Istvan J Boksay, M.D., Ph.D.

Impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) usage on 7-year outcome of older persons with subjective cognitive impairment
Reisberg B.; Boksay I.; Osorio R.; Torossian C.; Janisar M.; Lobach I.; Joseph P.; Monteiro I.; Gill T.; Khan A.
2011 ;7(4 SUPPL 1):S97-S97, Alzheimer's & Dementia
Background: Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI), Global Deterioration Scale stage 2, is common in older persons. A study of otherwise healthy persons found that 54% of SCI subjects followed over 7 years progressed toMild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia (Reisberg, et al., Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2010).1 Medications may contribute to SCI occurrence, however, their influence on SCI outcome is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of medications subsequently associated with dementia risk in our previously characterized cohort.1 Methods: Subjects with SCI at baseline from our 2010 publication1 were studied. These subjects had baseline evaluations between 1/1/1984 and 12/31/1997 and were followed until 12/31/2001. Medication data was available on 143 of 166 subjects. Subjects receiving topical estrogen at the baseline evaluationwere excluded fromthese analyses. At baseline, evaluable subjects (N = 140; 91 women, 49 men) had a mean age of 66.5 +/- 8.4 years; 15.6 +/- 2.7 years of education; and MMSE scores of 29.0 +/- 1.2. Twenty-two women (24.2%) were receiving HRT, comprising estrogen (n = 10) or estrogen-progesterone combination (n = 12). Results: Subjects were followed over 7.0 +/- 3.4 years. Increased age and education were associated with clinical progression in this cohort (OR = 1.06 and 0.78 respectively; p-values < 0.05). Three of ten estrogenonly (30%) subjects progressed (2 to MCI, 1 to dementia); seven of twelve estrogen-progesterone (58.3%) subjects progressed (6 toMCI, 1 to dementia). In the total HRT group, 45.5% progressed, whereas in the control group (no-HRT), 62 of 118 progressed (52.5%), (49 to MCI, 13 to dementia). Age, education and gender did not differ significantly between subjects in the study groups (t-test and chi-square p-values, NS). Multivariate logistic regression for each condition was performed investigating differences in therapy, age, gender and education. Therapy was not associated with progression status. Conclusions: HRT did not influence 7-year outcome in SCI subjects. Therefore, SCI subjects were not particularly sensitive to reported deleterious effects of HRT on progression of cognitive decline. Systematic longitudinal investigation of possible effects of other medications/conditions on progression of SCI to MCI/dementia is required to identify substances that may regulate/prevent this process
— id: 136972, year: 2011, vol: 7, page: S97, stat: Journal Article,

