Kenneth Ira Berger, M.D.

Acute Respiratory Failure Secondary to Achalasia
Adamson, Rosemary; Lee, Young Im; Berger, Kenneth I; Sutin, Kenneth; Nolan, Anna
2013 Jun;10(3):268-271, Annals of the American Thoracic Society
— id: 402022, year: 2013, vol: 10, page: 268, stat: Journal Article,

Respiratory and sleep disorders in mucopolysaccharidosis
Berger, Kenneth I; Fagondes, Simone C; Giugliani, Roberto; Hardy, Karen A; Lee, Kuo Sheng; McArdle, Ciaran; Scarpa, Maurizio; Tobin, Martin J; Ward, Susan A; Rapoport, David M
2013 Mar;36(2):201-210, Journal of inherited metabolic disease
— id: 231132, year: 2013, vol: 36, page: 201, stat: Journal Article,

Physiologic Evaluation of the Patient With Lung Cancer Being Considered for Resectional Surgery: Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines
Brunelli, Alessandro; Kim, Anthony W; Berger, Kenneth I; Addrizzo-Harris, Doreen J
2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e166S-e190S, Chest
— id: 368122, year: 2013, vol: 143, page: e166S, stat: Journal Article,

Elevated peripheral eosinophils are associated with new-onset and persistent wheeze and airflow obstruction in world trade center-exposed individuals
Kazeros, Angeliki; Maa, Ming-Tyh; Patrawalla, Paru; Liu, Mengling; Shao, Yongzhao; Qian, Meng; Turetz, Meredith; Parsia, Sam; Caplan-Shaw, Caralee; Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta; Rogers, Linda; Reibman, Joan
2013 Feb;50(1):25-32, Journal of asthma
— id: 213322, year: 2013, vol: 50, page: 25, stat: Journal Article,

In search of the silver lining
Uppal, Amit; Evans, Laura; Chitkara, Nishay; Patrawalla, Paru; Mooney, M Ann; Addrizzo-Harris, Doreen; Leibert, Eric; Reibman, Joan; Rogers, Linda; Berger, Kenneth I; Tsay, Jun-Chieh; Rom, William N
2013 Apr;10(2):135-142, Annals of the American Thoracic Society
— id: 353062, year: 2013, vol: 10, page: 135, stat: Journal Article,

Acute life threatening ventilatory failure secondary to achalasia
Adamson, R.; Lee, Y.I.; Sutin, K; Berger, K; Rom, W.N.; Nolan, A
2012 ;185:A2751-A2751, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 212392, year: 2012, vol: 185, page: A2751, stat: Journal Article,

Consensus treatment recommendations for late-onset Pompe disease
Cupler, Edward J; Berger, Kenneth I; Leshner, Robert T; Wolfe, Gil I; Han, Jay J; Barohn, Richard J; Kissel, John T
2012 Mar;45(3):319-333, Muscle & nerve
— id: 158647, year: 2012, vol: 45, page: 319, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal spirometry among patients in a treatment program for community members with world trade center-related illness
Liu, Mengling; Qian, Meng; Cheng, Qinyi; Berger, Kenneth I; Shao, Yongzhao; Turetz, Meredith; Kazeros, Angeliki; Parsia, Sam; Goldring, Roberta M; Caplan-Shaw, Caraleess; Elena Fernandez-Beros, Maria; Marmor, Michael; Reibman, Joan
2012 Oct;54(10):1208-1213, Journal of occupational & environmental medicine
— id: 179273, year: 2012, vol: 54, page: 1208, stat: Journal Article,

Chronic and acute exposures to the world trade center disaster and lower respiratory symptoms: area residents and workers
Maslow, Carey B; Friedman, Stephen M; Pillai, Parul S; Reibman, Joan; Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta; Stellman, Steven D; Farfel, Mark
2012 Jun;102(6):1186-1194, American journal of public health. AJPH
— id: 166794, year: 2012, vol: 102, page: 1186, stat: Journal Article,

