young adults' drug use and also the influence of the interaction of personality and peer factors on drug use. The sample of 756 males and females were interviewed four times between the M ages of 6 and 22. Personality attributes in childhood were related to peer factors in early adolescence which, in turn, were related to personality traits in later adolescence. These traits were linked with selection of peers and, ultimately, drug use in young adulthood. Additionally, the adolescent and young adult domains had direct effects on young adults' drug use. Significant interactions indicated that a few protective childhood personality traits buffer the risk of deviant peers in adolescence on young adults' drug use. More earlier protective characteristics from one domain enhanced the effect of later protective traits from the other domain
— id: 45084, year: 1997, vol: 80, page: 1235, stat: Journal Article,

Coping with AIDS. A longitudinal study
Brook JS; Brook DW; Win PT; Whiteman M; Masci JR; de Catalogne J; Roberto J; Amundsen F
1997 Winter;6(1):11-20, American journal on addictions
The goals of this longitudinal, prospective study were to 1) examine coping strategies of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injecting drug users; 2) study the relationship of earlier social support to later coping in HIV+ men; and 3) examine the effects of earlier coping strategies on later psychosocial function. The authors studied 287 men given a structured questionnaire at two points in time. HIV+ subjects scored higher than HIV- subjects on measures of AIDS-related adaptive coping (social support) and AIDS-related maladaptive coping (aggression), but not on general coping. General coping was not specifically AIDS-related, but was correlated positively with adaptive coping and negatively with maladaptive coping. These results suggest that earlier general coping is related to the later avoidance of maladaptive coping, and they have specific implications for teaching preventive strategies. AIDS-related adaptive or maladaptive coping techniques may be used simultaneously, and coping behavior may change over time. Earlier social support is related positively to aspects of later coping in HIV+ men
— id: 45086, year: 1997, vol: 6, page: 11, stat: Journal Article,

Coping with AIDS and the threat of AIDS in intravenous drug abusers
Brook JS; Brook DW; Wynn PS; Whiteman M; Masci JR; de Catalogne J; Roberto J; Amundsen F
1994 Jun;155(2):147-159, Journal of genetic psychology
In this investigation of patterns of coping with AIDS or the threat of AIDS by male intravenous drug abusers (both HIV positive and HIV negative), psychosocial measures were used to study the effects of personality factors and social support. Correlational analyses and multiple hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess the results. The pathways by which psychosocial factors affected coping differed in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects. A mediational model best depicted the interrelation of personality, family, and peer factors among HIV-positive subjects. Anger and rebelliousness interfered with coping among HIV-negative subjects, but not among HIV-positive subjects. This cross-sectional study provides insight into the interplay of inner personality factors and external support factors and their effects on coping ability in male intravenous drug abusers. Differences between those with HIV and those at risk for HIV infection are discussed
— id: 45087, year: 1994, vol: 155, page: 147, stat: Journal Article,

Psychosocial risk factors for HIV transmission in male drug abusers
Brook JS; Brook DW; Whiteman M; Roberto J; Masci JR; De Catalogne J; Amundsen F
1993 Aug;119(3):369-387, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
We studied the psychosocial risk factors associated with Black, Hispanic, and White (N = 257) male intravenous drug abusers' needle-sharing behavior with familiar individuals and with strangers. Approximately half the subjects were HIV+. The findings supported a mediational model in that risk factors in the family domain were associated with peer and personality risk factors conducive to needle sharing that, in turn, were related to needle-sharing behavior
— id: 45088, year: 1993, vol: 119, page: 369, stat: Journal Article,

Sibling influences on adolescent drug use: older brothers on younger brothers
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW; Gordon AS
1991 Nov;30(6):958-966, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
This study was designed to examine sibling influences on adolescent drug use. The sample was composed of 278 white, predominantly middle-class male college students and their oldest brothers. Self-administered questionnaires were taken separately by the students and their brothers. The findings indicated that the oldest brother's personality and the sibling relationship had an influence on the younger brother's drug use. Three hypothesized mechanisms that supported the findings, the Personality Influence Mechanism, the Genetic Temperament Connection, and the Environmental Reactive Mechanism were discussed
— id: 45089, year: 1991, vol: 30, page: 958, stat: Journal Article,