The fast: A brief, practical, comprehensive, valid functional assessment for alzheimer's disease staging, diagnosis and differential diagnosis in the primary care setting
Reisberg B.; Wegiel J.; Franssen E.; Monteiro I.; Torossian C.; Anwar S.; Gill T.; Boksay I.; Auer S.; Shimada M.; Meguro K.
2011 ;7(4 SUPPL 1):S82-S82, Alzheimer's & Dementia
Background: Impairment in functional capacities is an integral domain in AD presentation, diagnosis and progression. Among many functional scales for AD assessment, the Functional Assessment Staging scale (FAST) (Table 1) uniquely: (1) charts the entire course of AD, from normal aging to most severe AD; (2) has relevance for AD diagnosis and differential diagnosis; and (3) is brief and easy to utilize. Methods: Reliability, validity, and utility of the FAST have been documented in worldwide studies and clinical settings. Results: The FAST has excellent reliability (e.g., Foster et al., Int J Geriatr. Psychiatry,1988; Sclan and Reisberg, Int. Psychogeriatr., 1992). Concurrent validity has been demonstrated with: cognitive assessments across the severity spectrum (e.g., Reisberg, et al., Int. Psychogeriatr., 1992; Shimada, et al., Psychogeriatrics, 2003; Auer et al., JAGS, 1994); other dementia scales (Na et al., JAD, 2010); and neurologic assessments (Franssen and Reisberg, Int. Psychogeriatr., 1997). Criterion validity investigations have indicated superiority of the FAST in comparison with the MMSE, in tracking the course of AD. E.g., in a 5 year prospective longitudinal study of AD course, the FAST accounted for w 2x the temporal variance of the MMSE (Reisberg, et al., Int. Psychogeriatr., 1996). Also, in a range where the MMSE is zero, the FAST demonstrated very robust relationships to AD neuropathology (e.g., r = 0.9 [p 0.01], with hippocampal cornu ammonis neuronal loss), (Bobinski, et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1997). Additionally, in a pivotal trial, associated with worldwide approvals of memantine for AD treatment, FAST scores were sensitive to the intervention, MMSE change was not (Reisberg, et al., N Engl J Med., 2003). The FAST has shown widespread utility (e.g., usage mandated by U.S.A. Medicare since 1998, and the U.S.A. Veterans Administration System, since 2008). Conclusions: As noted in a Korean publication, the FAST is a rapid and easy to use staging tool with excellent validity. it. successfully measure[ s] detailed function throughout the entire course of AD. the FAST is composed of simple . and easy to understand sentences
— id: 136973, year: 2011, vol: 7, page: S82, stat: Journal Article,

Co morbid diseases enhance the loss of cognition in the elderly
Danji, K; Boksay, I; Boksay, E; Torossian, C; Reisberg, B
2008 APR ;56(4):S104-S105, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
— id: 78725, year: 2008, vol: 56, page: S104, stat: Journal Article,

The pre-mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease
Reisberg, Barry; Prichep, Leslie; Mosconi, Lisa; John, E Roy; Glodzik-Sobanska, Lidia; Boksay, Istvan; Monteiro, Isabel; Torossian, Carol; Vedvyas, Alok; Ashraf, Nauman; Jamil, Imran A; de Leon, Mony J
2008 Jan;4(1 Suppl 1):S98-S108, Alzheimer's & Dementia
BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) has been a common, but poorly understood condition, frequently occurring in older persons. METHODS: The past and the emerging literature on SCI and synonymously named conditions is reviewed. RESULTS: Findings include: (1) There is support from at least one longitudinal study for a long-standing concept of SCI as a pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) condition lasting approximately 15years. (2) There are complex relationships between SCI and depression and anxiety. (3) Differences in SCI subjects from age-matched non-SCI persons are being published in terms of cognitive tests, hippocampal gray matter density, hippocampal volumes, cerebral metabolism, and urinary cortisol levels. Psychometric and dementia test score differences between SCI and MCI subjects have long been evident. (4) Predictive electrophysiologic features of subsequent decline in SCI subjects are being published. CONCLUSIONS: Studies of therapeutic agents in SCI treatment and resultant Alzheimer's disease prevention appear to be feasible. These trials are also necessary from a public health perspective
— id: 81577, year: 2008, vol: 4, page: S98, stat: Journal Article,

Normal pressure hydrocephalus presenting as Othello syndrome: case presentation and review of the literature
Yusim, Anna; Anbarasan, Deepti; Bernstein, Carol; Boksay, Istvan; Dulchin, Michael; Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre; Saavedra-Velez, Carlos; Shapiro, Maksim; Sadock, Benjamin
2008 Sep;165(9):1119-1125, American journal of psychiatry
— id: 87808, year: 2008, vol: 165, page: 1119, stat: Journal Article,

Alzheimer's disease and medical disease conditions: a prospective cohort study
Boksay, Istvan; Boksay, Ezster; Reisberg, Barry; Torossian, Carol; Krishnamurthy, Mahesh
2005 Dec;53(12):2235-2236, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
— id: 83585, year: 2005, vol: 53, page: 2235, stat: Journal Article,