Distal airway dysfunction in obese subjects corrects after bariatric surgery
Oppenheimer, Beno W; Macht, Ryan; Goldring, Roberta M; Stabile, Alexandra; Berger, Kenneth I; Parikh, Manish
2012 Sep;8(5):582-589, Surgery for Obesity & Related Diseases
— id: 178214, year: 2012, vol: 8, page: 582, stat: Journal Article,

Images in clinical medicine. Dynamic extrathoracic airway obstruction
Pradhan, Deepak; Berger, Kenneth
2012 Jul;367(1):e2-e2 e2, New England journal of medicine
— id: 171140, year: 2012, vol: 367, page: e2, stat: Journal Article,

Associations of World Trade Center exposures with pulmonary and cardiometabolic outcomes among children seeking care for health concerns
Trasande, Leonardo; Fiorino, Elizabeth Kajunski; Attina, Teresa; Berger, Kenneth; Goldring, Roberta; Chemtob, Claude; Levy-Carrick, Nomi; Shao, Yongzhao; Liu, Mengling; Urbina, Elaine; Reibman, Joan
2012 Dec;444C:320-326, Science of the total environment
— id: 215542, year: 2012, vol: 444C, page: 320, stat: Journal Article,

Serial impulse oscillometry in patients with cystic fibrosis hospitalized for pulmonary exacerbation
Berger, K I; Fiorino, E K; Goldring, R M; Giusti, R
2011 01 May 2011;183(1):-, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 177217, year: 2011, vol: 183, page: , stat: Journal Article,

Lung pathologic findings in a local residential and working community exposed to world trade center dust, gas, and fumes
Caplan-Shaw, Caralee E; Yee, Herman; Rogers, Linda; Abraham, Jerrold L; Parsia, Sam S; Naidich, David P; Borczuk, Alain; Moreira, Andre; Shiau, Maria C; Ko, Jane P; Brusca-Augello, Geraldine; Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta M; Reibman, Joan
2011 Sep;53(9):981-991, Journal of occupational & environmental medicine
— id: 137445, year: 2011, vol: 53, page: 981, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal analysis of lung function and spirometry patterns in a diverse population with world trade center dust/fume exposure after 9/11
Cheng, Q; Qian, M; Shao, Y; Liu, M; Berger, K I; Parsia, S; Turetz, M; Kazeros, A; Goldring, R M; Reibman, J
2011 01 May 2011;183(1):-, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 177195, year: 2011, vol: 183, page: , stat: Journal Article,

Pulmonary disability evaluations in fdny rescue workers exposed to WTC particulates: A pilot study
Comfort, A L; Weiden, M; Naveed, B; Ferrier, N; Webber, M P; Berger, K I; Rom, W N; Prezant, D J; Nolan, A
2011 01 May 2011;183(1):-, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 177193, year: 2011, vol: 183, page: , stat: Journal Article,

Case-Control Study of Lung Function in World Trade Center Health Registry Area Residents and Workers
Friedman SM; Maslow CB; Reibman J; Pillai PS; Goldring RM; Farfel MR; Stellman SD; Berger KI
2011 Sep 1;184(5):582-589, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 137969, year: 2011, vol: 184, page: 582, stat: Journal Article,

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with postinfectious glomerulonephritis: A case report
Martin T.; Berger K.
2011 ;140(4):?-?, Chest
— id: 149977, year: 2011, vol: 140, page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Residual distal airway dysfunction following weight reduction surgery in morbidly obese subjects with normal spirometry
Oppenheimer, B; Berger, K I; Segal, L; Coles, K; Stabile, A; Scott, C; Parikh, M; Goldring, R M
2011 01 May 2011;183(1):-, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 177204, year: 2011, vol: 183, page: , stat: Journal Article,

Daytime somnolence and sleep disordered breathing following traumatic intubation
Pradhan D.; Lieberman S.; Berger K.
2011 ;140(4):?-?, Chest
— id: 149978, year: 2011, vol: 140, page: ?, stat: Journal Article,