The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: a family interactional approach
Brook JS; Brook DW; Gordon AS; Whiteman M; Cohen P
1990 May;116(2):111-267, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
The purpose of this monograph was to propose a framework, family interactional theory, for explaining the psychosocial aspects of adolescent drug use. Three themes are stressed: (a) the extension of developmental perspectives on drug use, (b) the elucidation of family (especially parental) influences leading to drug use, and (c) the exploration of factors that increase or mitigate adolescents' vulnerability to drug use. We present a developmental model with two components; the first deals with adolescent pathways to drug use, and the second incorporates childhood factors. The model was tested in two studies: one cross-sectional study of 649 college students and their fathers, and one longitudinal study of 429 children and their mothers. The subjects were given self-administered questionnaires containing scales measuring the personality, family, and peer variables outlined in the model. The results of each study supported the hypothesized model, with some differences between parental influences. We also found that individual protective factors (e.g., adolescent conventionality, parent-child attachment) could offset risk factors (e.g., peer drug use) and enhance other protective factors, resulting in less adolescent marijuana use. Implications of the findings for prevention and treatment, future research, and public policy are discussed
— id: 45090, year: 1990, vol: 116, page: 111, stat: Journal Article,

The role of older brothers in younger brothers' drug use viewed in the context of parent and peer influences
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1990 Mar;151(1):59-75, Journal of genetic psychology
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an older brother's drug use on his younger brother's drug use viewed in the context of parent and peer influences. The sample consisted of 278 White, middle-class male college students and their oldest brothers, who were given questionnaires assessing drug behavior. Results indicated that older brother, parental, and peer drug use each had an independent impact on younger brother's use. The degree of influence varied, with drug modeling by peers and older brothers having a stronger association with younger brother drug use than did parental drug modeling. Further, the older brother's advocacy of drugs was associated with his younger brother's use even if the older brother did not serve as a drug model. Similarly, older brother drug modeling was of importance even if he did not advocate use. Finally, interactive results suggested that older brothers who did not use drugs could offset the negative effects of parental drug risks on younger brother use. Also, younger brothers were least likely to use drugs if both older brothers and peers served as models for nonuse
— id: 45091, year: 1990, vol: 151, page: 59, stat: Journal Article,

The consequences of marijuana use on intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning in black and white adolescents
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Brook A; Brook DW
1989 Aug;115(3):349-369, Genetic, social, & general psychology monographs
We examined the effects of marijuana use on adolescent personality, attitudinal, and behavioral attributes, perceived parent-adolescent relations, and perceived peer factors. Volunteer high school students (292 Blacks, 401 Whites) of middle-class backgrounds filled out questionnaires in their classrooms first when they were in the 9th and 10th grades and again 2 years later when they were in the 11th and 12th grades. Results suggest that regular use of marijuana may lead to lower achievement, increased tolerance of deviance, and more deviant behavior, and greater rebelliousness. Regular use also appears to interfere with adolescents' relationships with their parents and to lead them to associate with more deviant and drug-using friends. The consequences of marijuana use for intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning were for the most part similar in the different sex and age groups, although there were some ethnic differences
— id: 45092, year: 1989, vol: 115, page: 349, stat: Journal Article,