Medical disease conditions and Alzheimer's disease progression - A prospective cohort study
Krishnamurthy, M; Boksay, I; Boksay, E; Reisberg, B; Torossian, C
2005 APR ;53(4):S126-S127, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
— id: 56254, year: 2005, vol: 53, page: S126, stat: Journal Article,

A 4-year, 3 timepoint MRI hippocampal study of MCI transition to AD
De Santi, S; Bobinski, M; Li, J; Monteiro, I; Boksay, I; Ferris, S; Reisberg, B; de Leon, MJ
2004 JUL ;25(10):S12-S12, Neurobiology of aging
— id: 47708, year: 2004, vol: 25, page: S12, stat: Journal Article,

Predicting MCI and dementia in elderly subjects with subjective complaints
Reisberg, B; Laska, E; Monteiro, I; Boksay, I; Torossian, C; Javed, A; Khan, MA; Ferris, S
2004 JUL ;25(10):S26-S26, Neurobiology of aging
— id: 47711, year: 2004, vol: 25, page: S26, stat: Journal Article,

Predicting mild cognition impairment using multiple modalities
Reisberg, B; Laska, E; Prichep, LS; John, ER; Franssen, EH; Monteiro, IM; Boksay, I; Brula, AQ; Ferris, SH
2003 SEP 3 ;15(36):214-215, International psychogeriatrics
— id: 46540, year: 2003, vol: 15, page: 214, stat: Journal Article,

Late-onset mental disorders: The Potsdam Conference
Boksay, I
2001 MAR ;52(3):394-394, Psychiatric services
— id: 55142, year: 2001, vol: 52, page: 394, stat: Journal Article,

Addition of a frequency-weighted score to the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale: the BEHAVE-AD-FW: methodology and reliability
Monteiro IM; Boksay I; Auer SR; Torossian C; Ferris SH; Reisberg B
2001 Jan;16 Suppl 1(1):5s-24s, European psychiatry
The Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD) is a well-established instrument, designed to assess potentially remediable behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as well as to evaluate treatment outcome. It consists of 25 symptoms grouped into seven categories. Each symptom is scored on the basis of severity on a four-point scale. A knowledgeable caregiver is queried and items are scored on the basis of symptoms noted in the preceding two weeks. Reliability, construct validity and criterion validity data for the BEHAVE-AD have previously been published. Because of the significance of psychopathology in dementia, it is necessary to optimally describe and define the nature, magnitude and prevalence of behavioral symptomatology. Accordingly, a frequency component was added to each of the 25 items of the BEHAVE-AD scale. The objective of the present report is to describe this new Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Frequency-Weighted Severity Scale (BEHAVE-AD-FW) and to establish its inter-rater reliability. In this investigation the BEHAVE-AD-FW scale was administered to caregivers of 28 patients with either mildly impaired cognitive function or a dementia diagnosis. Two clinicians separately and independently rated the responses. Analyses determined that the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the frequency component varied between 0.86 and 0.97 for each of the seven BEHAVE-AD categories (p(s) < 0.001). ICCs for the frequency-weighted scores (item severity score x item frequency score) ranged from 0.69 to 0.98 for the seven symptom categories (p(s) < 0.001). For the BEHAVE-AD-FW total scores, the ICC was 0.91 (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the frequency-weighted component is a reliable addition to the BEHAVE-AD scale
— id: 26696, year: 2001, vol: 16 Suppl 1, page: 5s, stat: Journal Article,