Longitudinal analysis of lung function in diverse populations with world trade center dust/fume exposure after 9/11
Qian, M; Cheng, Q; Liu, M; Shao, Y; Berger, K I; Parsia, S; Turetz, M; Kazeros, A; Goldring, R M; Reibman, J
2011 01 May 2011;183(1):-, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 177196, year: 2011, vol: 183, page: , stat: Journal Article,

Disparity between proximal and distal airway reactivity during methacholine challenge
Segal, Leopoldo N; Goldring, Roberta M; Oppenheimer, Beno W; Stabile, Alexandra; Reibman, Joan; Rom, William N; Weiden, Michael D; Berger, Kenneth I
2011 Jun;8(3):145-152, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
— id: 134171, year: 2011, vol: 8, page: 145, stat: Journal Article,

Enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VI: evaluation of long-term pulmonary function in patients treated with recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase
Harmatz, Paul; Yu, Zi-Fan; Giugliani, Roberto; Schwartz, Ida Vanessa D; Guffon, Nathalie; Teles, Elisa Leao; Miranda, M Clara Sa; Wraith, J Edmond; Beck, Michael; Arash, Laila; Scarpa, Maurizio; Ketteridge, David; Hopwood, John J; Plecko, Barbara; Steiner, Robert; Whitley, Chester B; Kaplan, Paige; Swiedler, Stuart J; Hardy, Karen; Berger, Kenneth I; Decker, Celeste
2010 Feb;33(1):51-60, Journal of inherited metabolic disease
— id: 133481, year: 2010, vol: 33, page: 51, stat: Journal Article,

Emerging exposures and respiratory health: world trade center dust
Rom, William N; Reibman, Joan; Rogers, Linda; Weiden, Michael D; Oppenheimer, Beno; Berger, Kenneth; Goldring, Roberta; Harrison, Denise; Prezant, David
2010 May;7(2):142-145, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society
— id: 109531, year: 2010, vol: 7, page: 142, stat: Journal Article,

Evolution of pattern of breathing during a spontaneous breathing trial predicts successful extubation
Segal, Leopoldo N; Oei, Erwin; Oppenheimer, Beno W; Goldring, Roberta M; Bustami, Rami T; Ruggiero, Salvatore; Berger, Kenneth I; Fiel, Stanley B
2010 Mar;36(3):487-495, Intensive care medicine
— id: 106592, year: 2010, vol: 36, page: 487, stat: Journal Article,

Obstructive airways disease with air trapping among firefighters exposed to World Trade Center dust
Weiden, Michael D; Ferrier, Natalia; Nolan, Anna; Rom, William N; Comfort, Ashley; Gustave, Jackson; Zeig-Owens, Rachel; Zheng, Shugi; Goldring, Roberta M; Berger, Kenneth I; Cosenza, Kaitlyn; Lee, Roy; Webber, Mayris P; Kelly, Kerry J; Aldrich, Thomas K; Prezant, David J
2010 Mar;137(3):566-574, Chest
— id: 109029, year: 2010, vol: 137, page: 566, stat: Journal Article,

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta M; Rapoport, David M
2009 Jun;30(3):253-261, Seminars in respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 99025, year: 2009, vol: 30, page: 253, stat: Journal Article,

Long-term efficacy and safety of laronidase in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis I
Clarke, Lorne A; Wraith, J Edmond; Beck, Michael; Kolodny, Edwin H; Pastores, Gregory M; Muenzer, Joseph; Rapoport, David M; Berger, Kenneth I; Sidman, Marisa; Kakkis, Emil D; Cox, Gerald F
2009 Jan;123(1):229-240, Pediatrics
— id: 94365, year: 2009, vol: 123, page: 229, stat: Journal Article,

Distal airway function assessed by oscillometry at varying respiratory rate: comparison with dynamic compliance
Oppenheimer, Beno W; Goldring, Roberta M; Berger, Kenneth I
2009 Jun;6(3):162-170, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
— id: 103163, year: 2009, vol: 6, page: 162, stat: Journal Article,