Depressive mood in female college students: father-daughter interactional patterns
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW; Gordon AS
1988 Dec;149(4):485-504, Journal of genetic psychology
The interrelationship of sets of father and daughter factors in explaining depressive mood in normal female adolescents was examined. Separate questionnaires were given to 403 college students and their fathers. A mediational model was found, in which two sets of paternal variables were related to the daughter personality set, which in turn was related to her depressive mood. In addition, protective personality attributes of the daughter served both to offset the impact of paternal risk factors and to further strengthen paternal protective factors to reduce frequency of depressive mood. Comparisons are made with an earlier study of sons' depressive mood (Brook, Brook, Whiteman, & Gordon, 1983)
— id: 45093, year: 1988, vol: 149, page: 485, stat: Journal Article,

Fathers and daughters: their relationship and personality characteristics associated with the daughter's smoking behavior
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1987 Mar;148(1):31-44, Journal of genetic psychology
This study examined the interrelationships of domains (i.e., sets) of paternal personality and father-daughter relationship variables and daughter characteristics and their impact on the daughter's smoking. In addition, the interactive effects of individual father and daughter variables on the daughter's smoking were studied. Female college student volunteers (N = 403) and their fathers were given closed-ended questionnaires that included a number of scales assessing father and daughter characteristics. Results indicated that the domains of father and daughter variables each had a direct impact on the daughter's smoking (an independent model). Interactive findings revealed that daughter protective factors (those conducive to her not smoking) could offset the negative impact of paternal risk factors (those conducive to her smoking), and that, to a lesser extent, daughter protective factors further enhanced the positive effect of father protective variables
— id: 45094, year: 1987, vol: 148, page: 31, stat: Journal Article,

Onset of adolescent drinking: a longitudinal study of intrapersonal and interpersonal antecedents
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Nomura C; Brook DW
1986 Spring;5(3):91-110, Advances in alcohol & substance abuse
This study investigated several models for exploring the interrelationships of domains of personality, peer, and family factors and their effect on initiation into alcohol use. Three hundred eighteen black and white high school students were administered questionnaires when they were in the ninth and tenth grades (T1) and again two years later when the students were in the eleventh and twelfth grades (T2). Only those students who had never used alcohol at T1 were included in this study. The results supported an independent model: Each of the domains of T1 personality, peer, and family factors, with control on the other domains, had a direct effect on T2 initiation into alcohol use. The interactions of peer variables with personality and family variables were examined. The findings indicated that risk factors stemming from the peer group were ameliorated by protective personality and family factors
— id: 45095, year: 1986, vol: 5, page: 91, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent alcohol use
Brook DW; Brook JS
1985 ;20(3):259-262, Alcohol & alcoholism
— id: 45096, year: 1985, vol: 20, page: 259, stat: Journal Article,

Adolescent alcohol and substance use and abuse: a cause for concern or for complacency
Brook DW; Brook JS; Lettieri DJ; Stimmel B
1985 Spring-Summer;4(3-4):1-7, Advances in alcohol & substance abuse
— id: 45098, year: 1985, vol: 4, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

Father's influence on his daughter's marijuana use viewed in a mother and peer context
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1985 Spring-Summer;4(3-4):165-190, Advances in alcohol & substance abuse
A study of the fathers' impact on their daughters' marijuana use is presented viewed in the context of the mother and the daughters' peer group. Four hundred and three female college student volunteers and their fathers were administered closed-ended questionnaires which included a number of scales assessing various parental and peer characteristics. The results indicated that the domain (set) of paternal variables had a direct impact on daughters' marijuana use independent of the effects of the maternal domain. However, in the case of the peer group, the fathers' effects on daughters' marijuana use were not direct but were mediated through the peer domain. In addition, individual protective (nondrug-conducive) paternal variables served to mitigate the effects of certain maternal and peer risk (drug conductive) factors on the daughters' marijuana use. The findings underscore the importance of identifying those paternal factors that exert an influence on the daughters' marijuana use alone or in combination with other interpersonal (maternal, peer) factors
— id: 45097, year: 1985, vol: 4, page: 165, stat: Journal Article,

Alcohol and substance abuse in adolescence
Brook, Judith S.; Lettieri, Dan J.; Brook, David W.
New York : Haworth Press, 1985,
— id: 1105, year: 1985, vol: , page: , stat: ,