Alzheimer's disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and shunt response
Golomb J; Wisoff J; Miller DC; Boksay I; Kluger A; Weiner H; Salton J; Graves W
2000 Jun;68(6):778-781, Journal of neurology neurosurgery & psychiatry
The clinical impact of Alzheimer's disease pathology at biopsy was investigated in 56 cognitively impaired patients undergoing shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Cognition was measured by means of the global deterioration scale (GDS), the mini mental status examination (MMSE) and a battery of six psychometric tests. Gait was assessed using objective measurements of velocity and the ambulatory index (AI). The prevalence of cases exhibiting neuritic plaques (positive biopsies) increased in parallel with dementia severity from 18% for patients with GDS 3 to 75% for patients with GDS scores > or =6. Patients with positive biopsies were more cognitively impaired (higher GDS and lower MMSE scores) as well as more gait impaired (higher AI scores and slower velocities) than patients with negative biopsies. After surgery, gait velocity and AI scores improved significantly and to a comparable degree for patients with and without positive biopsies. Similar proportions of positive and negative biopsy patients also had improved gait as assessed by means of subjective video tape comparisons. There were no significant differences between the biopsy groups in the magnitude of postoperative psychometric change or in the proportion of cases exhibiting improved urinary control. Alzheimer's disease pathology is a common source of comorbidity in older patients with idiopathic NPH where it contributes to the clinical impairment associated with this disorder. For patients accurately diagnosed with NPH, concomitant Alzheimer's disease pathology does not strongly influence the clinical response to shunt surgery
— id: 11697, year: 2000, vol: 68, page: 778, stat: Journal Article,

New and promising modalities for assessment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
Monteiro, IM; Auer, SR; Boksay, I; Reisberg, B
2000 MAR ;12(1):175-178, International psychogeriatrics
— id: 55148, year: 2000, vol: 12, page: 175, stat: Journal Article,

Do many of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia constitute a distinct clinical syndrome? Current evidence using the BEHAVE-AD
Reisberg, B; Monteiro, I; Boksay, I; Auer, S; Torossian, C; Kenowsky, S
2000 MAR ;12(1):155-164, International psychogeriatrics
— id: 55147, year: 2000, vol: 12, page: 155, stat: Journal Article,

Retrogenesis: clinical, physiologic, and pathologic mechanisms in brain aging, Alzheimer's and other dementing processes
Reisberg B; Franssen EH; Hasan SM; Monteiro I; Boksay I; Souren LE; Kenowsky S; Auer SR; Elahi S; Kluger A
1999 ;249 Suppl 3:28-36, European archives of psychiatry & clinical neuroscience
Data from clinical, electrophysiologic, neurophysiologic, neuroimaging and neuropathologic sources indicates that the progression of brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) deterioration proceeds inversely to human ontogenic acquisition patterns. A word for this process of degenerative developmental recapitulation, 'retrogenesis', has been proposed. These retrogenic processes provide new insights into the pathologic mechanism of AD deterioration. An understanding of retrogenic phenonmena can also result in insights into the applicability of retrogenic pathologic mechanisms for non-AD dementing disorders. Management strategies based upon retrogenesis have recently been proposed. Retrogenic pathophysiology also points to previously unexplored pharmacologic approaches to dementia prevention and treatment
— id: 8580, year: 1999, vol: 249 Suppl 3, page: 28, stat: Journal Article,

Reliability of routine clinical instruments for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease administered by telephone
Monteiro IM; Boksay I; Auer SR; Torossian C; Sinaiko E; Reisberg B
1998 Spring;11(1):18-24, Journal of geriatric psychiatry & neurology
We investigated the reliability, using a telephone interview procedure, of cognitive, functional, and behavioral scales in an elderly population with normal aging and dementia. Two clinicians performed the assessments: one performed the assessments in a telephone interview format and the other conducted the assessments at the clinic. The telephone interview always preceded the clinic evaluation (2-30 days apart), and both clinicians were blind to any previous evaluations of the patient. The intraclass correlation coefficients between the telephone interview and the ratings obtained by a different clinician on the clinic evaluation varied between 0.92 and 0.98 (P's < or = .001) for comprehensive test scores. These results indicate that a telephone interview format, although not a substitute for a face-to-face diagnostic evaluation, is a reliable procedure for obtaining the assessment modalities studied. These findings are particularly important in aged and dementia research populations where personal contact may not always be feasible
— id: 7694, year: 1998, vol: 11, page: 18, stat: Journal Article,