Characteristics of a residential and working community with diverse exposure to World Trade Center dust, gas, and fumes
Reibman, Joan; Liu, Mengling; Cheng, Qinyi; Liautaud, Sybille; Rogers, Linda; Lau, Stephanie; Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta M; Marmor, Michael; Fernandez-Beros, Maria Elena; Tonorezos, Emily S; Caplan-Shaw, Caralee E; Gonzalez, Jaime; Filner, Joshua; Walter, Dawn; Kyng, Kymara; Rom, William N
2009 May;51(5):534-541, Journal of occupational & environmental medicine
— id: 98897, year: 2009, vol: 51, page: 534, stat: Journal Article,

World Trade Center collapse produced airway injury and air trapping
Weiden MD; Ferrier N; Nolan A; Rom WN; Comfort A; Gustave J; Zheng S; Goldring R; Berger K; Cosenz K; Beringer A; Glass L; Lee R; Zeig-Owens R; Webber M; Prezant DJ
2009 ;179:A5852-A5852, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 101391, year: 2009, vol: 179, page: A5852, stat: Journal Article,

Potential mechanism for transition between acute hypercapnia during sleep to chronic hypercapnia during wakefulness in obstructive sleep apnea
Berger, Kenneth I; Norman, Robert G; Ayappa, Indu; Oppenheimer, Beno W; Rapoport, David M; Goldring, Roberta M
2008 ;605:431-436, Advances in experimental medicine & biology
— id: 156648, year: 2008, vol: 605, page: 431, stat: Journal Article,

Development of a disease severity scoring system for patients with Pompe disease
Giannim, EH; Berger, K; van der Ploeg, A; Case, L; Dandrea, C; Kishnani, PS; Marsden, D
2008 AUG ;31(9):130-130, Journal of inherited metabolic disease
— id: 86807, year: 2008, vol: 31, page: 130, stat: Journal Article,

Development of a disease severity scoring system for patients with Pompe disease
Giannini, E; Berger, K; van der Ploeg, A; Case, L; Dandrea, C; Kishnani, P; Marsden, D
2008 NOV ;30(2):S28-S28, Clinical therapeutics
— id: 76794, year: 2008, vol: 30, page: S28, stat: Journal Article,

Development of a disease severity scoring system for patients with Pompe disease
Giannini, EH; Berger, K; van der Ploeg, A; Case, L; Dandrea, C; Kishnani, P; Marsden, D
2008 MAR ;93(3):250-250, Molecular genetics & metabolism
— id: 87131, year: 2008, vol: 93, page: 250, stat: Journal Article,

Development of a disease severity scoring system for patients with Pompe disease
Marsden, D; Berger, K; van der Ploeg, A; Case, L; Dandrea, C; Kishnani, P; Giannini, E
2008 FEB ;93(2):S30-S31, Molecular genetics & metabolism
— id: 87127, year: 2008, vol: 93, page: S30, stat: Journal Article,

World Trade Center "sarcoid-like" granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers
Izbicki, Gabriel; Chavko, Robert; Banauch, Gisela I; Weiden, Michael D; Berger, Kenneth I; Aldrich, Thomas K; Hall, Charles; Kelly, Kerry J; Prezant, David J
2007 May;131(5):1414-1423, Chest
— id: 78805, year: 2007, vol: 131, page: 1414, stat: Journal Article,

Distal airway function in symptomatic subjects with normal spirometry following World Trade Center dust exposure
Oppenheimer, Beno W; Goldring, Roberta M; Herberg, Matthew E; Hofer, Ira S; Reyfman, Paul A; Liautaud, Sybille; Rom, William N; Reibman, Joan; Berger, Kenneth I
2007 Oct;132(4):1275-1282, Chest
— id: 75380, year: 2007, vol: 132, page: 1275, stat: Journal Article,

Enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VI: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational study of recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase (recombinant human arylsulfatase B or rhASB) and follow-on, open-label extension study
Harmatz, Paul; Giugliani, Roberto; Schwartz, Ida; Guffon, Nathalie; Teles, Elisa Leao; Miranda, M Clara Sa; Wraith, J Edmond; Beck, Michael; Arash, Laila; Scarpa, Maurizio; Yu, Zi-Fan; Wittes, Janet; Berger, Kenneth I; Newman, Mary S; Lowe, Ann M; Kakkis, Emil; Swiedler, Stuart J
2006 Apr;148(4):533-539, Journal of pediatrics
— id: 95127, year: 2006, vol: 148, page: 533, stat: Journal Article,

Pompe disease diagnosis and management guideline
Kishnani, Priya S; Steiner, Robert D; Bali, Deeksha; Berger, Kenneth; Byrne, Barry J; Case, Laura E; Crowley, John F; Downs, Steven; Howell, R Rodney; Kravitz, Richard M; Mackey, Joanne; Marsden, Deborah; Martins, Anna Maria; Millington, David S; Nicolino, Marc; O'Grady, Gwen; Patterson, Marc C; Rapoport, David M; Slonim, Alfred; Spencer, Carolyn T; Tifft, Cynthia J; Watson, Michael S
2006 May;8(5):267-288, Genetics in medicine
— id: 94367, year: 2006, vol: 8, page: 267, stat: Journal Article,

Transition from acute to chronic hypercapnia in patients with periodic breathing: predictions from a computer model
Norman, Robert G; Goldring, Roberta M; Clain, Jeremy M; Oppenheimer, Beno W; Charney, Alan N; Rapoport, David M; Berger, Kenneth I
2006 May;100(5):1733-1741, Journal of applied physiology. Respiratory, environmental & exercise physiology
— id: 156579, year: 2006, vol: 100, page: 1733, stat: Journal Article,

Membrane diffusion in diseases of the pulmonary vasculature
Oppenheimer, Beno W; Berger, Kenneth I; Hadjiangelis, Nicos P; Norman, Robert G; Rapoport, David M; Goldring, Roberta M
2006 Jul;100(7):1247-1253, Respiratory medicine
— id: 156665, year: 2006, vol: 100, page: 1247, stat: Journal Article,

Effect of circulatory congestion on the components of pulmonary diffusing capacity in morbid obesity
Oppenheimer, Beno W; Berger, Kenneth I; Rennert, Douglas A; Pierson, Richard N; Norman, Robert G; Rapoport, David M; Kral, John G; Goldring, Roberta M
2006 Jul;14(7):1172-1180, Obesity (Silver Spring)
— id: 156666, year: 2006, vol: 14, page: 1172, stat: Journal Article,

Assessing efficacy of high-frequency chest wall oscillation in patients with familial dysautonomia
Giarraffa, Philip; Berger, Kenneth I; Chaikin, Alice A; Axelrod, Felicia B; Davey, Cynthia; Becker, Brian
2005 Nov;128(5):3377-3381, Chest
— id: 61272, year: 2005, vol: 128, page: 3377, stat: Journal Article,

Update on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB) for MPS VI (Maroteaux-Lamy)
Harmatz, P; Giugliani, R; Schwartz, I; Guffon, N; Miranda, CS; Teles, E; Wraith, JE; Beck, M; Scarpa, M; Yu, ZF; Wittes, J; Berger, K; Newman, M
2005 AUG ;58(2):383-383, Pediatric research
— id: 57878, year: 2005, vol: 58, page: 383, stat: Journal Article,

Threshold effect of urinary glycosaminoglycans and the walk test as indicators of disease progression in a survey of subjects with Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)
Swiedler, Stuart J; Beck, Michael; Bajbouj, Manal; Giugliani, Roberto; Schwartz, Ida; Harmatz, Paul; Wraith, James E; Roberts, Jane; Ketteridge, David; Hopwood, John J; Guffon, Nathalie; Sa Miranda, M Clara; Teles, Elisa Leao; Berger, Kenneth I; Piscia-Nichols, Cheri
2005 Apr 15;134(2):144-150, American journal of medical genetics. Pt A
— id: 58188, year: 2005, vol: 134, page: 144, stat: Journal Article,