Depressive mood in male college students. Father-son interactional patterns
Brook JS; Brook D; Whiteman M; Gordon A
1983 Jun;40(6):665-669, Archives of general psychiatry
This study was designed to investigate the interrelationship of sets of paternal and adolescent factors in explaining depressive mood in normal male adolescents. Two hundred forty-six male college students and their fathers were administered separate, written questionnaires assessing the personality attributes of both fathers and sons and the socialization practices of the fathers. Results of regression analyses indicated that of three hypothesized models (independent, mediational, interdependent) the mediational model was consistent with the data. Thus, we found that the father's personality attributes and his socialization techniques are related to the son's personality, which, in turn, is related to the son's depressive mood. In addition, certain personality attributes of the son interacted synergistically with those of his father to produce more frequent reports of depressive mood in the son
— id: 45172, year: 1983, vol: 40, page: 665, stat: Journal Article,

Fathers and sons: their relationship and personality characteristics associated with the son's smoking behavior
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1983 Jun;142(2d Half):271-281, Journal of genetic psychology
The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationship of the domains of father personality attributes, father socialization techniques, and adolescent personality attributes, and the son's use of tobacco. A sample of 246 male adolescents and their fathers from intact homes was administered questionnaires. Two main findings emerged. First, each of the three domains was significantly associated with the son's tobacco use despite control on the remaining domains. Second, the effectiveness of the father may interact synergistically with or be mitigated by the son's personality attributes in its association with the son's tobacco use. In concert, the findings support the importance of examining the father-son relationship for a greater understanding of the son's tobacco use
— id: 45100, year: 1983, vol: 142, page: 271, stat: Journal Article,

Paternal correlates of adolescent marijuana use in the context of the mother-son and parental dyads
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1983 Nov;108(2d Half):197-213, Genetic psychology monographs
This study was designed to examine the paternal determinants of male adolescent marijuana use in the context of the mother-son and parental relationships. In addition, parental factors affecting experimental vs regular use of marijuana were examined. Two hundred forty-six male college students and their fathers were administered written questionnaires. Results indicated that the father's personality attributes and socialization techniques are associated with the son's use of marijuana despite control on the mother-son relationship. Fathers of marijuana users score higher on measures of psychopathology and unconventionality, and are less likely to have established close relationships with their sons. In addition, marijuana users more than nonusers have unaffectionate mothers and parents with less harmonious marital relations. Also of importance were interactions within the family system. The significance of these second-order effects highlights the importance of examining the father-son relation in the context of mother-son and parental interactions
— id: 45099, year: 1983, vol: 108, page: 197, stat: Journal Article,

Paternal and peer characteristics: interactions and association with male college students' marijuana use
Brook JS; Whiteman M; Brook DW; Gordon AS
1982 Dec;51(3 Pt 2):1319-1330, Psychological reports
— id: 45101, year: 1982, vol: 51, page: 1319, stat: Journal Article,

Perceived paternal relationships, adolescent personality, and female marijuana use
Brook JS; Gordon AS; Brook DW
1980 Jul;105(2d Half):277-285, Journal of psychology
This study was designed to examine the interconnection of paternal factors and adolescent personality attributes and their impact on the adolescent girls' use of marijuana. Analysis of the data suggested that fathers who are affectionate and child-centered and whose daughters identify with them are less likely to have daughters who use marijuana. Adolescent nonusers differed from users on a number of personality attributes reflecting conventionality and a cognitive style of receptivity to change. In general, the results suggest that paternal factors and adolescent personality attributes each have an independent impact on the adolescents' marijuana use
— id: 45102, year: 1980, vol: 105, page: 277, stat: Journal Article,

The psychology of adolescence
Jersild, Arthur Thomas; Brook, Judith S.; Brook, David W.
New York : Macmillan, 1978,
— id: 1104, year: 1978, vol: , page: , stat: ,