Medical conditions in Alzheimer's disease patients with 4/4 isotype of apolipoprotein E
Boksay, I.; Tchernkov, K.; Myint, Z.; Reisberg, B.; Wisniewski, T.
1996 ;17(4 SUPPL.):S125-S126, Neurobiology of aging
— id: 97598, year: 1996, vol: 17, page: S125, stat: Journal Article,

Behavioral disturbances of dementia: an overview of phenomenology and methodologic concerns
Reisberg B; Auer SR; Monteiro I; Boksay I; Sclan SG
1996 ;8 Suppl 2:169-180, International psychogeriatrics
Behavioral disturbances in dementia are some of the most burden-some features with which the caregivers must cope. These symptoms are particularly important because they are likely to be responsive to both pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention strategies. Before the 1980s, rating scales for patients suffering from dementia did not separate cognitive features from noncognitive behavioral symptoms. This was a major problem because the evolution and course of behavioral symptoms in dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease, is different from the evolution and course of cognitive and cognition-related symptomatology. Before appropriate rating scales could be developed for the assessment of behavioral disturbances in dementia, the specific nature of these disturbances had to be described in the medical literature. Publications in the late 1980s described the specific behavioral disturbances occurring in dementia patients in detail for the first time. The rating scales that have been developed from these studies are as reliable as cognitive assessment measures. Instruments are now available that are based on information provided by the caregiver or that are based on observation of the patient made by the clinician. Construct validity, reliability, and the differences in methodology of these scales are compared in this overview. Using these scales will enable clinicians to assess pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention strategies for behavioral symptoms in dementia with enhanced sensitivity
— id: 7242, year: 1996, vol: 8 Suppl 2, page: 169, stat: Journal Article,

Overview of methodologic issues for pharmacologic trials in mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease
Reisberg B; Franssen EH; Bobinski M; Auer S; Monteiro I; Boksay I; Wegiel J; Shulman E; Steinberg G; Souren LE; Kluger A; Torossian C; Sinaiko E; Wisniewski HM; Ferris SH
1996 Summer;8(2):159-193, International psychogeriatrics
To address the issue of mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is necessary to initially establish some agreement on terminology. In recent decades, these terms have frequently been defined using screening instrument scores with measures such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). There are many problems with this approach, perhaps the most salient of which is that it has contributed to the total and tragic neglect of patients with severe AD. An alternative approach to the classification of AD severity is staging. This approach has advanced to the point where moderately severe and severe AD can be described in detail. Procedures for describing this previously neglected latter portion of AD have recently been extensively validated. Staging is also uniquely useful at the other end of the severity spectrum, in differentiating early aging brain/behavior changes, incipient AD, and mild AD. Temporally, with staging procedures, it is possible to track the course of AD approximately three times more accurately than with the MMSE. The net result of the advances in AD delineation is that issues such as prophylaxis, modification of course, treatment of behavioral disturbances, loss of ambulation, progressive rigidity, and the development of contractures in AD patients can now be addressed in a scientifically meaningful way that will hopefully bestow much benefit in AD patients and those who care for them
— id: 12663, year: 1996, vol: 8, page: 159, stat: Journal Article,

9-YEAR LONGITUDAL COURSE OF AGING AND ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE IN COMMUNITY-RESIDING SUBGROUPS
REISBERG, B; BOKSAY, I; FERRIS, SH; DELEON, MJ; SHULMAN, E; STEINBERG, G; SINAIKO, E; FRANSSEN, E; KLUGER, A; SCLAN, SG; TOROSSIAN, C; COHEN, J
1994 JUL ;15(7):S28-S28, Neurobiology of aging
— id: 52402, year: 1994, vol: 15, page: S28, stat: Journal Article,