Magnetic resonance imaging-based spirometry for regional assessment of pulmonary function
Voorhees, Abram; An, Jing; Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta M; Chen, Qun
2005 Oct;54(5):1146-1154, Magnetic resonance in medicine
— id: 58187, year: 2005, vol: 54, page: 1146, stat: Journal Article,

Hypercapnia and ventilatory periodicity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Ayappa, Indu; Berger, Kenneth I; Norman, Robert G; Oppenheimer, Beno W; Rapoport, David M; Goldring, Roberta M
2002 Oct;166(8):1112-1115, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 156529, year: 2002, vol: 166, page: 1112, stat: Journal Article,

Postevent ventilation as a function of CO(2) load during respiratory events in obstructive sleep apnea
Berger, Kenneth I; Ayappa, Indu; Sorkin, I Barry; Norman, Robert G; Rapoport, David M; Goldring, Roberta M
2002 Sep;93(3):917-924, Journal of applied physiology. Respiratory, environmental & exercise physiology
— id: 156530, year: 2002, vol: 93, page: 917, stat: Journal Article,

Asthma in the elderly: cockroach sensitization and severity of airway obstruction in elderly nonsmokers
Rogers, Linda; Cassino, Cara; Berger, Kenneth I; Goldring, Roberta M; Norman, Robert G; Klugh, Thomas; Reibman, Joan
2002 Nov;122(5):1580-1586, Chest
— id: 156531, year: 2002, vol: 122, page: 1580, stat: Journal Article,

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome as a spectrum of respiratory disturbances during sleep
Berger KI; Ayappa I; Chatr-Amontri B; Marfatia A; Sorkin IB; Rapoport DM; Goldring RM
2001 Oct;120(4):1231-1238, Chest
— id: 26607, year: 2001, vol: 120, page: 1231, stat: Journal Article,

CO(2) homeostasis during periodic breathing in obstructive sleep apnea
Berger KI; Ayappa I; Sorkin IB; Norman RG; Rapoport DM; Goldring RM
2000 Jan;88(1):257-264, Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda)
— id: 11860, year: 2000, vol: 88, page: 257, stat: Journal Article,

Duration of asthma and physiologic outcomes in elderly nonsmokers
Cassino C; Berger KI; Goldring RM; Norman RG; Kammerman S; Ciotoli C; Reibman J
2000 Oct;162(4 Pt 1):1423-1428, American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine
— id: 39539, year: 2000, vol: 162, page: 1423, stat: Journal Article,

Frequency dependence of compliance in the evaluation of patients with unexplained respiratory symptoms [In Process Citation]
de la Hoz RE; Berger KI; Klugh TT; Friedman-Jimenez G; Goldring RM
2000 Mar;94(3):221-227, Respiratory medicine
— id: 11733, year: 2000, vol: 94, page: 221, stat: Journal Article,

Physiological effects of reduced barometric pressure
Berger KI; Rom WN
Encyclopedia of Occupational Health & Safety Geneva : International Labour Office, 1998,
— id: 2770, year: 1998, vol: , page: 375, stat: Chapter,

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Berger, KI; Rapoport, DM
Cardiopulmonary critical care Philadelphia : WB Saunders, 1998,
— id: 2769, year: 1998, vol: , page: 593, stat: Chapter,

Characterization of severity of asthma in elderly subjects
Cassino, C M; Ciotoli, C; Berger, K; Smith, S C; Reibman, J
1998 Dec 09-13;12(Supplement 29):11s-11s, European respiratory journal
— id: 15778, year: 1998, vol: 12, page: 11s, stat: Journal Article,

Mechanism of relief of tachypnea during pressure support ventilation
Berger KI; Sorkin IB; Norman RG; Rapoport DM; Goldring RM
1996 May;109(5):1320-1327, Chest
— id: 6981, year: 1996, vol: 109, page: 1320, stat: Journal Article,