CLINICAL STAGES OF NORMAL AGING AND ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE - THE GDS STAGING SYSTEM
REISBERG, B; SCLAN, SG; FRANSSEN, E; DELEON, MJ; KLUGER, A; TOROSSIAN, C; SHULMAN, E; STEINBERG, G; MONTEIRO, I; MCRAE, T; BOKSAY, I; MACKELL, J; FERRIS, SH
1993 JUN ;13(7):S51-S54, Neuroscience research communications
Phenomenologic, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have resulted in the identification of characteristic stages of normal aging and progressive Alzheimer's disease (AD). A staging system resulting from these studies is known as the ''GDS Staging System.'' Three optimally concordant and potentially independent clinical rating instruments are incorporated in this staging system, the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS) and the Functional Assessment Staging measure (FAST). Definitions of each of the elements of this staging system as well as reliability and concurrent validity data have been published. Clear advantages of the GDS Staging System over other available staging measures include: (1) readily interpretable and clinically meaningful stages and substages; (2) improved definition of the boundaries of normal aging and incipient AD, and (3) the ability to chart the course of the severely impaired, conventionally ''untestable,'' portion of AD. Widespread usage of this staging system can potentially advance current research and clinical understanding of normal brain aging and the nature, course and treatment of AD and related conditions
— id: 52262, year: 1993, vol: 13, page: S51, stat: Journal Article,

INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSION IN A MEDICAL LONG-TERM CARE FACILITY - FINDINGS FROM A RESTRICTED SAMPLE OF NEW ADMISSIONS
Foster, JR; Cataldo, JK; Boksay, IJE
1991 Jan;6(1):13-20, International journal of geriatric psychiatry
— id: 32193, year: 1991, vol: 6, page: 13, stat: Journal Article,

LITHIUM IN THE ELDERLY - A REVIEW WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE USE OF INTRA-ERYTHROCYTE (RBC) LEVELS IN DETECTING SERIOUS IMPENDING NEUROTOXICITY
Foster, JR; Silver, M; Boksay, IJE
1990 Jan-Feb;5(1):1-7, International journal of geriatric psychiatry
— id: 32021, year: 1990, vol: 5, page: 1, stat: Journal Article,

THE POTENTIAL USE OF ADJUNCTIVE INTRA-ERYTHROCYTE (RBC) LITHIUM LEVELS IN DETECTING SERIOUS IMPENDING NEUROTOXICITY IN THE ELDERLY - 2 CASE-REPORTS
Foster, JR; Silver, M; Boksay, IJE
1990 Jan-Feb;5(1):9-14, International journal of geriatric psychiatry
— id: 31895, year: 1990, vol: 5, page: 9, stat: Journal Article,

CLINICAL-ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC CONSULTATIONS IN A MEDICAL LONG-TERM CARE FACILITY - INTERRATER RELIABILITY FOR DSM-III DIAGNOSTIC GROUPS
Foster, JR; Rubenstein, KS; Welkowitz, J; Boksay, I; Seeland, I
1989 Sep-Oct;4(5):283-291, International journal of geriatric psychiatry
— id: 31620, year: 1989, vol: 4, page: 283, stat: Journal Article,

PSYCHIATRIC-ASSESSMENT IN MEDICAL LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES - RELIABILITY OF COMMONLY USED RATING-SCALES
Foster, JR; Sclan, S; Welkowitz, J; Boksay, I; Seeland, I
1988 Jul-Sep;3(3):229-233, International journal of geriatric psychiatry
— id: 31589, year: 1988, vol: 3, page: 229, stat: Journal Article,

Determination of the melanotropin-inhibiting factor analogue pareptide in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography
Hui KS; Hui M; Cheng KP; Lajtha A; Boksay I; Fencik MU
1981 Mar 13;222(3):512-517, Journal of chromatography
— id: 34284, year: 1981, vol: 222, page: 512, stat: Journal Article,

Synthesis and pharmacological activity of befuraline (N-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine), a new antidepressant compound
Boksay IJ; Popendiker K; Weber RO; Soder A
1979 ;29(2):193-204, Arzneimittelforschung
The methods of synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of a new non-tricyclic antidepressant drug, N-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine (befuraline), are reported. The chemical structure of befuraline is clearly different from that of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs. While the gross behavior in animals remains unaffected, the central nervous system depressed by reserpine, tetrabenazine or perphenazine is activated by even small doses of this novel compound. Exploratory activity is prolonged, and performance in operant behavior tests and in the conditioned avoidance response is improved by befuraline, indicating increased alertness, attentiveness and the capacity to react to environmental stimuli. High doses stimulate the CNS, causing EEG desynchronization. Befuraline displays an aggression-inhibiting activity; without having a sedative effect on the animals' normal behavior, it inhibits fighting behavior. The central anticholinergic effect of befuraline is negligible. No apomorphine or tryptamine potentiation is observed and hexobarbital anesthesia is not influenced. The peripheral autonomic nervous system, with the exception of the nictitating membrane in cats, is not affected by befuraline. It has a biphasic effect on the norepinephrine induced contraction of isolated guinea pig seminal vesicle and of isolated cat spleen slices. Although the mechanism of action is as yet not clear, it is assumed that, in addition to a direct influence on the central adrenergic structures, the inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin uptake and the inhibition of phosphodiesterase are responsible for the drug's effect. Befuraline has no undesirable effects on either the peripheral autonomic nervous system or the cardiovascular system, and it does not affect the normal gross behavior of animals. Because these favorable therapeutic aspects are coupled with low toxicity, befuraline may provide a new alternative in the treatment of depression
— id: 34286, year: 1979, vol: 29, page: 193, stat: Journal Article,

Penbutolol: a new beta blocker in the treatment of moderate essential hypertension
Cangiano JL; Ayala JM; Boksay IJ; Martinez-Maldonado M
1979 Jul;19(7):384-389, Journal of clinical pharmacology
— id: 34285, year: 1979, vol: 19, page: 384, stat: Journal Article,

The influence of methylxanthines on precursor incorporation into protein and RNA of mouse brain
Boksay I; Csanyi V; Gervai J; Lajtha A
1976 Nov 26;117(2):297-304, Brain research
Pentoxifyline at 1 mM had no effect on [14C]isoleucine incorporation into mouse brain tissue suspension. At 5-20 mM, this compound inhibited incorporation. The inhibition was prompt, and it was reversible. Aminophyline at 3-12 mM produced inhibition, but theophyline at 2-16 mM had no effect. Pentoxifylline inhibited the incorporation of uridine into brain RNA to the same extent and with a similar time course as its effect on protein synthesis
— id: 34287, year: 1976, vol: 117, page: 297, stat: Journal Article,

Effect of pentoxifylline on cerebral edema in cats
Ganser V; Boksay I
1974 May;24(5):487-493, Neurology
— id: 34288, year: 1974, vol: 24, page: 487, stat: Journal Article,

The effect of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-hexyl)-xanthin on the -adrenergic receptors and on the activity of isoprenaline
Boksay, I; Bollmann, V
1971 Nov;194(1):174-180, Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie & de therapie
— id: 34289, year: 1971, vol: 194, page: 174, stat: Journal Article,

[Influence of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-hexyl)-xanthine on alpha-adrenergic effects]
Boksay, I; Bollmann, V; Popendiker, K
1971 Aug;21(8):1174-1177, Arzneimittelforschung
— id: 34290, year: 1971, vol: 21, page: 1174, stat: Journal Article,

[Pharmacology of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-hexyl)-xanthine, a new peripheral vasodilator agent]
Popendiker, K; Boksay, I; Bollmann, V
1971 Aug;21(8):1160-1171, Arzneimittelforschung
— id: 34291, year: 1971, vol: 21, page: 1160, stat: Journal Article,